The Use of Cardiac Autonomic Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Elderly Stroke Patients: Functional Rehabilitation as a Public Health Policy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population and Entry Criteria
2.2. Ethics Statement
2.3. Study Design and Bias
2.3.1. Initial Assessment and Experimental Protocol
2.3.2. Assessment of HRV
2.3.3. Outcome Measures
2.3.4. Study Size
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Time Domain
3.3. Frequency Domain
3.4. Geometrical
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Control Group (n = 30) | Stroke Group (n = 30) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (mean ± SD, years) | 67 ± 4 | 69 ± 3 | 0.096 |
Sex (% male) | 80 | 70 | 0.093 |
Caucasians (%) | 85 | 90 | 0.532 |
Body weight (kg) | 79 ± 6 | 71 ± 9 | 0.237 |
Resting SBP (mean + SD, mmHg) | 120 ± 5 | 125 ± 3 | 0.075 |
Resting DBP (mean + SD, mmHg) | 80 ± 4 | 82 ± 3 | 0.090 |
Type of injury (%, ischemic) | - | 49 | - |
Hemisphere of injury (%, left) | - | 90 | - |
Time of injury (years) | - | 7 ± 3 | - |
MMSE | - | 19.3 ± 4 | - |
FMul | - | 21.2 ± 6 | - |
FMII | - | 20.4 ± 4 | - |
FM balance | - | 9.6 ± 1 | - |
FM sensibility | - | 20.6 ± 3 | - |
FM ROM | - | 38.5 ± 4 | - |
FM pain | - | 36.6 ± 2 | - |
FM total | - | 170.5 ± 9 | - |
Orpington | - | 2.9 ± 1 | - |
IPAQ | Active | Active | - |
Variables | Control Group | Stroke | (df) F ŋ2 (p) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rest Mean (SD) | Exercise Mean (SD) | R1 Mean (SD) | R2 Mean (SD) | R3 Mean (SD) | Rest Mean (SD) | Exercise Mean (SD) | R1 Mean (SD) | R2 Mean (SD) | R3 Mean (SD) | Main Effect: Moment | Main Effect: Group | Interaction: Moment vs. Group | |
MeanRR (ms) | 767.43 (110.98) | 542.31 (59.54) | 711.26 (96.29) | 738.97 (110.97) | 765.00 (105.52) | 859.51 (107.09) | 578.52 (89.78) | 755.35 (95.85) | 792.71 (97.08) | 808.83 (100.13) | (4.312) 321.1 0.80 (<0.001) * | (1.78) 7.6 0.09 (0.007) | (4.312) 3.9 0.05 (0.013) † |
SDNN (ms) | 56.60 (23.29) | 30.25 (15.36) | 33.34 (17.78) | 32.13 (15.41) | 33.81 (17.96) | 42.56 (18.36) | 27.78 (17.01) | 30.26 (10.66) | 28.08 (9.71) | 33.81 (12.17) | (4.312) 32.8 0.30 (<0.001) * | (1.78) 3.6 0.04 (0.062) | (4.312) 32.8 0.30 (<0.001) ‡ |
MeanHR (bpm) | 80.27 (10.74) | 112.60 (13.27) | 84.18 (8.69) | 81.77 (9.45) | 79.72 (9.60) | 71.13 (8.54) | 106.69 (17.13) | 80.82 (9.73) | 76.93 (9.16) | 75.62 (9.17) | (4.312) 359.8 0.82 (<0.001) * | (1.78) 7.2 0.08 (0.009) | (4.312) 2.3 0.03 (0.108) |
rMSSD (ms) | 23.53 (14.63) | 8.75 (4.99) | 19.33 (12.56) | 20.05 (15.59) | 19.27 (12.64) | 24.28 (10.43) | 8.11 (3.62) | 22.11 (14.22) | 19.80 (11.54) | 21.98 (10.71) | (4.312) 41.6 0.35 (<0.001) * | (1.78) 0.3 0.00 (0.601) | (4.312) 0.8 0.01 (0.518) |
pNN50 (%) | 6.44 (5.27) | 0.53 (0.69) | 2.41 (2.74) | 2.78 (3.34) | 4.39 (5.93) | 5.76 (4.06) | 0.25 (0.26) | 2.00 (2.39) | 2.34 (2.86) | 2.38 (2.69) | (4.312) 46.3 0.37 (<0.001) * | (1.78) 2.0 0.02 (0.166) | (4.312) 1.4 0.02 (0.260) |
Variables | Control Group | Stroke | (df)F ŋ2 (p) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rest Mean (SD) | Exercise Mean (SD) | R1 Mean (SD) | R2 Mean (SD) | R3 Mean (SD) | Rest Mean (SD) | Exercise Mean (SD) | R1 Mean (SD) | R2 Mean (SD) | R3 Mean (SD) | Main Effect: Moment | Main Effect: Group | Interaction: Moment vs. Group | |
LF (ms2) | 341.89 (257.03) | 444.50 (135.79) | 169.70 (107.99) | 391.75 (286.83) | 365.92 (265.84) | 373.28 (228.38) | 437.72 (132.92) | 132.23 (66.94) | 226.04 (135.67) | 267.85 (227.40) | (4.312) 59.6 0.43 (<0.001) * | (1.78) 3.7 0.04 (0.059) | (4.312) 5.0 0.06 (0.002) ‖ |
LF (nu) | 69.49 (19.02) | 72.93 (14.56) | 75.04 (17.20) | 73.21 (15.31) | 72.83 (17.09) | 68.77 (16.01) | 78.25 (10.90) | 64.95 (16.42) | 69.93 (13.59) | 62.48 (20.33) | (4.312) 4.1 0.05 (0.004) † | (1.78) 2.5 0.03 (0.120) | (4.312) 4.8 0.06 (0.001) # |
