Intake of Radionuclides in the Trees of Fukushima Forests 1. Field Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Wood
2.2. Planting
2.3. Determination of Radiocesium in Trees
2.4. Microscopy for Radiocesium Autoradiography
2.5. Forest Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Radiocesium Fallout on the Forest Trees
3.2. Distribution of Radiocesium in Bark and Xylem
3.3. Radionuclides in The Forests
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References and Note
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Location of Home | Location of Workplace | Radioactivity |
---|---|---|
cpm | ||
Minamisoma | at home | 13,000 |
Futabamachi | at home | 22,000 |
Namiemati | at home | 30,000 |
Namiemati | at home | 98,000 |
Minamisoma | at home | greater than 100,000 |
Minamisoma | at home | greater than 100,000 |
Minamisoma | Minamisoma | greater than 100,000 |
Minamisoma | at home | greater than 100,000 |
Minamisoma | Futabacho | greater than 100,000 |
Sampling Time | Bark | Xylem Year | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area Number * | Outer | Inner | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 |
Tree Species (years) | ||||||||
kBq/Kg dry Weight | ||||||||
September 2011 | ||||||||
2 Mulberry (9) | 113.95 | 7.10 | 3.22 | 2.00 | 1.14 | 0.90 | 0.63 | |
2 Japanese cedar (18) | 42.26 | 14.92 | 5.43 | 3.86 | 2.64 | 1.83 | 1.37 | |
2 Cypress (24) | 51.28 | 8.43 | 2.92 | 1.57 | 1.54 | 1.42 | 0.94 | |
November 2011 | ||||||||
2 Chestnut (10) | 75.63 | 4.70 | 1.59 | 1.41 | 1.45 | 1.25 | 0.53 | |
2 Japanese cedar (12) | 13.70 | 1.50 | 1.63 | 1.43 | 1.48 | 1.38 | 1.30 | |
2 Japanese cedar (21) | 12.92 | 1.22 | 0.53 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | |
2 Stone oak (8) | 14.91 | 6.55 | 3.92 | 2.70 | 1.82 | 1.67 | 1.52 | |
3 Cypress (17) | 3.84 | 1.62 | 0.38 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.09 | |
March 2012 | ||||||||
2 Cypress (22) | 10.13 | 5.64 | 0.77 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.38 | |
2 Cherry tree (30) | 153.06 | 3.05 | 1.65 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.50 | |
4 Japanese cedar (20) | 43.94 | 3.88 | 0.47 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.36 | |
4 Cypress (19) | 9.36 | 4.50 | 0.89 | 0.27 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.56 | |
November 2012 | ||||||||
5 Japanese cedar (19) | 72.07 | 10.08 | 3.84 | 0.50 | 0.63 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.56 |
6 Persimmon (18) | 0.75 | 1.33 | 0.70 | 0.10 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
7 Oak (21) | 6.63 | 0.19 | 0.10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Tree Species | Bark | Xylem | Leaf and Branch |
---|---|---|---|
Bq/Kg dry Weight | |||
Sprouted shoots from the stumps of trees | |||
(Sampling time in November 2012) | |||
Cypress | 100 ± 2.0 | 630 ± 6.6 | 2800 ± 80.9 |
Sawtooth oak | 110 ± 2.1 | 540 ± 10.1 | 2250 ± 56.5 |
Planted seedlings planted on May 2012 | |||
(Sampling time in November 2012) | |||
Chinaberry | 68 ± 1.1 | 430 ± 4.1 | 1310 ± 7.0 |
Sawtooth oak | 50 ± 1.0 | 200 ± 2.0 | 530 ± 4.5 |
White poplar | 41 ± 05 | 430 ± 2.2 | 1030 ± 5.8 |
Japanese cedar | 57 ± 0.5 | 220 ± 3.5 | 670 ± 4.9 |
Weeping willow | 10 ± 0.1 | 140 ± 2.3 | 670 ± 5.6 |
(Sampling time in June 2013) | |||
