Factors Associated with the Enjoyment of Physical Education Class for Children with Special Educational Needs
Abstract
1. Introduction
The Danish School Context
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Ethics
2.4. Instrumentation
2.4.1. Enjoyment of Physical Education
2.4.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.4.3. School Characteristics
2.4.4. Leisure-Time Physical Activity
2.4.5. Special Educational Needs
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
Description of the Sample
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PE | Physical education class |
SEN | Special educational need |
PA | Physical activity |
References
- Uddin, R.; Salmon, J.; Islam, S.M.S.; Khan, A. Physical Education Class Participation is Associated with Physical Activity Among Adolescents in 65 Countries. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 22128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eberline, A.; Judge, L.W.; Walsh, A.; Hensley, L.D. Relationship of Enjoyment, Perceived Competence, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness to Physical Activity Levels of Elementary School Children. Phys. Ed. 2018, 75, 394–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bailey, R.; Armour, K.; Kirk, D.; Jess, M.; Pickup, I.; Sandford, R.; BERA Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy Special Interest Group. The educational benefits claimed for physical education and school sport: An academic review. Res. Pap. Edu. 2009, 24, 1–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costigan, S.; Gråstén, A.; Huhtiniemi, M.; Kolunsarka, I.; Lubans, D.R.; Jaakkola, T. Longitudinal Associations Between Enjoyment of Physical Education, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Muscular Fitness Among Finnish Adolescents. Scand. Med. Sci. Sports 2024, 34, e14678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, Y.; Wang, L. Correlates of Physical Activity of Students in Secondary School Physical Education: A Systematic Review of Literature. Biomed Res. Int. 2019, 2019, 4563484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kendzierski, D.; DeCarlo, K.J. Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 1991, 13, 50–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Opstoel, K.; Chapelle, L.; Prins, F.J.; De Meester, A.; Haerens, L.; van Tartwijk, J.; De Martelaer, K. Personal and Social Development in Physical Education and Sports: A Review Study. Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev. 2020, 26, 797–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Staiano, A.E.; Calvert, S.L. Exergames for physical education courses: Physical, Social, and Cognitive Benefits. Child. Dev. Perspect. 2011, 5, 93–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yli-Piipari, S.; Watt, A.; Jaakkola, T.; Liukkonen, J.; Nurmi, J.-E. Relationships Between Physical Education Students’ Motivational Profiles, Enjoyment, State Anxiety, and Self-Reported Physical Activity. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2009, 8, 327–336. [Google Scholar]
- Watkins, A.; Donnelly, V.J.; Meijer, C.J.W. Paying for Inclusion and Exclusion. In International Encyclopedia of Education; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2023; Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/special-educational-needs#definition (accessed on 14 March 2025).
- Wang, L. Perspectives of Students With Special Needs on Inclusion in General Physical Education: A Social-Relational Model of Disability. Adapt. Phys. Act. Q. 2019, 36, 242–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bentzen, M.; Malmquist, L.K. Differences in Participation Across Physical Activity Contexts Between Adolescents with and Without Disability over Three Years: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Disabil. Rehabil. 2022, 44, 1660–1668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bentholm, A. Du Må Ikke Løbe Uden For Banen. En Processociologisk Undersøgelse af Inklusion af Elever Med Autisme og ADHD i Skoleidrætten [You Must Not Run Outside the Field. A Process-Sociological Investigation of the Inclusion of Students with Autism and ADHD in School Sports]. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2017. Available online: https://www.ucviden.dk/da/publications/du-m%C3%A5-ikke-l%C3%B8be-uden-for-banen-en-processociologisk-unders%C3%B8gelse--3 (accessed on 5 April 2024).
