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Review

Energy Storage Ceramics: A Bibliometric Review of Literature

by
Haiyan Hu
1,
Aiping Liu
2,
Yuehua Wan
3 and
Yuan Jing
4,*
1
Library, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
2
Center for Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
3
Institute of Information Resource, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
4
Library, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2021, 14(13), 3605; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133605
Submission received: 21 May 2021 / Revised: 23 June 2021 / Accepted: 24 June 2021 / Published: 28 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced and Functional Ceramics and Glasses)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Energy storage ceramics is among the most discussed topics in the field of energy research. A bibliometric analysis was carried out to evaluate energy storage ceramic publications between 2000 and 2020, based on the Web of Science (WOS) databases. This paper presents a detailed overview of energy storage ceramics research from aspects of document types, paper citations, h-indices, publish time, publications, institutions, countries/regions, research areas, highly cited papers, and keywords. A total of 3177 publications were identified after retrieval in WOS. The results show that China takes the leading position in this research field, followed by the USA and India. Xi An Jiao Tong Univ has the most publications, with the highest h-index. J.W. Zhai is the most productive author in energy storage ceramics research. Ceramics International, Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Electronics, and the Journal of Alloys and Compounds are the most productive journals in this field, and materials science—multidisciplinary is the most frequently used subject category. Keywords, highly cited papers, and the analysis of popular papers indicate that, in recent years, lead-free ceramics are prevalent, and researchers focus on fields such as the microstructure, thin films, and phase transition of ceramics.

1. Introduction

Energy storage ceramics are an important material of dielectric capacitors and are among the most discussed topics in the field of energy research [1]. Mainstream energy storage devices include batteries, dielectric capacitors, electrochemical capacitors, and fuel cells. Due to the low dielectric loss and excellent temperature, the status of ceramics is constantly highlighted. To our knowledge, the concept of energy storage ceramics has a long history. Some early papers on energy storage ceramics research were put forward in the mid-20th century. It is found that researchers worked on antiferroelectric ceramics with field-enforced transitions in 1961 [2], strontium titanate films in 1969 [3], glass-bonded lead zirconate in 1971 [4], and energy storage in ceramic dielectrics in 1972 [5]. Energy storage ceramics are considered to be a preferred material of energy storage, due to their medium breakdown field strength, low dielectric loss, antifatigue, and excellent temperature stability [6]. However, ceramic capacitors have not been considered for energy storage applications for a long time. The primary reasons for this are the expensive costs and the low energy density of large ceramic capacitors [7]. Researchers have been committed to improving the performance of energy storage ceramics and reducing their cost. Oily wastes and other residues have been applied in ceramic material manufacturing since 1988 [8]. Ferroelectric ceramics were introduced in composites to enhance their charge storage properties, and the dielectric and charge storage properties of these composites were studied in the 1990s [9]. The dielectric breakdown strength and other capabilities of ceramic material have been optimized over the years [10]. Researchers have also worked on the optimization of ceramic capacitors’ energy storage density, based on the Devonshire’s Theory of Ferroelectrics [11]. With the growth in energy demand, the potential applications of energy storage ceramics in the energy-storage area have been excavated. Currently, energy storage ceramics with higher energy densities and lower costs [12,13] are widely used in aerospace [14], military [15], oil drilling [16], and various applications.
Several reviews focus on energy storage ceramics. Researchers have analyzed the progress of sol–gel-derived composite ceramic carbon electrodes [17], ceramic membranes [18], conductivities of solid electrolyte materials in lithium-ion batteries [19], high-temperature sodium batteries [20], lead zirconate-based antiferroelectric materials [21], antiferroelectric ceramics capacitors [22,23], graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes [24], solid-state electrolyte materials [25], lead-free dielectric ceramics [26,27], and high-strain perovskite piezoelectric ceramics [28].
Review papers can synthesize the key theories of a special topic of energy storage ceramics research. Different from review papers, bibliometric methods can analyze massive papers, and show the overall picture of energy storage ceramics research from the perspective of the literature.
Bibliometrics was defined as the “statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles” by the OECD [29]. Bibliometric analysis is a statistical evaluation of published papers and academic research [30]. The development of modern bibliometric techniques can be traced back to 1896; Pareto published the first bibliometric paper [31]. More scholars, including Lotka [32], Zipf [33], Bradford [34], and Price [35], have developed new bibliometric methods since then.
Bibliometric analysis provides a perspective that can easily be scaled from the micro- to macrolevel. It has been used to quantitatively analyze academic publications, to show the research status and trends in many research fields, such as health care science services [36,37,38,39,40], computer science [41,42], mechanical engineering [43,44,45,46], psychology [47,48], economics [49,50], energy [51,52], and ecology [53,54,55]. The United Kingdom has considered using bibliometrics in its research excellence framework, to assess the quality of research output [56].
To our knowledge, this work is not the first to assess the energy storage field using bibliometric methods, but is the first bibliometric analysis dedicated to research on energy storage ceramics. Previous bibliometric analysis has dealt with the international development trend of energy storage technology [57], research progress of lead-free dielectric ceramics, and emerging topics in energy storage [58], but the specialized and systematic study of energy storage ceramics research has not been reported to date. The aim of this research is to (1) provide an overview of this field; (2) find the leading countries/regions, institutes, and authors; (3) create an opportunity for cooperation between countries, institutions, and authors; (4) find the most productive journals; and (5) find popular topics, top papers, and research trends.
The remainder of this paper is arranged as follows: a section on the method and materials; a section on the results, analysis of the leading countries/regions, institutions, authors, publications, research areas, and keywords; a discussion of our findings; and a summary of this paper.