Chinaberry | 81 ± 1.1 | 720 ± 4.1 | 1560 ± 7.0 |
Sawtooth oak | 76 ± 1.0 | 610 ± 2.0 | 1350 ± 4.5 |
White poplar | 88 ± 0.5 | 630 ± 2.2 | 1110 ± 5.8 |
Tree Species (Years) | Ambient Dose | Bark | Xylem | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outer | Inner | Sapwood | Heartwood | ||
µSv/h | kBq/kg Dry Weight | ||||
Japanese cedar (13) | 2.45 | 8.14 ± 0.32 | 3.34 ± 0.14 | 2.13 ± 0.13 * | 2.60 ± 0.04 * |
Japanese cedar (13) | 2.00 | 8.90 ± 0.41 | 5.66 ± 0.19 | 0.57 ± 0.02 * | 1.25 ± 0.03 * |
Japanese cedar (18) | 1.88 | 8.37 ± 0.32 | 7.29 ± 0.22 | 0.87 ± 0.04 * | 1.10 ± 0.03 * |
Japanese cedar (20) | 1.90 | 14.22 ± 1.00 | 4.55 ± 0.12 | 0.58 ± 0.03 * | 0.99 ± 0.03 * |
Japanese cedar (29) | 2.00 | 11.36 ± 1.04 | 4.52 ± 0.11 | 0.63 ± 0.05 | 0.86 ± 0.03 |
Japanese cedar (16) | 2.45 | 12.81 ± 0.92 | 2.29 ± 0.08 | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.03 |
Red pine (32) | 1.64 | 6.01 ± 0.22 | 7.87 ± 0.33 | 1.48 ± 0.23 | 0.56 ± 0.02 |
Pine (41) | 2.36 | 14.32 ± 1.11 | 3.22 ± 0.12 | 0.65 ± 0.02 * | 0.51 ± 0.01 |
Red pine (46) | 1.62 | 14.11 ± 1.22 | 5.72 ± 0.25 | 1.09 ± 0.32 | 0.49 ± 0.01 |
Cypress (15) | 2.54 | 4.84 ± 0.32 | 3.23 ± 0.17 | 0.53 ± 0.02 | 0.48 ± 0.02 |
Japanese cedar (30) | 2.01 | 6.05 ± 0.52 | 4.00 ± 0.18 | 0.51 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.02 |
Japanese cedar (14) | 2.44 | 11.34 ± 0.94 | 4.42 ± 0.17 | 2.66 ± 0.25 | 0.41 ± 0.01 * |
Red pine (27) | 1.60 | 7.80 ± 0.33 | 6.86 ± 0.22 | 1.01 ± 0.16 | 0.40 ± 0.01 |
Japanese cedar (35) | 2.00 | 8.61 ± 0.40 | 4.87 ± 0.22 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.01 |
Cypress (14) | 2.10 | 8.65 ± 0.41 | 5.57 ± 0.27 | 1.22 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.01 |
Japanese cedar (43) | 2.02 | 9.54 ± 0.45 | 3.55 ± 0.22 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.01 |
Cypress (22) | 2.02 | 10.07 ± 0.95 | 6.54 ± 0.30 | 1.38 ± 0.07 | 0.21 ± 0.01 |
Cypress (16) | 2.23 | 8.58 ± 0.33 | 7.19 ± 0.32 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 |
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Yasukawa, C.; Aoki, S.; Nonaka, M.; Itakura, M.; Tsubokura, M.; Baba, K.; Ohbayashi, H.; Sugawara, I.; Seyama, T.; Uehara, I.; et al. Intake of Radionuclides in the Trees of Fukushima Forests 1. Field Study. Forests 2019, 10, 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080652
Yasukawa C, Aoki S, Nonaka M, Itakura M, Tsubokura M, Baba K, Ohbayashi H, Sugawara I, Seyama T, Uehara I, et al. Intake of Radionuclides in the Trees of Fukushima Forests 1. Field Study. Forests. 2019; 10(8):652. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080652
Chicago/Turabian StyleYasukawa, Chisato, Shoko Aoki, Miki Nonaka, Masateru Itakura, Masaharu Tsubokura, Kei’ichi Baba, Hiroya Ohbayashi, Izumi Sugawara, Tomoko Seyama, Iwao Uehara, and et al. 2019. "Intake of Radionuclides in the Trees of Fukushima Forests 1. Field Study" Forests 10, no. 8: 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080652
APA StyleYasukawa, C., Aoki, S., Nonaka, M., Itakura, M., Tsubokura, M., Baba, K., Ohbayashi, H., Sugawara, I., Seyama, T., Uehara, I., Kaida, R., Taji, T., Sakata, Y., & Hayashi, T. (2019). Intake of Radionuclides in the Trees of Fukushima Forests 1. Field Study. Forests, 10(8), 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080652