- Corvey, K.; Menear, K.S.; Preskitt, J.; Goldfarb, S.; Menachemi, N. Obesity, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors in Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Matern. Child Health J. 2016, 20, 466–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pan, C.-Y.; Tsai, C.-L.; Chu, C.-H.; Sung, M.-C.; Ma, W.-Y.; Huang, C.-Y. Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Secondary School-Aged Male Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Phys. Ther. 2016, 96, 511–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jones, R.A.; Downing, K.; Rinehart, N.J.; Barnett, L.M.; May, T.; McGillivray, J.A.; Papadopoulos, N.V.; Skouteris, H.; Timperio, A.; Hinkley, T. Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Their Correlates in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0172482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stevens, S.L.; Holbrook, E.A.; Fuller, D.K.; Morgan, D.W. Influence of Age on Step Activity Patterns in Children with Cerebral Palsy and Typically Developing Children. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2010, 91, 1891–1896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Collins, K.; Staples, K. The Role of Physical Activity in Improving Physical Fitness in Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2017, 69, 49–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, C.-Y.; Liu, C.-W.; Chung, I.C.; Hsu, P.-J. Physical Activity Levels of Adolescents with and without Intellectual Disabilities During Physical Education and Recess. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2015, 36, 579–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, J.; Yun, J.; Agiovlasitis, S. Impact of Enjoyment on Physical Activity and Health Among Children with Disabilities in Schools. Disabil Health J. 2018, 11, 14–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, W.; Wong, S.H.-S.; Sum, R.K.-W.; Sit, C.H.-P. The association Between Physical Activity and Mental Health in Children with Special Educational Needs: A Systematic Review. Prev. Med. Rep. 2021, 23, 101419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fröberg, A. Perspectives on the Integration of Students with Disabilities in Physical Education: An Umbrella Review of Reviews Published Between 2010 and 2020. Eur. J. Adapt. Phys. Act 2021, 14, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pellerin, S.; Wilson, W.J.; Haegele, J.A. The Experiences of Students with Disabilities in Self-Contained Physical Education. Sport Educ. Soc. 2022, 27, 14–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burford, K.; Gillespie, K.; Jowers, E.M.; Bartholomew, J.B. Children’s Enjoyment, Perceived Competency, and Vigorous Physical Activity During High-Intensity Interval Training in Physical Education. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2022, 93, 835–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prochaska, J.J.; Sallis, J.F.; Slymen, D.J.; McKenzie, T.L. A Longitudinal Study of Children’s Enjoyment of Physical Education. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2003, 15, 170–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carcamo-Oyarzun, J.; Herrmann, C.; Gerlach, E.; Salvo-Garrido, S.; Estevan, I. Motor Competence, Motivation and Enjoyment in Physical Education to Profile Children in Relation to Physical Activity Behaviors. Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagog. 2023, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huhtiniemi, M.; Sääkslahti, A.; Watt, A.; Jaakkola, T. Associations among Basic Psychological Needs, Motivation and Enjoyment within Finnish Physical Education Students. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2019, 18, 239–247. [Google Scholar]
- Vickerman, P. Including Children with Special Educational Needs in Physical Education: Has Entitlement and Accessibility Been Realised? Disabil. Soc. 2012, 27, 249–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cairney, J.; Kwan, M.Y.; Velduizen, S.; Hay, J.; Bray, S.R.; Faught, B.E. Gender, Perceived Competence and the Enjoyment of Physical Education in Children: A Longitudinal Examination. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2012, 9, 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guan, J.; Xiang, P.; Land, W.M.; Hamilton, X.D. The Roles of Perceived Physical Education Competence, Enjoyment, and Persistence on Middle School Students’ Physical Activity Engagement. Percept. Mot. Ski. 2023, 130, 1781–1796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lyu, M.; Gill, D.L. Perceived Physical Competence, Enjoyment and Effort in Same-Sex and Coeducational Physical Education Classes. Educ. Psychol. 2011, 31, 247–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Säfvenbom, R.; Haugen, T.; Bulie, M. Attitudes Toward and Motivation for PE. Who Collects the Benefits of the Subject? Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagog. 2015, 20, 629–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leisterer, S.; Gramlich, L. Having a Positive Relationship to Physical Activity: Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Age as Predictors for Students’ Enjoyment in Physical Education. Sports 2021, 9, 90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cox, A.E.; Smith, A.L.; Williams, L. Change in Physical Education Motivation and Physical Activity Behavior during Middle School. J. Adolesc. Health 2008, 43, 506–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brazendale, K.; Graves, S.; Penhollow, T.; Whitehurst, M.; Pittinger, E.; Randel, A.B. Children’s Enjoyment and Perceived Competence in Physical Education and Physical Activity Participation Outside of School. Emot. Behav. Disord. Youth 2015, 2015, 65–69. [Google Scholar]
- Statistics Denmark. Snart Første Skoledag for 61.000 Børn [Soon the First Day of School for 61,000 Children]. Available online: https://www.dst.dk/da/Statistik/nyheder-analyser-publ/bagtal/2022/2022-08-05-foerste-skoledag (accessed on 24 April 2024).
- Danish Ministry of Children and Education. Inklusionsgraden for Kommunale Grundskoler [Inclusion Rate for Municipal Primary Schools]. Available online: https://uddannelsesstatistik.dk/Pages/Reports/1683.aspx (accessed on 5 April 2024).