2. Materials and Methods

This analysis is based on the publications related to energy storage ceramics published between 2000 and 2020. Papers were collected from the Web of Science (WOS), with the search formula of “energy storage ceramic*” or “lead-free ceramic*” or “dielectric ceramic*”. Before the formal retrieval, we searched in Scopus, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and WOS; the results showed that WOS can meet our needs. Furthermore, other terms, such as “ferroelectric material”, were used to expand the dataset and to ensure the result of retrieval was satisfactory. Our search was limited to the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection, supported by the following three closely related databases: Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E), Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science (CPCI-S). The search date was 11 January 2021, and the search field was restricted to “topic” (a paper’s title, abstract, author keywords, and keywords plus).
We used the Derwent Data Analyzer 10 (DDA10.0 build 27330, Search Technology Inc., Norcross, GA, USA) as the analytical tool. DDA is a data-mining platform that converts patent data, scientific literature, and business intelligence into actionable, commercial insight. The papers retrieved were organized into tables and DDA charts. Tables were produced to show the output, collaboration, and influence of countries/regions, institutions, and authors, as well as highly cited papers of this research field; a line chart was used to illustrate the publication trend of the research field and the top 3 most productive countries/regions; DDA cluster maps were employed to explain the collaborative relationships among countries/regions, institutions, and research areas; bubble charts were adopted to more intuitively show the development trends of journals and author keywords in energy storage ceramics research. The journal’s impact factor (IF) was determined according to the 2019 Journal Citation Reports (JCRs).

3. Results

In total, 3177 papers matched the choice criteria across 10 document types and three publication types. The 10 document types were article (n = 2602), proceedings paper (n = 252), review (n = 213), conference paper (n = 98), editorial material (n = 6), correction (n = 2), letter (n = 1), meeting abstract (n = 1), news item (n = 1), and book chapter (n = 1). The three publication types were journal (n = 2929), serials (n = 169), and book (n = 79). The 3177 papers were published in 690 sources. A total of 8229 authors from 79 countries/regions and 1816 institutions contributed to the research of energy storage ceramics. The vast majority of the articles and reviews were published in English (3140, 98.869%), followed by Chinese (31, 0.976%), Korean (3, 0.098%), Japanese (1, 0.031%), and Spanish (1, 0.031%). An average citation of 24.49 per paper and 77817 total times cited makes the 3177 published papers relevant in the scientific community. A total of 215 funds supported the publication of these papers, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (n = 1225), National Basic Research Program of China (n = 223), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (n = 198) are the top three among them. Including the 3177 papers, there are 105 highly cited papers and five popular papers.

3.1. Number of Publications

Figure 1 shows the annual analysis of the published papers. The annual publication numbers grew slowly in the first years analyzed, from 10 (in 2000) to 83 (in 2012). A high growth rate happened in the period 2008–2011, but the yearly production was still less than 100. In the last eight years (from 2013 to 2020), the annual publication number has increased rapidly, rising from 83 papers in 2012 to 680 papers in 2020. The increase in the annual publication number since 2013 could be related to the rise in global energy research. It is also worth noting that there has been a steady increase in annual publications since 2008; the average yearly growth rate was 34.9%. The most productive year was 2020, which increased by 19.3%.
China, the USA, and India are the top three most productive countries. China entered into the field of energy storage ceramics in 2004 and became the leader in 2011. After exceeding the USA, China’s production grew rapidly. The average yearly growth rate was 170% between 2011 and 2020. The USA has a long history of energy storage ceramics research and has been the research center for a long time, until being overtaken by China in 2011. The average percentage growth rate of the USA was 24% in the past 10 years. India took part in the research of energy storage ceramics earlier than China, but not many papers were published until 2018. The yearly production of the USA and India in recent years is approximately 50 papers.

3.2. Country-Specific Production and Collaboration

The publications on energy storage ceramics between 2000 and 2020 were derived from 79 countries/regions. As shown in Table 1, the most productive country/region in the energy storage ceramics research field was China, with a publication share of 55.0% (n = 1747). The USA ranked second (n = 542, 17.1%), followed by India (n = 232, 7.3%), Germany (n = 177, 5.6%), the UK (n = 151, 4.8%), and Japan (n = 132, 4.2%). The remaining top 20 most productive countries were mostly located in Asia and Europe. The USA holds the highest average citations of 47.21 per paper, followed by Australia (ACCP = 46.83) and Canada (ACCP = 42.04). Australia (DC = 95.24%), the UK (DC = 90.73%), and Singapore (DC = 89.74%) are the three countries/regions with the highest percentage of papers cited. China (h-index = 91) and the USA (h-index = 74) are ahead of other countries/regions in the field of the h-index.
Figure 2 displays country/region collaborations in energy storage ceramics research. Through the collaboration network, the collaboration relationship with different countries/regions can be more intuitively observed, so as to help find more beneficial collaborators. Each node represented a country/region. The data near the country/region names are the total number of publications from that country/region. The yellow points in the intersections between the countries/regions illustrate collaborative papers with other countries/regions.
The figure shows that China is the leader of energy storage ceramics research in cooperation with other countries/regions, followed by the USA, the UK, and Germany. The most productive countries/regions had more frequent cooperation with other countries/regions. China collaborates with 37 countries/regions with 348 papers, closely linked with the USA, Australia, the UK, Japan, Singapore, Canada, and Russia. The USA has 213 international papers and collaborates with 44 countries/regions, including China, the UK, Japan, and South Korea. India ranks third in the top 20 most productive countries/regions, with 57 international papers. Unlike China and the USA, India’s collaboration with the top 20 most productive countries/regions is not very close. Taiwan is the region with which India collaborates most closely, followed by South Korea and the USA. Among the top 20 most productive countries/regions, Brazil, Thailand, Italy, and Poland have smaller collaboration networks than the other countries/regions. It is worth mentioning that the USA has the largest number of collaborated countries/regions (nCC = 44), and Pakistan has the highest percentage of international collaborations (CC = 77.50%).

