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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 12, Issue 2 (July 2019) – 6 articles

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8 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye-Movement Efficiency and Sight-Reading Expertise in Woodwind Players

by Katie Zhukov, Sieu Khuu and Gary E. McPherson

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(2), 1-8; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.2.6 - 31 Aug 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 53

Abstract

The ability to sight-read traditional staff notation is an important skill for all classically trained musicians. Up until now, however, most research has focused on pianists, by comparing experts and novices. Eye movement studies are a niche area of sight-reading research, focusing on eye-hand span and perceptual span of musicians, mostly pianists. Research into eye movement of non-piano sight-reading is limited. Studies into eye movement of woodwind sight-reading were conducted in the 1980s and early 2000s, highlighting the need for new research using modern equipment. This pilot study examined the eye movements of six woodwind (flute, clarinet) undergraduates of intermediate-to-advanced skill level during sight-reading of scores of increased difficulty. The data was analysed in relation to expertise level and task difficulty, focusing on numbers of fixations and fixation durations. The results show that as music examples became more difficult the numbers of fixations increased and fixation durations decreased; more experienced players with better sight-reading skills required less time to process musical notation; and participants with better sight-reading skills utilised fewer fixations to acquire information visually. The findings confirm that the efficiency of eye movements is related to instrumental and sight-reading expertise, and that task difficulty affects eye movement strategies. Full article

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17 pages, 4288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Tracker as an Implied Social Presence: Awareness of Being Eye-Tracked Induces Social-Norm-Based Looking Behaviour

by Hoo Keat Wong and Ian D. Stephen

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(2), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.2.5 - 5 Aug 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 58

Abstract

Human behaviour is not only influenced by the physical presence of others, but also implied social presence. This study examines the impact of awareness of being eye-tracked on eye movement behaviour in a laboratory setting. During a classic yes/no face recognition task, participants were made to believe that their eye movements were recorded (or not recorded) by eye trackers. Their looking patterns with and without the awareness of being eye-tracked were compared while perceiving social (faces, faces-and-bodies) and non-social (inanimate objects) video stimuli. Area-of-interest (AOI) analysis revealed that misinformed participants (who were not aware that their eye movements were being recorded) looked more at the body (chest and waist) compared to informed participants (who believed they were being eye-tracked), whereas informed participants fixated longer on the mouth and shorter on the eyes of female models than misinformed participants did. These findings highlight the potential impact of an awareness of being eye tracked on one’s eye movement pattern when perceiving a social stimulus. We conclude that even within laboratory settings an eye tracker may function as an implied social presence that leads individuals to modify their eye movement behaviour according to socially-derived inhibitory norms. Full article

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22 pages, 26061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Individuality, Education, and Image on Visual Attention: Analyzing Eye-Tracking Data using Machine Learning

by Sangwon Lee, Yongha Hwang, Yan Jin, Sihyeong Ahn and Jaewan Park

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(2), 1-22; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.2.4 - 16 Jul 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 42

Abstract

Machine learning, particularly classification algorithms, constructs mathematical models from labeled data that can predict labels for new data. Using its capability to identify distinguishing patterns among multi-dimensional data, we investigated the impact of three factors on the observation of architectural scenes: individuality, education, and image stimuli. An analysis of the eye-tracking data revealed that (1) a velocity histogram was unique to individuals, (2) students of architecture and other disciplines could be distinguished via endogenous parameters, but (3) they were more distinct in terms of seeking structural versus symbolic elements. Because of the reverse nature of the classification algorithms that automatically learn from data, we could identify relevant parameters and distinguishing eye-tracking patterns that have not been reported in previous studies. Full article

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12 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cost Function to Determine the Optimum Filter and Parameters for Stabilising Gaze Data

by Pieter Blignaut

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(2), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.2.3 - 4 Jul 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 40

Abstract

Prior to delivery of data, eye tracker software may apply filtering to correct for noise. Although filtering produces much better precision of data, it may add to the time it takes for the reporting of gaze data to stabilise after a saccade due to the usage of a sliding window. The effect of various filters and parameter settings on accuracy, precision and filter related latency is examined. A cost function can be used to obtain the optimal parameters (filter, length of window, metric and threshold for removal of samples and removal percentage). It was found that for any of the FIR filters, the standard deviation of samples can be used to remove 95% of samples in the window so than an optimum combination of filter related latency and precision can be obtained. It was also confirmed that for unfiltered data, the shape of noise, signified by RMS/STD, is around

\sqrt{2}

as expected for white noise, whereas lower RMS/STD values were observed for all filters Full article

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9 pages, 458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Left- and Right-Eye Pupil Sizes Always Equal?

by Nergiz Ercil Cagiltay and Gonca Gokce Menekse Dalveren

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(2), 1-9; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.2.1 - 2 Jul 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 66

Abstract

Eye movements provide very critical information about the cognitive load and behaviors of human beings. Earlier studies report that under normal conditions, the left- and right-eye pupil sizes are equal. For this reason, most studies undertaking eye-movement analysis are conducted by only considering the pupil size of a single eye or taking the average size of both eye pupils. This study attempts to offer a better understanding concerning whether there are any differences between the left- and right-eye pupil sizes of the right-handed surgical residents while performing surgical tasks in a computer-based simulation environment under different conditions (left-hand, right-hand and both hands). According to the results, in many cases, the right-eye pupil sizes of the participants were larger than their left-eye pupil sizes while performing the tasks under right-hand and both hands conditions. However, no significant difference was found in relation to the tasks performed under left-hand condition in all scenarios. These results are very critical to shed further light on the cognitive load of the surgical residents by analyzing their left-eye and right-eye pupil sizes. Further research is required to investigate the effect of the difficulty level of each scenario, its appropriateness with the skill level of the participants, and handedness on the differences between the left- and right-eye pupil sizes. Full article

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28 pages, 2610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Function of “Looking-at-Nothing” for Sequential Sensorimotor Tasks: Eye Movements to Remembered Action-Target Locations

by Rebecca M. Foerster

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(2), 1-28; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.2.2 - 27 Jun 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 47

Abstract

When performing manual actions, eye movements precede hand movements to target locations: Before we grasp an object, we look at it. Eye-hand guidance is even preserved when visual targets are unavailable, e.g., grasping behind an occlusion. This “looking-at-nothing” behavior might be functional, e.g., as “deictic pointer” for manual control or as memory-retrieval cue, or a by-product of automatization. Here, it is studied if looking at empty locations before acting on them is beneficial for sensorimotor performance. In five experiments, participants completed a click sequence on eight visual targets for 0–100 trials while they had either to fixate on the screen center or could move their eyes freely. During 50–100 consecutive trials, participants clicked the same sequence on a blank screen with free or fixed gaze. During both phases, participants looked at target locations when gaze shifts were allowed. With visual targets, target fixations led to faster, more precise clicking, fewer errors, and sparser cursor-paths than central fixation. Without visual information, a tiny free-gaze benefit could sometimes be observed and was rather a memory than a motor-calculation benefit. Interestingly, central fixation during learning forced early explicit encoding causing a strong benefit for acting on remembered targets later, independent of whether eyes moved then. Full article

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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 12, Issue 2 (July 2019) – 6 articles

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