- Danish Ministry of Children and Education. Regler om Inklusion. Elevers Udvikling og Læring Skal Så Vidt Muligt Finde Sted i Den Almindelige Undervisning [Rules About Inclusion. Students’ Development and Learning Should Take Place, as Far as Possible, in Regular Education]. Available online: https://www.uvm.dk/folkeskolen/laering-og-laeringsmiljoe/inklusion/regler-om-inklusion (accessed on 10 April 2024).
- Ministry of Children and Education. Idræt—Fælles Mål 2019 [Physical Education—Common Objectives 2019]. 2019. Available online: https://emu.dk/sites/default/files/2020-09/GSK_F%C3%A6llesM%C3%A5l_Idr%C3%A6t.pdf (accessed on 5 April 2025).
- Vedsted, P. Er Der Mange, Der Dør For Tidligt i Dit Nabolag? Se de Kæmpe Lokale Forskelle Her. [Are Many People Dying Prematurely in Your Neighborhood? See the Huge Local Differences Here]. Available online: https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/er-der-mange-der-doer-tidligt-i-dit-nabolag-se-de-kaempe-lokale-forskelle-her (accessed on 5 May 2024).
- Ministry of Higher Education and Science. The Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. Available online: https://ufm.dk/publikationer/2014/filer-2014/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf (accessed on 2 January 2024).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012 National Youth Fitness Survey. Available online: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/search/nnyfs12.aspx (accessed on 25 January 2025).
- Hunter, M.; McDowell, L.; Hennessy, R.; Cassey, J. An Evaluation of the Faces Pain Scale with Young Children. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2000, 20, 122–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stanford, E.A.; Chambers, C.T.; Craig, K.D. The Role of Developmental Factors in Predicting Young Children’s Use of a Self-Report Scale For Pain. Pain 2006, 120, 16–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gupta, N.; Naegeli, A.N.; Turner-Bowker, D.M.; Flood, E.M.; Heath, L.E.; Mays, S.M.; Dampier, C. Cognitive Testing of an Electronic Version of the Faces Pain Scale-Revised with Pediatric and Adolescent Sickle Cell Patients. Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Res. 2016, 9, 433–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kusmaryono, I.; Wijayanti, D.; Maharani, H.R. Number of Response Options, Reliability, Validity, and Potential Bias in the Use of the Likert Scale Education and Social Science Research: A Literature Review. Int. J. Educ. Methodol. 2022, 8, 625–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacCallum, R.C.; Zhang, S.; Preacher, K.J.; Rucker, D.D. On the Practice of Dichotomization of Quantitative Variables. Psychol. Methods 2002, 7, 19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pickering, R.M. Describing the participants in a study. Age Ageing 2017, 46, 576–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Danish Ministry of Children and Education. Elevtal i Grundskolen [Student Enrollment in Primary School]. Available online: https://uddannelsesstatistik.dk/Pages/Reports/1577.aspx (accessed on 24 April 2025).
- Danish Ministry of Children and Education. Antal Grundskoler [Number of Public Schools]. Available online: https://www.uvm.dk/statistik/grundskolen/personale-og-skoler/antal-grundskoler (accessed on 26 January 2025).
- Madsen, K.R.; Ellegaard, J.; Román, I.; Damsgaard, M.T.; Holstein, B.E.; Kristoffersen, M.J.; Pedersen, T.P.; Michelsen, S.I.; Rasmussen, M.; Toftager, M. Skolebørnsundersøgelsen 2022 [Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children]; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark: Odense, Denmark, 2023; Available online: https://www.hbsc.dk/ (accessed on 11 April 2024).
- Daniel, J.; Wang, H. Gender Differences in Special Educational Needs Identification. Rev. Educ. 2023, 11, e3437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merikangas, K.R.; He, J.-P.; Burstein, M.; Swanson, S.A.; Avenevoli, S.; Cui, L.; Benjet, C.; Georgiades, K.; Swendsen, J. Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in U.S. Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2010, 49, 980–989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guldager, J.D.; Andersen, M.F.; Christensen, A.B.; Bertelsen, K.; Christiansen, L.B. Status on Physical Education 2022 [Status på Idrætsfaget 2022], Forsknings- og Implementeringscenter for Idræt, Bevægelse og Læring, Denmark. 2023. Available online: www.ucsyd.dk/spif (accessed on 11 March 2025).
- Ministry of Education. Executive Order of the Primary School Act, bd. LBK nr 823 af 15/08/2019. 2019. Available online: https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2019/823 (accessed on 11 March 2025).
