Biofilm Formation Plays a Crucial Rule in the Initial Step of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Air and Water Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Thermal Sprayed Coupons
2.2. Outdoor Exposure Test
2.3. Aquatic Immersion Test
2.4. Observation of Morphology and Element Visualization on the Surface of Coupons
2.5. Quantification of Elements on the Surface of Coupons
2.6. DNA Extraction
2.7. 16S rRNA Gene-Based Bacterial Community Analysis
2.8. Raman Spectroscopy Analysis
2.9. Quantitative Biofilm Formation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Outdoor Exposure Tests
3.2. Aquatic Immersion Tests
3.3. Comparison of Corrosion in the Outdoor Exposure Test with that of the Water-Immersion Test
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rank | SS400-1 | SS400-2 | Cu-Coated-1 | Cu-Coated-2 | Zn-Coated-1 | Zn-Coated-2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | Bacillus (19.8) | Staphylococcus (15.9) | New someone of Oxalobacteraceae (18.7) | Acinetobacter (47.9) | New someone of Oxalobacteraceae (19.5) | Acinetobacter (17.0) |
2nd | New someone of Oxalobacteraceae (14.8) | Peptoniphilus (9.1) | Rhodoplanes (17.8) | New someone of Chitinophagaceae (8.4) | Pseudomonas (19.0) | New someone of JG30-KF-AS9 (order) (16.1) |
3rd | Someone of Intrasporangiaceae (12.9) | Corynebacterium (8.9) | Bacillus (16.7) | New someone of Ruminococcaceae (7.8) | Janthinobacterium (6.7) | Coprococcus (14.3) |
Genus | SS00-1 | SS400-2 | Cu-Coated-1 | Cu-Coated-2 | Zn-Coated-1 | Zn-Coated-2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azoarcus | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | 0.15 | 0.19 |
Azospira | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Dechloromonas | 1.24 | 2.17 | 1.13 | 1.06 | 0.67 | 0.74 |
Methyloversatilis | 39.01 | 22.25 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 55.31 | 48.43 |
Rhodocyclus | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
untitled | 16.92 | 48.76 | 36.27 | 34.25 | 3.74 | 3.40 |
new genus | 1.57 | 1.22 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 1.68 | 1.61 |
Family | Genus | SS400-1 | SS400-2 | Cu-coated-1 | Cu-coated-2 | Zn-coated-1 | Zn-coated-2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Erythrobacteraceae | Azoarcus | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 |
Sphingomonadaceae | Novosphingobium | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.22 |
Sphingobium | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 1.17 | 2.31 | |
Sphingomonas | 2.08 | 1.08 | 19.32 | 16.58 | 1.07 | 1.22 | |
untitled | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
new genus | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Family | Genus | SS400-1 | SS400-2 | Cu-coated-1 | Cu-coated-2 | Zn-coated-1 | Zn-coated-2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudomonadaceae | Pseudomonas | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 |
Hydrogenophilaceae | Thiobacillus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Gallionellaceae | Gallionella | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Desulfarculaceae | new genus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Desulfobulbaceae | new genus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Desulfuromonadaceae | untitled | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Geobacteraceae | new genus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coupon | Test Type | Element | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Cu | Zn | Ca | Si | ||
SS400 | before | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
outdoor exposure | 99.98 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | |
water exposure | 98.41 | 0 | 0 | 0.36 | 1.23 | |
Cu-coated | before | 0.68 | 99.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.31 |
outdoor exposure | 6.27 | 93.73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
water exposure | 11.34 | 77.95 | 0 | 8.46 | 2.25 | |
Zn-coated | before | 0.09 | 0 | 99.52 | 0 | 0.39 |
outdoor exposure | 0.13 | 0 | 99.17 | 0 | 0.70 | |
water exposure | 0.33 | 0 | 90.23 | 2.84 | 6.60 |
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Ogawa, A.; Takakura, K.; Hirai, N.; Kanematsu, H.; Kuroda, D.; Kougo, T.; Sano, K.; Terada, S. Biofilm Formation Plays a Crucial Rule in the Initial Step of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Air and Water Environments. Materials 2020, 13, 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040923
Ogawa A, Takakura K, Hirai N, Kanematsu H, Kuroda D, Kougo T, Sano K, Terada S. Biofilm Formation Plays a Crucial Rule in the Initial Step of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Air and Water Environments. Materials. 2020; 13(4):923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040923
Chicago/Turabian StyleOgawa, Akiko, Keito Takakura, Nobumitsu Hirai, Hideyuki Kanematsu, Daisuke Kuroda, Takeshi Kougo, Katsuhiko Sano, and Satoshi Terada. 2020. "Biofilm Formation Plays a Crucial Rule in the Initial Step of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Air and Water Environments" Materials 13, no. 4: 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040923