Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain Medication, and in-Hospital Mortality among Patients with COVID-19 in South Korea: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Ethical Statement
2.2. NHIS-COVID-19 Cohort Database and Study Population
2.3. Exposure Variables: Musculoskeletal Disease and Pain Medication
2.4. Endpoints
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. In-Hospital Mortality among Patients with COVID-19
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Number (%) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|
Sex, male | 3048 (39.5%) | |
Age | ||
20–29 | 2057 (26.7%) | |
30–39 | 832 (10.8%) | |
40–49 | 1036 (13.4%) | |
50–59 | 1567 (20.3%) | |
60–69 | 1199 (15.5%) | |
70–79 | 617 (8.0%) | |
≥80 | 405 (5.3%) | |
Income in qurtile | ||
Q1 (Lowest) | 2439 (31.6%) | |
Q2 | 1445 (18.7%) | |
Q3 | 1577 (20.4%) | |
Q4 (Highest) | 2135 (27.7%) | |
unknown | 117 (1.5%) | |
Underlying disability | ||
Mild degree | 318 (4.1%) | |
Moderate to severe degree | 293 (3.8%) | |
Residence | ||
Seoul | 510 (6.6%) | |
Gyeonggi-do | 431 (5.6%) | |
Daegu | 5036 (65.3%) | |
Gyeongsangbukdo | 933 (12.1%) | |
Other area | 803 (10.4%) | |
Charlson comorbidity index | 2.7 (2.7) | |
Any cancer | 602 (7.8%) | |
70 (0.9%) | ||
Metastatic solid tumour | 3641 (47.2%) | |
Neck pain | 1971 (25.6%) | |
Lower back pain | 4836 (62.7%) | |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 739 (9.6%) | |
Other musculoskeletal disease | 4908 (63.6%) | |
Major depressive disorder | 1450 (18.8) | |
Pain medication | ||
Paracetamol | 58 (0.8%) | |
Gabapentin or pregabalin | 148 (1.9%) | |
Glucocorticoid | 63 (0.8%) | |
NSAIDs | 1 (0.0%) | |
Strong opoioid | 9 (0.1%) | |
Weak opioid | 240 (3.1%) | |
Benzodiazepine | 259 (3.4%) |
Variable | Univariate Analysis | p-Value |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | ||
Age, 10 year increase | 3.56 (3.13, 4.05) | <0.001 |
Sex, male (vs. female) | 1.90 (1.47, 2.45) | <0.001 |
Annual income level in 2020 | ||
Q1 (Lowest) | 1 | |
Q2 | 0.63 (0.42, 0.95) | 0.026 |
Q3 | 0.87 (0.61, 1.25) | 0.446 |
Q4 (Highest) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.47) | 0.636 |
Unknown | 0.73 (0.23, 2.34) | 0.595 |
Residence at 2010 | ||
Seoul | 1 | |
Gyeonggi-do | 5.19 (1.73, 15.56) | 0.003 |
Daegu | 3.94 (1.45, 10.67) | 0.007 |
Gyeongsangbukdo | 7.92 (2.86, 21.99) | <0.001 |
Other area | 3.23 (1.10, 9.51) | 0.033 |
Underlying disability | ||
Mild degree (vs. no disability) | 5.05 (3.46, 7.37) | <0.001 |
Moderate to severe (vs. no disability) | 5.72 (3.93, 8.33) | <0.001 |
Charlson comorbidity index, 1 point increase | 1.40 (1.35, 1.45) | <0.001 |
Any cancer | 3.70 (2.71, 5.04) | <0.001 |
Metastatic solid tumour | 4.57 (2.24, 9.31) | <0.001 |
Major depressive disorder | 4.18 (3.23, 5.40) | <0.001 |
Osteoarthritis | 3.26 (2.45, 4.35) | <0.001 |
Neck pain | 0.99 (0.74, 1.33) | 0.956 |
Lower back pain | 1.94 (1.44, 2.61) | <0.001 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.69 (1.18, 2.42) | 0.004 |