3.3. Contribution of Leading Institutions

A total of 1816 institutes have participated in energy storage ceramics research. The distribution of institute contributions to publications reiterated the predominance of China in this research field. The top 30 most productive institutes are shown in Table 2. In the table, there are 22 institutions from China; three from the USA; and one from Australia, Germany, India, Singapore, and the UK, respectively. Regarding the top 20 institutions, 18 institutes are located in China, and one in the USA and Australia, respectively. Xi An Jiao Tong Univ ranks first in terms of total publications, followed by Chinese Acad Sci and Tsinghua Univ. Penn State Univ holds the first position for average citations per paper (ACCP = 64.90). Xi An Jiao Tong Univ has the highest h-index value, followed by Chinese Acad Sci and Tsinghua Univ. There is only one institute from Europe, and no institutes from Africa or South America, on this list. It is worth noting that Penn State Univ (ACCP = 64.90) and Univ Wollongong (ACCP = 54.00) are leading in the table of citations per paper, but a large number of researchers from these institutions are from China.
Additionally, we analyzed the collaborations of energy storage ceramics between the top 30 most productive institutions (see Figure 3). Each node represented an institution. The data near the institution names are the total number of publications of the institution. The yellow points in the intersections between the institutions indicate collaborative publications with other institutions in the top 30.
It can be seen that the most productive institutions show more collaboration than other institutions, such as Xi An Jiao Tong Univ, Chinese Acad Sci, Tsinghua Univ, and Wuhan Univ Technol. Among the top 30 most productive institutions, Tsinghua Univ maintains collaboration with more institutions. Including Tsinghua Univ’s 145 papers, 61 papers were collaborated with Univ Wollongong, Univ Sci and Technol Beijing, Chinese Acad Sci, and other top institutions. Chinese Acad Sci has 137 papers collaborated with institutions such as Tsinghua Univ, Tongji Univ, and Univ Elect Sci and Technol, China. Xi An Jiao Tong Univ is the most productive institution, with 106 institution collaborations; Xian Univ Technol and Southwest Univ are the main partners. Other stable collaborative relations include the collaboration between Wuhan Univ Technol and Penn State Univ, and the collaboration between Guilin Univ Elect Technol and Cent S Univ. Among the top 30 most productive institutions, Harbin Inst Technol, Sichuan Unive, Natl Univ Singapore, MIT, Natl Inst Technol, Argonne Natl Lab, and German Aerosp Ctr DL have smaller collaboration networks than other institutions.

3.4. Contribution of Leading Authors

The top 20 most productive authors are shown in Table 3; they are mostly from China. Among the 20 authors, there are five from Shaanxi Univ Sci and Technol; three from Xi An Jiao Tong Univ; two from Tongji Univ; and two from Chinese Acad Sci, China. They contributed the largest number of productive authors. Except for one author from Univ Wollongong, the other top 20 most productive authors are all from institutions in China. Here, some close-cooperative teams are represented by a lead author. For example, Wuhan Univ Technol has many productive authors, such as H. Hao, H.X. Liu, M.H. Cao, and Z.H. Yao. They co-authored many papers, and the corresponding author of the most papers is H.X. Liu, so H.X. Liu was the representative of these papers. Additionally, J.W. Zhai represents a research group from Tongji Univ, and X.H. Wang represents a research group from Tsinghua Univ. J.W. Zhai (TP = 86, TC = 2515) is the leader of total productions and citations, followed by H.X. Liu (TP = 73, TC = 2072) and X.L. Dong (TP = 54, TC = 1803). Regarding the average citation per paper, S.J. Zhang ranks first with 68.35, followed by T. Wang (55.19) and H.L. Du (49.86). Z.J. Zhai (25) has the highest h-index value, followed by X.L. Dong (23) and H.X. Liu (21).

3.5. Contribution of Leading Research Areas and Journals

Three thousand one hundred and seventy-seven papers related to energy storage ceramics research have been published in 88 SCI research areas, among which the top 20 are listed in Figure 4. Materials science—multidisciplinary (n = 1396, 43.96%); physics—applied (n = 741, 23.33%); and materials science—ceramics (n = 634, 19.96%) are the three research areas with the highest percentage of papers, followed by chemistry—physical (n = 616, 19.40%), and energy and fuels (n = 446, 14.04%). Research from materials science—multidisciplinary; physics—applied; physics—condensed matter; engineering—electrical electronic; and some other research areas are long term, stable, and focus on the research of energy storage ceramics.
In total, 3177 papers were published in 699 publications, with 407 publications publishing only one paper. In Table 4, the top 30 most productive journals, in terms of the number of publications, categories, and impact factor 2019, are reported. The top 30 journals have published 1662 papers, which represents 52.31% of the papers in this study. Ceramics International is ranked first (TP: 285, IF2019: 3.83), Science-Materials in Electronics second (TP: 163, IF2019: 2.22), and the Journal of Alloys and Compounds third (TP: 158, IF2019: 4.65).
The source growth of the top 30 most productive journals is shown in Figure 5. Except for the top three journals, the Journal of the European Ceramic Society (TP: 117, IF2019: 4.495), Journal of the American Ceramic Society (TP: 108, IF2019: 3.502), Journal of Materials Chemistry A (TP: 84, IF2019: 11.301), ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces (TP: 66, IF2019: 8.758), and Journal of Materials Chemistry C (TP: 60, IF2019: 7.059) have grown exponentially in recent years. On the contrary, the publication of Applied Physics Letters, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, and Materials Research Express have declined over time. It is also noteworthy that several journals published papers on energy storage ceramics research during the first 13 years of the 2000s. Since 2013, there have been more publications on energy storage ceramics, indicating that the research area is growing.

