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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 12, Issue 1 (February 2019) – 6 articles

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15 pages, 832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Age-Related Variations of Gaze Behavior for a Novel Digitized-Digit Symbol Substitution Test

by Debatri Chatterjee, Rahul Dasharath Gavas, Kingshuk Chakravarty, Aniruddha Sinha and Uttama Lahiri

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(1), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.1.5 - 20 Jun 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 54

Abstract

Analysis of cognitive functioning from gaze behavior might serve as an early indicator of age related decline of cognitive functions. Standard psychological tests like the digit-symbol substitution test or the symbol-digit modalities test is used exclusively in this regard. In this paper, we have designed and developed a digitized version of the digit symbol substitution test. Three different versions have been designed in order to derive deeper insights of the user behavior. The test-retest validation of the versions reveals good correlation across sessions. Further, the difference in gaze behavior which might be used as an indicator of cognitive functions is tested for two different age groups (13 participants < 30 years and 11 participants > 40 years). It is seen that the designed digitized version along with the usage of physiological markers like eye tracking bestows additional information and is sensitive to age related factors which might be used for the assessment as well as for the training purpose in rehabilitation systems. Results show that the performance can be analyzed using gaze and pupillometric features in addition to the conventional test performance metrics. We derived an index to measure the performance related to visuo-spatial functioning on one of the designed versions of the test. Results of this index on the number of fixations for two age groups are found to be separated in a statistically significant (p < 0.05) manner. The age related difference (p < 0.05) is also evident in the pupillometric responses obtained. Full article

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16 pages, 802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Attention to Question-Relevant Text Information Precedes High-Quality Summaries: Evidence from Eye Movements

by José A. León, José David Moreno, Inmaculada Escudero and Johanna K. Kaakinen

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(1), 1-16; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.1.6 - 30 May 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 61

Abstract

Comprehension and summarizing are closely related. As more strategic and selective processing during reading should be reflected in higher quality of summaries, the aim of this study was to use eye movement patterns to analyze how readers who produce good quality summaries process texts. 40 undergraduate students were instructed to read six expository texts in order to respond a causal question introduced in the end of the first paragraph. After reading, participants produced an oral summary of the text. Based on the quality of the summaries, participants were divided into three groups: High, Medium and Low Quality Summaries. The results revealed that readers who produced High Quality Summaries made significantly more and longer fixations and regressions in the question-relevant parts of texts when compared to the other two summary groups. These results suggest that the summary task performance could be a good predictor of the reading strategies utilized during reading. Full article

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10 pages, 359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Tracking in the Wild: Piloting a Real-Life Assessment Paradigm for Older Adults

by Damaris Aschwanden, Nicolas Langer and Mathias Allemand

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(1), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.1.4 - 24 May 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 45

Abstract

Previous research showed associations between personality traits and eye movements of young adults in the laboratory. However, less is known about these associations in real life and in older age. Primarily, there seems to be no paradigm to assess eye movements of older adults in real life. The present feasibility study thus aimed to test grocery shopping as a real-life assessment paradigm with older adults. Additionally, possible links between personality traits and eye movements were explored. The sample consisted of 38 older individuals (M = 72.85 years). Participants did their grocery shopping in a supermarket while wearing an eye tracker. Three key feasibility issues were examined, that is (1) wearability of the eye tracker during grocery shopping, (2) recording, and (3) evaluation of eye movements in a real-life context. Our real-life assessment paradigm showed to be feasible to implement and acceptable to older adults. This feasibility study provides specific practical recommendations which may be useful for future studies that plan to innovatively expand the traditional methods repertoire of personality science and aging research by using eye tracking in real life. Full article

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18 pages, 6009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality

by Viviane Clay, Peter König and Sabine König

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(1), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.1.3 - 5 Apr 2019

Cited by 282 | Viewed by 244

Abstract

The intent of this paper is to provide an introduction into the bourgeoning field of eye tracking in Virtual Reality (VR). VR itself is an emerging technology on the consumer market, which will create many new opportunities in research. It offers a lab environment with high immersion and close alignment with reality. An experiment which is using VR takes place in a highly controlled environment and allows for a more in-depth amount of information to be gathered about the actions of a subject. Techniques for eye tracking were introduced more than a century ago and are now an established technique in psychological experiments, yet recent development makes it versatile and affordable. In combination, these two techniques allow unprecedented monitoring and control of human behavior in semi-realistic conditions. This paper will explore the methods and tools which can be applied in the implementation of experiments using eye tracking in VR following the example of one case study. Accompanying the technical descriptions, we present research that displays the effectiveness of the technology and show what kind of results can be obtained when using eye tracking in VR. It is meant to guide the reader through the process of bringing VR in combination with eye tracking into the lab and to inspire ideas for new experiments. Full article

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12 pages, 1371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Visual Attention and Horizontal Vergence in Three-Dimensional Space on Occurrence of Optokinetic Nystagmus

by Kei Kanari and Hirohiko Kaneko

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(1), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.1.2 - 28 Feb 2019

Viewed by 39

Abstract

OKN corresponding to the motion of the fixating area occurs when a stimulus has two areas separated in depth containing motion in different directions. However, when attention and vergence are separately directed to areas with different motions and depths, it remains unclear which property of attention and vergence is prioritized to initiate OKN. In this study, we investigated whether OKN corresponding to motion in the attending or fixating area occurred when two motions with different directions were presented in the central and peripheral visual fields separated in depth. Results show that OKN corresponding to attended motion occurred when observers maintained vergence on the peripheral stimulus and attended to the central stimulus. However, OKN corresponding to each motion in the attending area and in the fixating area occurred when observers maintained vergence on the central stimulus and attended to the peripheral stimulus. The accuracy rate of the target detection task was the lowest in this condition. These results support the idea that motion in the attended area is essential for occurrence of OKN, and vergence and retinal position affect the strength of attention. Full article

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14 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing Written and Photo-Based Indoor Wayfinding Instructions Through Eye Fixation Measures and User Ratings as Mental Effort Assessments

by Laure De Cock, Pepijn Viaene, Kristien Ooms, Nico Van de Weghe, Ralph Michels, Alain De Wulf, Nina Vanhaeren and Philippe De Maeyer

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(1), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.1.1 - 9 Jan 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 45

Abstract

The use of mobile pedestrian wayfinding applications is gaining importance indoors. However, compared to outdoors, much less research has been conducted with respect to the most adequate ways to convey indoor wayfinding information to a user. An explorative study was conducted to compare two pedestrian indoor wayfinding applications, one text-based (SoleWay) and one image-based (Eyedog), in terms of mental effort. To do this, eye tracking data and mental effort ratings were collected from 29 participants during two routes in an indoor environment. The results show that both textual instructions and photographs can enable a navigator to find his/her way while experiencing no or very little cognitive effort or difficulties. However, these instructions must be in line with a user’s expectations of the route, which are based on his/her interpretation of the indoor environment at decision points. In this case, textual instructions offer the advantage that specific information can be explicitly and concisely shared with the user. Furthermore, the study drew attention to potential usability issues of the wayfinding aids (e.g., the incentive to swipe) and, as such, demonstrated the value of eye tracking and mental effort assessments in usability research. Full article

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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 12, Issue 1 (February 2019) – 6 articles

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