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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 15, Issue 2 (April 2022) – 6 articles

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12 pages, 1703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Movements as a Predictor of Preference for Progressive Power Lenses

by Pablo Concepcion-Grande, Amelia González, Eva Chamorro, José Miguel Cleva, José Alonso and Jose Antonio Gómez-Pedrero

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2022, 15(2), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.15.2.6 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 68

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine if there is any correlation between the characteristics of the user’s eye movements (EMs) and the preference of the user when wearing different Progressive power lenses (PPLs) distributions. An eye-tracker system with a sample rate of 120Hz and temporal resolution of 8.3 ms (Tobii-X3-120) was used to register EMs of 38 PPL users when reading in a computer screen with 2 types of PPLs (PPLsoft and PPL-hard). Number of fixations, complete fixation time, fixation duration mean, saccade duration mean, saccade distance mean, and number of regressions were analyzed for 6 different regions of the computer screen. A statistically significant difference was observed between the characteristics of the user’s EMs and the user’s PPL subjective preference (p < 0.05*). Subjects that preferred the PPL-hard presented significantly lower complete fixation time, lower fixation duration mean and lower number of regressions than those subjects indicating a preference for the PPL-soft. Results of this study suggest that eye-tracking systems can be used as PPL design recommendation systems according to the user EMs performance. Full article

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15 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Visual Expertise in Sculpture: A Methodological Approach Using Eye Tracking

by Isabell Stein, Helen Jossberger and Hans Gruber

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2022, 15(2), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.15.2.5 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 84

Abstract

Research on visual expertise has progressed significantly due to the availability of eye tracking tools. However, attempts to bring together research on expertise and eye tracking methodology provoke several challenges, because visual information processes should be studied in authentic and domain-specific environments. Among the barriers to designing appropriate research are the proper definition of levels of expertise, the tension between internal (experimental control) and external (authentic environments) validity, and the appropriate methodology to study eye movements in a three-dimensional environment. This exploratory study aims to address these challenges and to provide an adequate research setting by investigating visual expertise in sculpting. Eye movements and gaze patterns of 20 participants were investigated while looking at two sculptures in a museum. The participants were assigned to four different groups based on their level of expertise (laypersons, novices, semi-experts, experts). Using mobile eye tracking, the following parameters were measured: number of fixations, duration of fixation, dwell time in relevant areas, and revisits in relevant areas. Moreover, scan paths were analysed using the eyenalysis approach. Conclusions are drawn on both the nature of visual expertise in sculpting and the potential (and limitations) of empirical designs that aim to investigate expertise in authentic environments. Full article

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31 pages, 1550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Movements in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Ocular Biomarkers

by Matthew A. McDonald, Samantha J. Holdsworth and Helen V. Danesh-Meyer

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2022, 15(2), 1-31; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.15.2.4 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 129

Abstract

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, or concussion), results from direct and indirect trauma to the head (i.e. a closed injury of transmitted forces), with or without loss of consciousness. The current method of diagnosis is largely based on symptom assessment and clinical history. There is an urgent need to identify an objective biomarker which can not only detect injury, but inform prognosis and recovery. Ocular motor impairment is argued to be ubiquitous across mTBI subtypes and may serve as a valuable clinical biomarker with the recent advent of more affordable and portable eye tracking technology. Many groups have positively correlated the degree of ocular motor impairment to symptom severity with a minority attempting to validate these findings with diffusion tract imaging and functional MRI. However, numerous methodological issues limit the interpretation of results, preventing any singular ocular biomarker from prevailing. This review will comprehensively describe the anatomical susceptibility, clinical measurement, and current eye tracking literature surrounding saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibulo-ocular reflex, vergence, pupillary light reflex, and accommodation in mTBI. Full article

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15 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Movements in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Clinical Challenges

by Matthew A. McDonald, Samantha J. Holdsworth and Helen V. Danesh-Meyer

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2022, 15(2), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.15.2.3 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 88

Abstract

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, is a common injury which affects patients of all demographics. There is a global effort to accurately diagnose and identify patients at highest risk of prolonged symptom burden to facilitate appropriate rehabilitation efforts. Underreporting is common with large numbers not engaging with services, in addition to differences in treatment outcomes according to ethnicity, age, and gender. As patients recover, symptomology evolves which challenges rehabilitative efforts with no clear definition of ‘recovered’. This review describes key areas in mTBI such as diagnostic challenges, epidemiology, prognosis, and pathophysiology which serves as an introduction to “Eye Movements in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Ocular Biomarkers.” Full article

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13 pages, 3304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-goal-Driven Eye Movement After Visual Search Task

by Ayumi Takemoto, Atsushi Nakazawa and Takatsune Kumada

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2022, 15(2), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.15.2.2 - 2 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 59

Abstract

We investigated the functions and mechanisms of non-goal-driven eye movements, which are defined as eye movements induced when looking at visual stimuli on a display without engaging in a specific task or looking at a display without any visual stimuli or tasks. In our experiment, participants were asked to perform a visual search task on a display, which was followed by a rest period in which stimuli remained on the display or all stimuli were erased. During the rest period, the participants were asked to only look at the displays without engaging in any visual or cognitive tasks. We mainly analyzed the gaze-shift patterns in both task and rest periods, in which eye movements were classified in accordance with the angles of saccade directions in two consecutive saccades. The results indicate a significant difference between goal-driven eye movements, which were observed in the task period, and nongoal- driven eye movements, which were observed in the rest period. Scanning gaze-shift patterns dominated the task period, and backward and corrective-saccade-like gaze-shift patterns dominated the rest period. The gaze-shift pattern was affected by the task-difficulty during the task period. From these findings, we propose a model describing the oculomotor system in terms of goal-driven and non-goal-driven eye movements. In this model, the engagement levels of top-down and bottom-up control change along with task difficulty and are affected by the gaze-shift patterns during a visual search task. Decoupling of top-down control from the oculomotor system during a rest period induces backward saccades, resulting in fixation around the central part of a display. Therefore, we suggest that non-goaldriven eye movements play a crucial role in maintaining the readiness of the oculomotor system for the next search task. Full article

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14 pages, 19325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Non-Visual Eye Movements Non-Intrusively: Comparing Manual and Automatic Annotation Styles

by Jeremias Stüber, Lina Junctorius and Annette Hohenberger

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2022, 15(2), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.15.2.1 - 22 Apr 2022

Viewed by 53

Abstract

Non-visual eye-movements (NVEMs) are eye movements that do not serve the provision of visual information. As of yet, their cognitive origins and meaning remain under-explored in eye-movement research. The first problem presenting itself in pursuit of their study is one of annotation: in virtue of their being non-visual, they are not necessarily bound to a specific surface or object of interest, rendering conventional eye-trackers nonideal for their study. This, however, makes it potentially viable to investigate them without requiring high resolution data. In this report, we present two approaches to annotating NVEM data—one of them grid-based, involving manual annotation in ELAN (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics: The Language Archive, 2019), the other one Cartesian coordinate-based, derived algorithmically through OpenFace (Baltrušaitis et al., 2018). We evaluated (a) the two approaches in themselves, e.g., in terms of consistency, as well as (b) their compatibility, i.e. the possibilities of mapping one to the other. In the case of (a), we found good overall consistency in both approaches, in the case of (b), there is evidence for the eventual possibility of mapping the OpenFace gaze estimations onto the manual coding grid. Full article

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