3.6. An Analysis of Keywords

To study the main direction and trend of energy storage ceramics research, keywords from 3177 papers were analyzed. Due to some papers’ author keywords being missing, here, we used a combination of author keywords and keywords plus to fully reveal this research field. Apart from some of the most commonly used searching keywords, such as “energy storage”, “density”, “ceramics”, “performance”, “energy”, “behavior”, “ferroelectric”, and “dielectric”, the remaining keywords were carefully cleaned. Various expressions of the same subjects, such as “Barium Titanate” and “Batio3”, were merged to ensure that keywords with similar meanings were represented by one unified word. The top 20 cleaned keywords that frequently appeared at the same time are illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure 6 represents a map of energy storage ceramics research. A bubble chart was used to show the development trend of this field in 3D. Using the size of bubble as a third dimension, the chart can be applied to track research frontiers [59]. The number in a bubble represents the frequency of a keyword in that year.
“Microstructure” (n = 366) ranks first in terms of occurrence, followed by “thin-films” (n = 354) and “phase-transition” (n = 301). They are also the top three frequency occurrence keywords. Research processes of the top three keywords are different. Researchers began to focus on ceramic microstructures in 2011. The properties, behavior, characteristics, changes, evolution, modification, and design of microstructures were studied by Z.Y. Shen, A.G. Jain, G. Liu, and other researchers [60,61,62]. Thin films, including ferroelectric thin films and antiferroelectric thin films, are a long-term topic of material research for researchers, such as A. Kumar, Q. Li, and B.H. Ma; relevant theories and methods have been constantly updated in recent years [63,64,65]. Phase-transition was not popular until 2014. With the work of L. Jin, Q. Xu, R. Xu, and other researchers, related work has made great progress in the past seven years [66,67,68].
It is worth noting that some keywords have become frequent in recent years, such as “lead-free ceramics” (since 2017) and “energy storage performance” (since 2016). In 2017, lead-free ceramics became a popular topic; researchers, such as G. Liu, F. Li, and H.B. Yang, published a large number of papers and promoted the research of energy storage ceramics to the lead-free era [69,70,71]. Almost at the same time, the research of energy storage performance became a frequent appearance in keywords; L. Jin, X. Lu, L. Zhang, and other researchers, carried out a series of exploratory works and advanced the topic rapidly [72,73,74].
The following other keywords can also be noted: the research topic of grain size appeared in 2010 and became a frequent keyword in 2014; the effect, engineering, and dependence of grain size were studied by G. Liu, M.S. Alkathy, G. Chen, and other researchers [75,76]; ferroelectric properties is a topic with a long history, and the number of papers has been increasing since 2014 [77,78]; the production of relaxor ferroelectrics research obviously increased in the last three years; researchers, such as G. Liu, F. Li, and Z. Dai, advanced the research of relaxor ferroelectric behavior, polymers, properties, and transition [79,80].

3.7. An Analysis of the Most Cited Papers

Among the 3177 papers, there are 105 highly cited papers and five popular papers. Table 5 lists the 20 most cited papers. The earliest paper by Bai et al.—“High-dielectric-constant ceramic-powder polymer composites”—was published by Applied Physics Letters in 2000, and described a ceramic-powder polymer composite developed with a high room-temperature dielectric constant relaxor. The most recent paper by Ngo et al.—“Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges”—was published by Composites Part B-Engineering in 2018, and gave an overview of the main 3D printing methods, materials, and their development in trending applications, and the current state of ceramics materials development was presented. The number of citations ranged from 1941 for Naguib et al.—“25th Anniversary Article: MXenes: A New Family of Two-Dimensional Materials”—to 375 for Yao et al.—“Homogeneous/Inhomogeneous-Structured Dielectrics and their Energy-Storage Performances”. Ngo et al.—“Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges”—is ranked first in the field of total citations per year. Five sources, including Advanced Materials, Nature, Energy and Environmental Science, Materials, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, published the two most cited papers. The other 10 papers were published in 10 sources, namely, Composites Part B-Engineering, Dalton Transactions, Journal of Power Sources, Chemical Reviews, Nano Energy, Applied Physics Letters, Advanced Energy Materials, Advanced Functional Materials, and International Journal of Electrochemical Science. The USA contributed eleven of them, followed by China (2), Switzerland (1), UK (1), Australia (1), Israel (1), Germany (1), Spain (1), and India (1), which indicated that the USA was the leading country of academic influence in this research field. It is worth noting that many papers are the results of multidisciplinary integration.