- Eversole, M.; Collins, D.M.; Karmarkar, A.; Colton, L.; Quinn, J.P.; Karsbaek, R.; Johnson, J.R.; Callier, N.P.; Hilton, C.L. Leisure Activity Enjoyment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2016, 46, 10–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hansen, E.; Nordén, H.; Ohlsson, M.L. Adolescents with Intellectual Disability (ID) and their Perceptions of, and Motivation for, Physical Activity and Organised Sports. Sport Educ. Soc. 2023, 28, 59–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fong, S.S.M.; Lee, V.Y.L.; Chan, N.N.C.; Chan, R.S.H.; Chak, W.-K.; Pang, M.Y.C. Motor Ability and Weight Status are Determinants of Out-Of-School Activity Participation for Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2011, 32, 2614–2623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fournier, K.A.; Hass, C.J.; Naik, S.K.; Lodha, N.; Cauraugh, J.H. Motor Coordination in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Synthesis and Meta-Analysis. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2010, 40, 1227–1240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacDonald, M.; Lord, C.; Ulrich, D.A. The Relationship of Motor Skills and Social Communicative Skills in School-Aged Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Adapt. Phys. Act. Q. 2013, 30, 271–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ash, T.; Bowling, A.; Davison, K.; Garcia, J. Physical Activity Interventions for Children with Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Disabilities—A Systematic Review. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 2017, 38, 431–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeVries, J.M.; Knickenberg, M.; Trygger, M. Academic Self-Concept, Perceptions of Inclusion, Special Needs and Gender: Evidence From Inclusive Classes in Sweden. Eur. J. Spec. Needs Educ. 2022, 37, 511–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zask, A.; Van Beurden, E.; Barnett, L.; Brooks, L.O.; Dietrich, U.C. Active School Playgrounds—Myth or Reality? Results of the ‘Move It Groove It’ Project. Prev. Med. 2001, 33, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McNeely, C.A.; Nonnemaker, J.M.; Blum, R.W. Promoting School Connectedness: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. J. Sch. Health 2002, 72, 138–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thompson, D.R.; Iachan, R.; Overpeck, M.; Ross, J.G.; Gross, L.A. School Connectedness in the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Study: The Role of Student, School, and School Neighborhood Characteristics. J. Sch. Health 2006, 76, 379–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barr-Anderson, D.J.; Neumark-Sztainer, D.; Lytle, L.; Schmitz, K.H.; Ward, D.S.; Conway, T.L.; Pratt, C.; Baggett, C.D.; Pate, R.R. But I Like PE: Factors Associated with Enjoyment of Physical Education Class in Middle School Girls. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2008, 79, 18–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guyatt, G.H.; Norman, G.R.; Juniper, E.F.; Griffith, L.E. A Critical Look at Transition Ratings. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2002, 55, 900–908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tegtmejer, T.; Schoop, S.R.; Corydon, M.K.; Andreasen, A.G. Særlige Behov i Skolen—En Undersøgelse af Forståelse, Opdeling, Organisering Omkring og Imødekommelse af Særlige Behov I Skolen [Special Needs in School—A Study of Understanding, Division, Organization, and Accommodation of Special Needs in School], The Danish Center for Social Science Research VIVE. 2024. Available online: https://www.vive.dk/media/pure/kx08e6oz/26023341 (accessed on 1 March 2025).
