Comparison of the Cardiovascular Effects of Extreme Psychological and Physical Stress Tests in Male Soccer Players
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Design
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Testing Protocols
2.4. Data Dollection
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANS | Autonomic nervous system |
BP | Blood pressure |
ECG | Electrocardiogram |
HF | High-frequency band |
HRV | Heart rate variability |
LF | Low-frequency band |
LF/HF | Ratio of low- and high-frequency bands |
NNmax | Longest normal heart cycle during the measured period |
NNmean | Average length of normal heart cycles during the measured period |
NNmin | Shortest normal heart cycle during the measured period |
PHY | Physical stress test |
pNN50 | Ratio of consecutive NN interval pairs with a greater difference than 50 ms |
PSY | Psychological stress test |
PTSD | Post-traumatic stress disorder |
rMSSD | Root mean square of successive differences |
SDNN | Standard deviation of normal heart cycles during the measured period |
TP | Total power |
VLF | Very-low-frequency band |
VO2peak | Peak oxygen uptake |
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Test Protocol | HRV Parameter | Pre- vs. Post-Test Differences | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± Standard Deviation | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | Cohen’s d | Effect Size r | p | |||
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Physical test | NNmax | 320.51 ± 180.19 | 275.13 | 365.89 | 1.85 | 0.68 | <0.001 |
NNmin | 44.86 ± 144.19 | 8.54 | 81.17 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.016 | |
NNmean | 185.22 ± 96.22 | 160.99 | 209.45 | 1.63 | 0.63 | <0.001 | |
SDNN | 50.41 ± 29.32 | 43.03 | 57.80 | 1.99 | 0.71 | <0.001 | |
pNN50 | 26.11 ± 16.85 | 21.87 | 30.35 | 2.04 | 0.71 | <0.001 | |
rMSSD | 47.17 ± 30.90 | 39.39 | 54.96 | 1.94 | 0.69 | <0.001 | |
TP | 331,051 ± 3221.81 | 2499.11 | 4121.91 | 1.39 | 0.57 | <0.001 | |
VLF | −6.10 ± 23.46 | −12.00 | −0.19 | −0.34 | −0.17 | 0.043 | |
LF | −8.11 ± 19.84 | −13.11 | −3.11 | −0.54 | −0.26 | 0.002 | |
HF | 13.14 ± 14.25 | 9.56 | 16.73 | 1.20 | 0.51 | <0.001 | |
LF/HF | −4.63 ± 5.60 | −6.04 | −3.22 | −1.14 | −0.49 | <0.001 | |
Psychological test | NNmax | −90.60 ± 198.53 | −140.60 | −40.60 | −0.41 | −0.19 | <0.001 |
NNmin | −38.79 ± 168.84 | −81.32 | 3.73 | −0.29 | −0.15 | 0.073 | |
NNmean | −66.41 ± 84.58 | −87.72 | −45.11 | −0.43 | −0.21 | <0.001 | |
SDNN | −7.46 ± 46.99 | −19.29 | 4.37 | −0.19 | −0.09 | 0.212 | |
pNN50 | −6.46 ± 13.59 | −9.88 | −3.04 | −0.33 | −0.16 | <0.001 | |
rMSSD | −17.83 ± 47.31 | −29.74 | −5.91 | −0.42 | −0.21 | 0.004 | |
TP | −94.97 ± 6212.51 | −1659.57 | 1469.63 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.904 | |
VLF | 6.51 ± 20.72 | 1.29 | 11.73 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.015 | |
LF | −0.52 ± 13.95 | −4.04 | 2.99 | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.767 | |
HF | −5.59 ± 14.24 | −9.17 | −2.00 | −0.39 | −0.19 | 0.003 | |
LF/HF | 0.40 ± 1.15 | 0.11 | 0.69 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.007 |
Stress Test Protocol and HRV Parameter | Grouping Based on Mean Relative VO2peak | Mean ± SD | p | Mean Difference | Cohen’s d | Effect Size r | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Physical stress LF/HF Δ | Under | 3.33 ± 3.19 | 0.037 | −3.25 | −0.55 | −0.27 | −6.29 | −0.21 |
Above | 6.58 ± 7.64 | |||||||
Psychological stress VLF Δ | Under | 0.79 ± 0.38 | 0.021 | −0.29 | −0.63 | −0.30 | −0.54 | −0.046 |
Above | 1.09 ± 0.56 |
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Móra, Á.; Komka, Z.; Végh, J.; Farkas, I.; Kocsisné, G.S.; Bosnyák, E.; Szmodis, M.; Ligetvári, R.; Csöndör, É.; Almási, G.; et al. Comparison of the Cardiovascular Effects of Extreme Psychological and Physical Stress Tests in Male Soccer Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020715
Móra Á, Komka Z, Végh J, Farkas I, Kocsisné GS, Bosnyák E, Szmodis M, Ligetvári R, Csöndör É, Almási G, et al. Comparison of the Cardiovascular Effects of Extreme Psychological and Physical Stress Tests in Male Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020715
Chicago/Turabian StyleMóra, Ákos, Zsolt Komka, József Végh, István Farkas, Gyöngyi Szilágyi Kocsisné, Edit Bosnyák, Márta Szmodis, Roland Ligetvári, Éva Csöndör, Gábor Almási, and et al. 2022. "Comparison of the Cardiovascular Effects of Extreme Psychological and Physical Stress Tests in Male Soccer Players" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020715