3.8. An Analysis of Popular Papers

Researchers usually identify the most interesting recent research topics within a research field with popular ESI papers. There were five popular ESI papers in this field, all of which were published in 2019 (Table 6). Three of them are review papers, and two of them are article papers.
L. Yang et al. published their paper in Progress in Materials Science, which summarizes the principles and recent developments of perovskite lead-free dielectrics and other types of dielectrics; the new achievements of polymer–ceramic composites in energy-storage applications are also reviewed [97]. A review published in Chemical Society Reviews, by H. Luo et al., provides a detailed overview of the latest developments in the design and control of the interface in polymer-based composite dielectrics for energy storage applications, and described efforts to achieve a close control of interfacial properties and geometry, which include the use of liquid crystals, and developing ceramic and carbon-based interfaces with tailored electrical properties [98]. H. Qi et al. published a paper in the Journal of Materials Chemistry A, which introduced a novel lead-free polar dielectric ceramic with linear-like polarization responses; BNT-based lead-free AFE ceramic systems may be a potential candidate for application in pulsed power systems [99]. The work of W.G. Ma et al., published in the Journal of Materials Chemistry C, used antiferroelectric (AFE) AgNbO3 (AN) to partially substitute the relaxor ferroelectric BNT-ST of morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition to reduce the remanent polarization [100]. A review in Energy and Environmental Science, by Samson et al., discussed the progress and trends in the three main approaches, to realize the technological application of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) as an electrolyte in solid-state Li batteries (SSLBs) [101]. These highly cited papers not only described the latest developments and trends of lead-free dielectrics and other energy storage ceramic materials, but motivate an increasing amount of researchers with multidisciplinary backgrounds to explore potential research areas.

4. Discussion

This bibliometric analysis confirmed that energy storage ceramics has become an important component of energy research over the last 20 years. We can divide the research of energy storage ceramics into three stages. Before 2007, it can be called the early accumulation stage; the number of publications and citations was not high, but many topics were discussed. The period from 2007 to 2013 can be called the widespread attention stage. Researchers from various countries and disciplines began to frequently reference energy storage ceramics research papers. With the growth in global energy demand, the period after 2013 can be called the rapid development stage. The number of publications, participating countries, institutions, journals, and researchers has increased significantly, and influence indicators, such as citations and h-index, have also increased significantly.
China has become the leader of energy storage ceramics research, in terms of the number of publications and h-index, since 2011. Institutions and authors from China are the most productive, with the highest h-index. India, another developing country, is also performing well in this field. However, we can find from other viewpoints, such as average citations per paper and the percentage of international collaborations, that traditional developed countries still have strong research power. Researchers from developed countries, such as the USA, Australia, the UK, and Canada, are still leading the way in energy storage ceramics research. It is also worth noting that major publications are mostly from the USA, UK, Germany, and other developed countries. Emerging countries/regions have a long way to go in the development of science and technology.
We studied the collaborations between institutions and countries/regions. The most productive countries/regions and institutions have a high percentage of collaborations and large number of collaborated institutions. However, no country or institution has become the core of energy storage ceramics and significantly impacted other countries/regions or institutions. Chinese institutions collaborate with many institutions, but their influence is often demonstrated through collaboration with institutions of other countries, such as the USA. The academic influence of the USA is still ranked first, as can be seen from the performance of country/region collaboration and highly cited papers, but the scale of research limits the performance of USA institutions.
The 3177 papers are distributed in 88 research fields, but material science—multidisciplinary; physics—applied; and material science—ceramics hold a large proportion of the total papers. It is also worth noting that papers of material science—ceramics do not significantly grow until after 2013. As an interdisciplinary research area, the subject-integrated level of energy storage ceramics must be improved. As can also be seen from the distribution of publications, Ceramics International, and other journals specializing in ceramics, remain the major source of energy storage ceramics papers.
Regarding research topics, lead-free ceramics is the trend of energy storage ceramics; the publication number of related papers has increased rapidly in recent years. Additionally, many frequently used keywords have a relationship with lead-free ceramics. This issue suggests that the increasing requirements of low emissions have inspired an enormous effort towards the development of efficient and clean energy.

5. Conclusions

Here, we presented a general overview of energy storage ceramics research, in terms of leading countries/regions, institutes, publications, authors, research fields, highly cited papers, research topics, cooperation, and trends between 2000 and 2020, based on the Web of Science (WOS) databases.
A total of 3177 publications were identified after retrieval in WOS. From the yearly yield of the field, we can determine the study of energy storage ceramics prosperity from 2013. China definitely had energy storage ceramics research with the most publications and highest h-index. Xi An Jiao Tong University is the most productive institution, with the highest h-index. J.W. Zhai is the most productive and most cited author, with the highest h-index. Ceramics International Journal of Materials and another 698 publications published energy storage ceramics research papers in materials science—multidisciplinary and another 87 research areas. “Microstructure”, “thin-films”, and “phase-transition” are the top three topics researchers focused on. The most cited paper has been cited 1941 times, 277.3 times per year. There are 105 highly cited papers and five popular papers; lead-free ceramics is the main research direction of these papers.
This study will help potential energy storage ceramics researchers to quickly understand the global research status of this field. It can also provide relevant researchers with beneficial information on research frontiers, potential collaborators, funding supports, and submission goals of papers. In addition, this work can provide a reference for policymakers to improve energy policies and strengthen energy governance.

