Landscape Dynamics Improved Recreation Service of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Area
2.2. Ecological Model of Recreation Service
2.3. Assessing the Recreation Service
2.4. Statistic Analysis
2.4.1. Trend Analysis
2.4.2. Correspondence Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Recreation Services of the TGRA
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Recreation Service
3.3. Spatial Heterogeneity of the Recreation Service
3.4. Relationship between Landscape Dynamic and Recreation Service
4. Discussion
4.1. Assessing and Characterizing the Recreation Service
4.2. Spatial Heterogeneity of Recreation Services
4.3. Response of Recreation Services to Landscape Evolution
4.4. Landscape-Planning Suggestions
4.5. Our Limitations and Uncertainties
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Category | Variable | Data Sources |
---|---|---|
Natural and environmental factors | Annual mean temperature (x1, °C) | Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.resdc.cn, accessed on 13 November 2018). |
Annual total precipitation (x2, mm) | ||
Elevation (x3, m) | DEM (Digital Elevation Model) derived from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V002 (http://www.gscloud.cn/, accessed on 13 November 2018). | |
Slope (x4, °) | Derived from DEM data. | |
Soil organic carbon (x5, g/kg) | Derived from Huang et al. [25]. | |
Forest coverage (x6, %) | Derived from land use maps in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 [34]. | |
Proportion of cropland area (x7, %) | ||
Proportion of built-up area (x8, %) | ||
Proportion of water area (x9, %) | ||
Socio-economic factors | Density of tourist attractions (x10, numbers/km2) | Points of tourist attractions were acquired from Baidu maps. |
Road density (x11, km/km2) | National Geomatics Center of China (NGCC) (http://ngcc.sbsm.gov.cn/, accessed on 13 November 2018). | |
Minimum distance to traffic station (x12, km) | Points of traffic stations were acquired from Baidu maps. | |
Minimum distance to hotel (x13, km) | Points of hotels were acquired from Baidu maps. |
Independent Variable | Estimated Value | Standard Errors | t-Value | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −21.27 | 10.82 | −1.97 | p < 0.05 |
Density of tourist attractions (numbers /km2) | 0.44 | 0.02 | 17.66 | p < 0.01 |
Minimum distance to traffic station (km) | −0.04 | 0.03 | −1.08 | p < 0.01 |
Minimum distance to hotel (km) | 0.55 | 0.07 | 1.97 | p < 0.05 |
Road density (km/km2) | 7.77 | 0.03 | 3.24 | p < 0.05 |
Elevation (m) | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.67 | p < 0.05 |
Forest coverage (%) | 0.34 | 0.02 | 2.18 | p < 0.05 |
Proportion of built-up area (%) | −0.65 | 0.04 | −4.32 | p < 0.05 |
Proportion of water area (%) | 1.69 | 0.09 | 1.79 | p < 0.01 |
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Zhao, D.; Xiao, M.; Huang, C.; Liang, Y.; An, Z. Landscape Dynamics Improved Recreation Service of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168356
Zhao D, Xiao M, Huang C, Liang Y, An Z. Landscape Dynamics Improved Recreation Service of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168356
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Dengyue, Mingzhu Xiao, Chunbo Huang, Yuan Liang, and Ziyue An. 2021. "Landscape Dynamics Improved Recreation Service of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168356