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Energies
Volume 18
Issue 9
10.3390/en18092268
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Comparative Sensitivity Analyses of Energy Consumption in Response to Average Speed Between Electric Vehicles and Conventional Vehicles: Case Study in Beijing, China

by
Xue Lei
1,
Hongyu Lu
2,
Pengfei Fan
1,
Rui Liu
3,*,
Songsong Li
3,
Yizheng Wu
1 and
Guohua Song
1,4,*
1
Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, Ministry of Transport, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuan Cun, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China
2
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
3
Beijing Capital Highway Development Group Company Limited, 9A, Liuliqiao Nanli, Fengtai District, Beijing 100161, China
4
MOE Engineering Research Center of Clean and Low-Carbon Technology for Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuan Cun, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(9), 2268; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092268
Submission received: 17 March 2025 / Revised: 25 April 2025 / Accepted: 25 April 2025 / Published: 29 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Understanding the sensitivity of vehicle energy consumption to average speed variations is critical for accurately assessing the environmental impacts of urban transportation systems. While the energy consumption patterns of conventional vehicles (CVs) have been extensively studied, the response characteristics of electric vehicles (EVs) and their fundamental differences from CVs remain insufficiently explored. This knowledge gap may lead to misguided policy interventions—for instance, implementing congestion mitigation strategies that may paradoxically increase EV energy demand. To address this research gap, we developed an energy consumption model based on vehicle-specific power (VSP) distribution analysis, calibrated with over 25 million second-by-second driving records from Beijing. The proposed comparative framework systematically evaluates the sensitivity of EV and CV energy consumption across different speed regimes. The results indicated that EV energy use exhibits a distinctive parabolic trend, with high energy use at both low and high speeds, and a notable increase beyond approximately 70 km/h. A case study indicates that, during the pandemic lockdown, which led to a significant increase in average speed, CV energy use generally decreased, whereas EV energy consumption increased. This discrepancy is primarily attributed to differences in energy consumption rates rather than variations in driving behavior, as reflected in VSP distributions.
Keywords: energy consumption; electric vehicles; VSP distribution; sensitivity analysis energy consumption; electric vehicles; VSP distribution; sensitivity analysis

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lei, X.; Lu, H.; Fan, P.; Liu, R.; Li, S.; Wu, Y.; Song, G. Comparative Sensitivity Analyses of Energy Consumption in Response to Average Speed Between Electric Vehicles and Conventional Vehicles: Case Study in Beijing, China. Energies 2025, 18, 2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092268

AMA Style

Lei X, Lu H, Fan P, Liu R, Li S, Wu Y, Song G. Comparative Sensitivity Analyses of Energy Consumption in Response to Average Speed Between Electric Vehicles and Conventional Vehicles: Case Study in Beijing, China. Energies. 2025; 18(9):2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092268

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei, Xue, Hongyu Lu, Pengfei Fan, Rui Liu, Songsong Li, Yizheng Wu, and Guohua Song. 2025. "Comparative Sensitivity Analyses of Energy Consumption in Response to Average Speed Between Electric Vehicles and Conventional Vehicles: Case Study in Beijing, China" Energies 18, no. 9: 2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092268

APA Style

Lei, X., Lu, H., Fan, P., Liu, R., Li, S., Wu, Y., & Song, G. (2025). Comparative Sensitivity Analyses of Energy Consumption in Response to Average Speed Between Electric Vehicles and Conventional Vehicles: Case Study in Beijing, China. Energies, 18(9), 2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092268

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