6. Drawbacks and Future

There were still some drawbacks in our work. The main drawback of our work is that several relevant documents were not covered. The topic search in the Web of Knowledge platform only included the title, abstract, and keywords of a paper; papers with no words matching the search formula may be omitted. These issues will lead to some deviations and affect the results.
In this work, the research status and development trend of energy storage ceramics in the last 20 years were studied. The development of energy storage ceramics research and bibliometric analysis requires further investigation in many aspects. As an interdisciplinary research field, it is of positive significance for the development of energy storage ceramics research to reveal the status, role and cooperation of materials science, physics, chemistry, energy science, management, and other disciplines. The scientific analysis of the ongoing strength and evolution of popular topics, as well as the prediction of future frontiers, will be helpful for researchers and policymakers.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.H. and Y.J.; methodology, A.L.; software, Y.W.; data curation, H.H.; writing—original draft preparation, H.H.; visualization and supervision, Y.W.; formal analysis, A.L.; writing—review and editing, Y.J.; project administration, Y.J.; funding acquisition, Y.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Social Science Fund of China, grant number 19BTQ019.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable; the study did not involve humans or animals.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable; the study did not involve humans.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Materials 14 03605 g001 550
Figure 1. The number of publications of energy storage ceramics research by year.
Figure 1. The number of publications of energy storage ceramics research by year.
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Materials 14 03605 g002 550
Figure 2. DDA cluster map on collaboration of the top 20 most productive countries/regions.
Figure 2. DDA cluster map on collaboration of the top 20 most productive countries/regions.
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Materials 14 03605 g003 550
Figure 3. DDA cluster map on collaboration of the top 30 most productive institutions in energy storage ceramics research.
Figure 3. DDA cluster map on collaboration of the top 30 most productive institutions in energy storage ceramics research.
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Figure 4. Bubble chart of the top 20 research areas in energy storage ceramics.
Figure 4. Bubble chart of the top 20 research areas in energy storage ceramics.
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Figure 5. Bubble chart of the top 30 most productive publications by year.
Figure 5. Bubble chart of the top 30 most productive publications by year.
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Figure 6. Bubble chart of top 30 keywords of energy storage ceramics research by year.
Figure 6. Bubble chart of top 30 keywords of energy storage ceramics research by year.
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Table
Table 1. Contribution and impact of the top 20 most productive countries/regions in energy storage ceramics research.
Table 1. Contribution and impact of the top 20 most productive countries/regions in energy storage ceramics research.
RankCountry/RegionTPTCACCPDC (%)h-IndexCC (%)nCC
1China174738,87222.2586.389119.9237
2USA54225,58647.2188.567439.3044
3India232314513.5675.003824.5729
4Germany177458125.8883.623445.2038
5UK151500233.1390.733672.1931
6Japan132235517.8484.092846.9727
7France112154013.7583.932058.9339
8South Korea94182619.4385.112437.2312
9Australia84393446.8395.242670.2417
10Spain63149623.7584.131957.1427
11Italy4983317.0085.711455.1023
12Canada48201842.0485.422172.9215
13Russia4366815.5383.721165.1216
14Poland4243610.3885.711438.1013
15Pakistan4044111.0370.00977.5016
16Singapore39142436.5189.741461.5413
17Taiwan2832211.5075.001057.1410
18Brazil262579.8869.23750.009
19Thailand242269.4266.67937.509
20Netherlands2343418.8786.961073.9118
Note: TP: total paper; TC: total citations; ACCP: average citations per paper; DC%: percentage of papers cited; CC%: percentage of international collaborations; nCC: number of collaborated countries/regions.
Table
Table 2. The top 30 most productive institutions in energy storage ceramics research during the period 2000–2020.
Table 2. The top 30 most productive institutions in energy storage ceramics research during the period 2000–2020.
InstitutionTPTCACCPDC (%)h-IndexnCIIC (%)Country/Region
Xi An Jiao Tong Univ199648632.59 89.45 4110774.87 China
Chinese Acad Sci192584830.46 86.98 3912168.75 China
Tsinghua Univ145545137.59 88.97 388663.45 China
Wuhan Univ Technol137308022.48 85.40 295245.99 China
Tongji Univ129341926.50 93.80 304757.36 China
Shaanxi Univ Sci and Technol100215921.59 83.00 272326.00 China
Guilin Univ Elect Technol817809.63 83.95 164048.15 China
Penn State Univ81525764.90 92.59 315779.01 USA
Univ Sci and Technol Beijing78172322.09 84.62 196771.79 China
Univ Elect Sci and Technol China7695312.54 92.11 179663.16 China
Harbin Inst Technol6091315.22 83.33 153860.00 China
Xian Univ Technol59106518.05 86.44 193989.83 China
Northwestern Polytech Univ58105418.17 87.93 212960.34 China
Huazhong Univ Sci and Technol52141727.25 88.46 174571.15 China
Southwest Univ443437.80 81.82 102688.64 China
Inner Mongolia Univ Sci and Technol40117029.25 90.00 181952.50 China