Other musculoskeletal disease | 1.63 (1.23, 2.18) | <0.001 |
Pain medication | ||
Paracetamol | 0.99 (0.35, 2.52) | 0.921 |
Gabapentin or pregabalin | 4.42 (2.65, 7.35) | <0.001 |
Glucocorticoid | 2.63 (1.04, 6.61) | 0.040 |
NSAIDs | 0.00 (0.00-) | 0.978 |
Strong opoioid | 38.38 (10.24, 143.81) | <0.001 |
Weak opioid | 3.06 (1.92, 4.88) | <0.001 |
Benzodiazepine | 3.64 (2.37, 5.57) | <0.001 |
Variable | Multivariate Model | p-Value |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | ||
Age, 10 year increase | 3.21 (2.75, 3.75) | <0.001 |
Sex, male (vs. female) | 2.13 (1.57, 2.88) | <0.001 |
Annual income level in 2020 | ||
Q1 (Lowest) | 1 | |
Q2 | 1.11 (0.69, 1.79) | 0.666 |
Q3 | 1.01 (0.67, 1.54) | 0.949 |
Q4 (Highest) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.24) | 0.411 |
Unknown | 0.82 (0.22, 3.10) | 0.773 |
Residence at 2010 | ||
Seoul | 1 | |
Gyeonggi-do | 2.82 (0.83, 9.54) | 0.096 |
Daegu | 1.76 (0.59, 5.20) | 0.308 |
Gyeongsangbookdo | 2.08 (0.68, 6.37) | 0.199 |
Other area | 2.34 (0.72, 7.61) | 0.157 |
Underlying disability | ||
Mild degree (vs. no disability) | 0.91 (0.59, 1.40) | 0.653 |
Moderate to severe (vs. no disability) | 2.88 (1.81, 4.60) | <0.001 |
Charlson comorbidity index, 1 point increase | 1.19 (1.12, 1.26) | <0.001 |
Any cancer | 1.00 (0.66, 1.52) | 0.986 |
Metastatic solid tumour | 0.79 (0.27, 2.31) | 0.665 |
Major depressive disorder | 1.28 (0.93, 1.76) | 0.125 |
Osteoarthritis | 1.11 (0.75, 1.65) | 0.589 |
Neck pain | 0.74 (0.52, 1.05) | 0.095 |
Lower back pain | 0.73 (0.49, 1.10) | 0.133 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.78 (0.50, 1.23) | 0.291 |
Other musculoskeletal disease | 0.73 (0.49, 1.09) | 0.129 |
Pain medication | ||
Paracetamol | 0.98 (0.37, 2.62) | 0.973 |
Gabapentin or pregabalin | 0.77 (0.41, 1.45) | 0.424 |
Glucocorticoid | 1.26 (0.43, 3.63) | 0.673 |
NSAIDs | 0.00 (0.00-) | 0.979 |
Strong opoioid | 12.73 (2.44, 16.64) | 0.002 |
Weak opioid | 0.96 (0.55, 1.67) | 0.876 |
Benzodiazepine | 0.77 (0.46, 1.29) | 0.324 |
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Oh, T.-K.; Song, I.-A.; Lee, J.; Eom, W.; Jeon, Y.-T. Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain Medication, and in-Hospital Mortality among Patients with COVID-19 in South Korea: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136804
Oh T-K, Song I-A, Lee J, Eom W, Jeon Y-T. Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain Medication, and in-Hospital Mortality among Patients with COVID-19 in South Korea: A Population-Based Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136804
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Tak-Kyu, In-Ae Song, Joon Lee, Woosik Eom, and Young-Tae Jeon. 2021. "Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain Medication, and in-Hospital Mortality among Patients with COVID-19 in South Korea: A Population-Based Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136804