Journal of Eye Movement Research

7 pages, 154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Did Javal Measure Eye Movements During Reading?

by Nicholas J. Wade and Benjamin W. Tatler

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2008, 2(5), 1-7; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.2.5.5 - 14 May 2009

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 60

Louis-Émile Javal is widely credited as the first person to record eye movements in reading. This is so despite the fact that Javal himself never made that claim but it is perpetuated in contemporary text books, scientific articles and on the internet. Javal did coin the term ‘saccades’ in the context of eye movements during reading but he did not measure them. In this article we suggest that a misreading of Huey’s (1908) book on reading led to the misattribution and we attempt to dispel this myth by explaining Javal’s contribution and also clarifying who did initially describe discontinuous eye movements during reading. Full article

14 pages, 596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Fixational Eye Movements on Fixation Identification with a Dispersion-Based Fixation Detection Algorithm

by Pieter Blignaut and Tanya Beelders

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2008, 2(5), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.2.5.4 - 30 Apr 2009

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 46

Abstract

Gaze data of 31 participants of a memory recall experiment was analyzed and the I-DT dispersion based algorithm of Salvucci and Goldberg (2000) was used to identify fixations. It was found that individuals differ considerably with regard to the stability of eye gaze and that fixational eye movements affect the accuracy of fixation identification and the optimum dispersion threshold. It was also found that fixation radius and the distance between the points in a fixation that are the furthest apart are the most reliable metrics for a dispersion-based fixation identification algorithm. Finally, it is argued that the correct setting of dispersion threshold is of utmost importance, especially if the participants are not homogeneous with regard to gaze stability. Full article

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6 pages, 922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Fixations to Figures in a Four-Choice Situation with Luminance Balanced Areas: Evaluating Practice Effects

by Candido V. B. B. Pessôa, Edson M. Huziwara, William F. Perez, Peter Endemann and Gerson Y. Tomanari

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2008, 2(5), 1-6; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.2.5.3 - 9 Apr 2009

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 49

Abstract

Contingency analyses of eye movements may reveal variables that are relevant to the stimulus control of observing behavior. The present research tracked the eye movements of four adults exposed to a simultaneous discrimination among four stimuli, two twodimensional (square and circle) and two three-dimensional (cube and cylinder) monochromatic figures with approximately equal luminance. On each discrimination trial, the stimuli were displayed in the four corners of a video monitor and participants chose among them by pressing corresponding keys. For two participants, choosing either cube or square (S+) was followed by the word “correct” and a 3-second inter-trial interval. Alternatively, choosing either cylinder or circle (S-) was followed by "incorrect" and a 30-second intertrial interval. For the other two participants, contingencies were reversed. The position of the stimuli on the screen varied randomly across trials. The procedure continued for 80 trials. During these trials, discriminated choices were established. Despite the presence of both a two- and a three-dimensional S+ on each trial, responses to the three-dimensional S+ tended to prevail. Although general eye fixations tended to decrease as discrimination was established, subjects tended to observe S+ for longer durations than S-. Characteristics of the stimuli may interact with the contingencies of reinforcement in the stimulus control of observing behavior. Full article

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10 pages, 164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Movements in Reading: Models and Data

by Keith Rayner

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2008, 2(5), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.2.5.2 - 4 Mar 2009

Cited by 90 | Viewed by 80

Abstract

Models of eye movement control in reading and their impact on the field are discussed. Differences between the E-Z Reader model and the SWIFT model are reviewed, as are benchmark data that need to be accounted for by any model of eye movement control. Predictions made by the models and how models can sometimes account for counterintuitive findings are also discussed. Finally, the role of models and data in further understanding the reading process is considered. Full article

13 pages, 192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correction of Saccade-Induced Midline Errors in Responses to Pure Disparity Vergence Stimuli

by John L. Semmlow, Yung-Fu Chen, Bérangère Granger-Donnetti and Tara L. Alvarez

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2008, 2(5), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.2.5.1 - 16 Feb 2009

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 54

Abstract

Purely symmetrical vergence stimuli aligned along the midline (cyclopean axis) require only a pure vergence response. Yet, in most responses saccades are observed and these saccades must either produce an error in the desired midline response or correct an error produced by asymmetry in the vergence response. A previous study (Semmlow, et al. 2008) has shown that the first saccade to appear in a response to a pure vergence stimulus usually increased the deviation from the midline, although all subjects (N = 12) had some responses where the initial saccade corrected a vergence induced midline error. This study focuses on those responses where the initial saccade produces an increased midline deviation and the resultant compensation that ultimately brings the eyes to the correct binocular position. This correction is accomplished by a higher level compensatory mechanism that uses offsetting asymmetrical vergence and/or corrective saccades. While responses consist of a mixture of the two compensatory mechanisms, the dominant mechanism is subjectdependent. Since fixation errors are quite small (minutes of arc), some feedback controlled physiological process involving smooth eye movements, and possibly saccades, must move the eyes to reduce binocular error to fixation disparity levels. Full article

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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 2, Issue 5 (May 2008) – 5 articles

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