Zhejiang Univ35101428.97 85.71 172665.71 China
Univ Wollongong33178254.00 96.97 162384.85 Australia
Cent S Univ32120037.50 96.88 141656.25 China
Sichuan Univ3267020.94 81.25 102343.75 China
Shaanxi Normal Univ312498.0380.6591251.61China
Argonne Natl Lab3096432.13100.00134170.00USA
Jingdezhen Ceram Inst2828310.1192.86101146.43China
Univ Sheffield2682631.7792.31153596.15UK
MIT24100141.71100.00123266.67USA
German Aerosp Ctr DLR2242419.2781.8210827.27Germany
Nanjing Tech Univ2238317.4181.82112095.45China
Natl Inst Technol2223510.6881.8293872.73India
Natl Univ Singapore2280736.6886.36132272.73Singapore
Guangdong Univ Technol2126712.7195.24112266.67China
Note: TP: total paper; TC: total citations; ACCP: average citations per paper; DC%: the percentage of papers cited; IC%: the percentage of institution collaborations; nCI: number of collaborated institutions.
Table
Table 3. Contribution of the top 20 authors in energy storage ceramics research.
Table 3. Contribution of the top 20 authors in energy storage ceramics research.
RankAuthorTPTCnFAnCAACCPh-IndexInstitute
1Zhai, Jiwei86251507629.2425Tongji Univ (China)
2Liu, Hanxing73207204028.3821Wuhan Univ Technol (China)
3Dong, Xianlin54180302433.3923Chinese Acad Sci (China)
4Jin, Li54164892930.5219Xi An Jiao Tong Univ (China)
5Pu, Yongping521001103719.2520Shaanxi Univ Sci and Technol (China)
6Wang, Xiaohui44135004030.6817Tsinghua Univ (China)
7Wang, Genshui41120802629.4619Chinese Acad Sci (China)
8Liu, Gang3833113188.7111Southwest Univ (China)
9Hao, Xihong35110832931.6616Inner Mongolia Univ Sci and Technol (China)
10Fan, Huiqing3359701918.0916Northwestern Polytech Univ (China)
11Yang, Haibo33892112527.0316Shaanxi Univ Sci and Technol (China)
12Zhang, Shujun31211901368.3519Univ Wollongong (Australia)
13Lin, Ying308966829.8717Shaanxi Univ Sci and Technol (China)
14Hu, Qingyuan2811997242.8218Xi An Jiao Tong Univ (China)
15Wang, Tong2614356455.1918Shaanxi Univ Sci and Technol (China)
16Yang, Tongqing2645801517.6213Tongji Univ (China)
17Zhang, Lei257259329.0013Shaanxi Univ Sci and Technol (China)
18Cai, Ziming2340712117.7010China Univ Min and Technol (China)
19Du, Hongliang22109701549.8616Xi An Jiao Tong Univ (China)
20Xu, Jiwen222491911.329Guilin Univ Elect Technol (China)
Note: TP: total paper; TC: total citations; nFA: number of first author papers; nCA: number of corresponding author papers; ACCP: average citations per paper.
Table
Table 4. Contribution of the top 30 most productive publications in energy storage ceramics research.
Table 4. Contribution of the top 30 most productive publications in energy storage ceramics research.
RankPublication NameTPIF2019Country/RegionCategories
1Ceramics International2853.83UKMaterials science, ceramics
2Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Electronics1632.22NetherlandsPhysics, condensed matter physics, applied materials science, multidisciplinary engineering, electrical and electronic
3Journal of Alloys and Compounds1584.65SwitzerlandChemistry, physical metallurgy and metallurgical engineering materials science, multidisciplinary
4Journal of the European Ceramic Society1174.495UKMaterials science, ceramics
5Journal of the American Ceramic Society1083.502USAMaterials science, ceramics
6Journal of Materials Chemistry A8411.301UKEnergy and fuels chemistry, physical materials science, multidisciplinary
7ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces668.758USANanoscience and nanotechnology materials science, multidisciplinary
8Journal of Materials Chemistry C607.059UKPhysics, applied materials science, multidisciplinary
9Journal of Applied Physics472.286USAPhysics, applied
10Journal of Power Sources448.247NetherlandsEnergy and fuels chemistry, physical materials science, multidisciplinary electrochemistry
11Applied Physics Letters383.597USAPhysics, applied
12Journal of Materiomics375.797China MainlandChemistry, physical physics, applied materials science, multidisciplinary
13RSC Advances373.119UKChemistry, multidisciplinary
14Materials Letters363.204NetherlandsPhysics, applied materials science, multidisciplinary
15Ferroelectrics320.669UKPhysics, condensed matter materials science, multidisciplinary
16International Journal of Hydrogen Energy324.939UKEnergy and fuels chemistry, physical electrochemistry science
17Journal of Materials Science303.553USAMaterials science, multidisciplinary
18Journal of Electronic Materials291.774USAPhysics, applied materials science, multidisciplinary engineering, electrical and electronic
19Materials Research Bulletin254.019USAMaterials science, multidisciplinary
20Journal of Physical Chemistry C244.189USANanoscience and nanotechnology chemistry, physical materials science, multidisciplinary
21Materials Research Express241.929UKMaterials science, multidisciplinary
22Materials Chemistry and Physics233.408SwitzerlandMaterials science, multidisciplinary
23Advanced Materials2227.398Germany (Fed Rep Ger)Nanoscience and nanotechnology chemistry, physical physics, condensed matter physics, applied materials science, multidisciplinary chemistry, multidisciplinary
24Materials223.057SwitzerlandMaterials science, multidisciplinary
25Nano Energy2116.602USANanoscience and nanotechnology chemistry, physical physics, applied materials science, multidisciplinary
26Advanced Functional Materials2016.836Germany (Fed Rep Ger)Nanoscience and nanotechnology chemistry, physical physics, condensed matter physics, applied materials science, multidisciplinary chemistry, multidisciplinary
27Energy and Environmental Science2030.289UKEnergy and fuels engineering, chemical environmental sciences chemistry, multidisciplinary