HF (ms2) | 177.98 (145.62) | 9.68 (6.07) | 85.90 (67.31) | 108.68 (56.39) | 95.20 (68.03) | 170.05 (102.13) | 7.63 (5.03) | 87.02 (51.05) | 108.45 (41.66) | 123.34 (66.41) | (4.312) 78.9 0.50 (<0.001) ‡ | (1.78) 314.5 0.80 (<0.001) | (4.312) 1.1 0.01 (0.334) |
HF (nu) | 30.08 (17.33) | 25.92 (12.03) | 29.76 (15.92) | 27.75 (17.86) | 27.79 (14.77) | 31.29 (16.02) | 21.87 (10.09) | 35.30 (16.10) | 30.07 (13.59) | 32.88 (18.02) | (4.312) 5.4 0.07 (<0.001) † | (1.78) 0.7 0.01 (0.393) | (4.312) 1.9 0.02 (0.116) |
LF/HF (-) | 4.16 (2.94) | 3.90 (2.46) | 4.06 (3.06) | 5.74 (4.69) | 4.44 (3.34) | 2.98 (1.52) | 4.33 (2.00) | 2.60 (1.86) | 3.09 (2.03) | 3.46 (2.62) | (4.312) 2.8 0.03 (0.040) § | (1.78) 7.8 0.09 (0.007) | (4.312) 4.5 0.05 (0.004) |
Variables | Control Group | Stroke | (df)F ŋ2 (p) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rest Mean (SD) | Exercise Mean (SD) | R1 Mean (SD) | R2 Mean (SD) | R3 Mean (SD) | Rest Mean (SD) | Exercise Mean (SD) | R1 Mean (SD) | R2 Mean (SD) | R3 Mean (SD) | Main Effect: Moment | Main Effect: Group | Interaction: Moment vs. Group | |
RRTri (-) | 9.97 (4.39) | 5.70 (2.15) | 7.81 (3.07) | 7.86 (3.43) | 7.61 (3.08) | 8.98 (3.15) | 4.91 (1.67) | 7.48 (2.54) | 7.08 (2.19) | 7.85 (2.62) | (4.312) 29.2 0.27 (<0.001) * | (1.78) 1.5 0.02 (0.224) | (4.312) 0.8 0.01 (0.501) |
TINN (ms) | 220.03 (87.35) | 141.67 (79.44) | 144.74 (76.23) | 135.91 (66.93) | 137.74 (60.77) | 161.40 (71.40) | 120.97 (70.97) | 130.44 (46.78) | 122.62 (49.65) | 146.95 (63.16) | (4.312) 16.0 0.17 (<0.001) * | (1.78) 3.7 0.04 (0.059) | (4.312) 3.8 0.05 (0.014) § |
SD1 (ms) | 15.65 (7.96) | 5.76 (3.02) | 12.94 (9.40) | 13.49 (9.13) | 15.15 (12.67) | 16.85 (7.41) | 5.60 (2.36) | 14.51 (8.94) | 13.56 (7.21) | 15.12 (7.24) | (4.312) 43.0 0.36 (<0.001) * | (1.78) 0.1 0.00 (0.705) | (4.312) 0.4 0.01 (0.773) |
SD2 (ms) | 69.26 (23.58) | 41.64 (20.53) | 40.78 (14.54) | 43.02 (20.99) | 43.50 (19.38) | 53.22 (18.12) | 37.23 (21.59) | 38.93 (14.93) | 36.47 (13.10) | 43.91 (15.49) | (4.312) 29.0 0.27 (<0.001) † | (1.78) 4.3 0.05 (0.041) | (4.312) 3.3 0.04 (0.022) ‡ |
SD1/SD2 | 0.23 (0.16) | 0.17 (0.12) | 0.31 (0.24) | 0.45 (0.72) | 0.36 (0.23) | 0.33 (0.19) | 0.22 (0.17) | 0.41 (0.28) | 0.40 (0.25) | 0.37 (0.21) | (4.312) 8.1 0.09 (<0.001) † | (1.78) 1.1 0.01 (0.301) | (4.312) 1.0 0.01 (0.383) |
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Raimundo, R.D.; Zangirolami-Raimundo, J.; Leone, C.; de Carvalho, T.D.; da Silva, T.D.; Bezerra, I.M.P.; de Almeida, A.D., Jr.; Valenti, V.E.; de Abreu, L.C. The Use of Cardiac Autonomic Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Elderly Stroke Patients: Functional Rehabilitation as a Public Health Policy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111460
Raimundo RD, Zangirolami-Raimundo J, Leone C, de Carvalho TD, da Silva TD, Bezerra IMP, de Almeida AD Jr., Valenti VE, de Abreu LC. The Use of Cardiac Autonomic Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Elderly Stroke Patients: Functional Rehabilitation as a Public Health Policy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111460
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaimundo, Rodrigo Daminello, Juliana Zangirolami-Raimundo, Claudio Leone, Tatiana Dias de Carvalho, Talita Dias da Silva, Italla Maria Pinheiro Bezerra, Alvaro Dantas de Almeida, Jr., Vitor Engracia Valenti, and Luiz Carlos de Abreu. 2021. "The Use of Cardiac Autonomic Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Elderly Stroke Patients: Functional Rehabilitation as a Public Health Policy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111460