- Gramzow, R.H.; Willard, G. Exaggerating Current and Past Performance: Motivated Self-Enhancement Versus Reconstructive Memory. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2006, 32, 1114–1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duncan, S.C.; Strycker, L.A.; Chaumeton, N.R. School Influences on the Physical Activity of African American, Latino, and White Girls. J. Sch. Health 2015, 85, 43–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
All | Special Educational Needs | No Special Educational Needs | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall n | 417–420 a | 88–89 a | 329–311 a | |||||
Gender | 0.03 | |||||||
Girl | 208 | 49.5 | 35 | 39.3 | 173 | 52.3 | ||
Boy | 212 | 50.5 | 54 | 60.7 | 158 | 47.7 | ||
Age | 0.15 | |||||||
6–8 years | 124 | 29.5 | 23 | 25.8 | 101 | 30.5 | ||
9–11 years | 254 | 60.5 | 51 | 57.3 | 203 | 61.3 | ||
12–15 years | 42 | 10.0 | 15 | 16.9 | 27 | 8.2 | ||
School size | 0.02 | |||||||
Small (<300 children) | 103 | 24.5 | 27 | 30.3 | 76 | 23.0 | ||
Medium (300–500 children) | 84 | 20.0 | 10 | 11.2 | 74 | 22.4 | * | |
Large (>500 children) | 233 | 55.5 | 52 | 58.4 | 181 | 54.7 | ||
Region | 0.061 | |||||||
Northern Denmark | 153 | 36.4 | 23 | 25.8 | 130 | 39.3 | ||
South Denmark | 161 | 38.3 | 41 | 46.1 | 120 | 36.3 | ||
East Denmark | 106 | 25.2 | 25 | 28.1 | 81 | 24.5 | ||
Leisure-time physical activity | 0.136 | |||||||
No | 107 | 25.7 | 28 | 31.8 | 79 | 24.0 | ||
Yes | 310 | 74.3 | 60 | 68.2 | 250 | 76.0 |
Enjoyment of Physical Education | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Special Educational Needs | No Special Educational Needs | p-Value | |||||
Overall n | 393–413 a | 86–89 a | 307–324 a | |||||
I enjoy participating in physical education classes | <0.001 | |||||||
Agree b, c | 367 | 89.3 | 68 | 77.3 | 299 | 92.6 | ||
Disagree | 44 | 10.7 | 20 | 22.7 | 24 | 7.4 | ||
When I have physical education at school, I feel happy afterward | 0.005 | |||||||
Agree | 361 | 87.4 | 70 | 78.7 | 291 | 89.8 | ||
Disagree | 52 | 12.6 | 19 | 21.3 | 33 | 10.2 | ||
I think it’s fun to participate in physical education classes | ||||||||
Agree | 364 | 89.2 | 71 | 81.6 | 293 | 91.3 | 0.01 | |
Disagree | 44 | 10.8 | 16 | 18.4 | 28 | 8.7 | ||
When I participate in physical education classes, it feels good in my body | ||||||||
Agree | 345 | 85.6 | 67 | 77.0 | 278 | 88.0 | 0.01 | |
Disagree | 58 | 14.4 | 20 | 23.0 | 38 | 12.0 | ||
Enjoyment of physical education sum score (4–24 points) | ||||||||
Mean/SD | 19.95 | 4.177 | 18.73 | 5.051 | 20.29 | 3.838 | 0.029 |
Enjoyment of Physical Education | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude—Model 1 | Adjusted—Model 2 | ||||||
Beta | 95% CI | p-Value | Beta | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
Gender | |||||||
Girl | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Boy | 1.322 | 0.471–2.172 | 0.002 | 1.309 | 0.468–2.151 | 0.002 | |
Age | |||||||
6–8 years | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
9–11 years | −0.310 | −1.269–0.650 | 0.526 | 0.368 | −0.674–1.411 | 0.487 | |
12–15 years | −0.265 | −1.971–1.441 | 0.760 | 0.726 | −1.368–2.821 | 0.496 | |
School size | |||||||
Small (<300 children) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Medium (300–500 children) | −0.231 | −1.499–1.037 | 0.720 | −0.502 | −2.499–1.496 | 0.621 | |
Large (>500 children) | −1.378 | −2.436–−0.321 | 0.011 | −1.511 | −2.621–−0.401 | 0.008 | |
Region | |||||||
South Denmark | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Northern Denmark | 1.062 | 0.072–2.052 | 0.036 | 1.001 | −0.497–2.518 | 0.188 | |
East Denmark | 1.353 | 0.248–2.457 | 0.017 | 1.504 | 0.339–2.669 | 0.012 | |
Leisure-time physical activity | |||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Yes | 0.992 | −0.012–1.995 | 0.053 | 1.12 | 0.134–2.106 | 0.026 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Guldager, J.D.; Emtoft, L.M.; Remmen, L.N.; Bentholm, A.L. Factors Associated with the Enjoyment of Physical Education Class for Children with Special Educational Needs. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050697
Guldager JD, Emtoft LM, Remmen LN, Bentholm AL. Factors Associated with the Enjoyment of Physical Education Class for Children with Special Educational Needs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(5):697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050697
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuldager, Julie Dalgaard, Laura Mørk Emtoft, Line Nørgaard Remmen, and Anette Lisbeth Bentholm. 2025. "Factors Associated with the Enjoyment of Physical Education Class for Children with Special Educational Needs" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 5: 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050697
APA StyleGuldager, J. D., Emtoft, L. M., Remmen, L. N., & Bentholm, A. L. (2025). Factors Associated with the Enjoyment of Physical Education Class for Children with Special Educational Needs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(5), 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050697