28Journal of Advanced Dielectrics20 SingaporePhysics, applied
29Advanced Energy Materials1925.245Germany (Fed Rep Ger)Energy and fuels chemistry, physical physics, condensed matter physics, applied materials science, multidisciplinary
30Scientific Reports193.998UKMultidisciplinary sciences
Note: TP: total paper; IF2019: impact factor 2019.
Table
Table 5. The top 20 most cited publications in energy storage ceramics research field during the period 2000–2020.
Table 5. The top 20 most cited publications in energy storage ceramics research field during the period 2000–2020.
RankReferenceTitleSourceTCTC/YearInstitution/Country
1Naguib M, 2014 [81]25th Anniversary Article: MXenes: A New Family of Two-Dimensional MaterialsAdv. Mater.1941277.3Drexel Univ/USA
2Manthiram A, 2017Lithium battery chemistries enabled by solid-state electrolytesNat. Rev. Mater.1114278.5Univ Texas Austin/USA
3Ngo TD, 2018 [82]Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challengesCompos. Pt. B-Eng.924308Univ Melbourne/Australia.
4Stephens FH, 2007 [83]Ammonia-borane: the hydrogen source par excellence?Dalton Trans.78856.3LANL/USA
5Fergus JW, 2010Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteriesJ. Power Sources72565.9Auburn Univ/USA
6Li Q, 2015 [84]Flexible high-temperature dielectric materials from polymer nanocompositesNature666111Penn State Univ/USA.
7Ligon SC, 2017 [85]Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive ManufacturingChem. Rev.660165Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci and Technol/Switzerland
8Sun CW, 2017 [86]Recent advances in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteriesNano Energy624156Chinese Acad Sci/China
9Bai Y, 2000 [87]High-dielectric-constant ceramic-powder polymer compositesAppl. Phys. Lett.62129.6Penn State Univ/USA
10Lee H, 2014 [88]A review of recent developments in membrane separators for rechargeable lithium-ion batteriesEnergy Environ. Sci.61087.1N Carolina State Univ/USA
11Crossland EJW, 2013 [89]Mesoporous TiO2 single crystals delivering enhanced mobility and optoelectronic device performanceNature60175.1Univ Oxford/ UK
12Barber P, 2009 [90]Polymer Composite and Nanocomposite Dielectric Materials for Pulse Power Energy StorageMaterials48440.3Univ S Carolina/USA
13Kraytsberg A, 2012 [91]Higher, Stronger, Better... A Review of 5 Volt Cathode Materials for Advanced Lithium-Ion BatteriesAdv. Energy Mater.48153.4Technion Israel Inst Technol/Israel
14Presser V, 2011 [92]Carbide-Derived Carbon-From Porous Networks to Nanotubes and GrapheneAdv. Funct. Mater.46346.3Drexel Univ/USA
15Dagdeviren C, 2014 [93]Conformal piezoelectric energy harvesting and storage from motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragmProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.44062.9Univ Illinois/USA
16Hanemann T, 2010 [94]Polymer-Nanoparticle Composites: From Synthesis to Modern ApplicationsMaterials43039.1KIT/Germany
17Jayalakshmi M, 2008 [95]Simple Capacitors to Supercapacitors—An OverviewInt. J. Electrochem. Sci.40631.2Non Ferrous Mat Technol Dev Ctr NFTDC/India
18Fu K, 2016 [96]Flexible, solid-state, ion-conducting membrane with 3D garnet nanofiber networks for lithium batteriesProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.39579Univ Maryland/USA
19Hueso KB, 2013High temperature sodium batteries: status, challenges and future trendsEnergy Environ. Sci.37847.3Univ Basque Country/Spain
20Yao ZH, 2017Homogeneous/Inhomogeneous-Structured Dielectrics and their Energy-Storage PerformancesAdv. Mater.37593.8Wuhan Univ Technol/China
Note: TC: total citations; TC/Year: total citations/year (2020—publication year); Institution/country: institution/country of first corresponding author.
Table
Table 6. Popular ESI papers in energy storage ceramics research field.
Table 6. Popular ESI papers in energy storage ceramics research field.
No.AuthorsArticle TitleTCSourceTypeYear
1L.T. Yang et al. Perovskite lead-free dielectrics for energy storage applications196Prog. Mater. Sci.Review2019
2H. Luo et al. Interface design for high energy density polymer nanocomposites124Chem. Soc. Rev.Review2019
3H. Qi et al.Linear-like lead-free relaxor antiferroelectric (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-NaNbO3 with giant energy-storage density/efficiency and super stability against temperature and frequency106J. Mater. Chem. AArticle2019
4W.G. Ma et al. Enhanced energy-storage performance with excellent stability under low electric fields in BNT-ST relaxor ferroelectric ceramics91J. Mater. Chem. CArticle2019
5A.J. Samson, et al. A bird’s-eye view of Li-stuffed garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 ceramic electrolytes for advanced all-solid-state Li batteries64Energy Environ. Sci.Review2019
Note: TC: total citations; Type: document type.
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Hu, H.; Liu, A.; Wan, Y.; Jing, Y. Energy Storage Ceramics: A Bibliometric Review of Literature. Materials 2021, 14, 3605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133605

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Hu H, Liu A, Wan Y, Jing Y. Energy Storage Ceramics: A Bibliometric Review of Literature. Materials. 2021; 14(13):3605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133605

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Hu, Haiyan, Aiping Liu, Yuehua Wan, and Yuan Jing. 2021. "Energy Storage Ceramics: A Bibliometric Review of Literature" Materials 14, no. 13: 3605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133605

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