Distribution of Potential Harmful Trace Elements and Potential Ecological Risk in the Jiulongchi Wetland of Fanjing Mountain, Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Sample Analysis
2.3.1. Physicochemical Analysis
2.3.2. Trace and Major Elements Analysis
2.4. Parameter Calculations
2.4.1. Enrichment Factor
2.4.2. Single-Factor Pollution Index
2.4.3. Pollution Load Index
2.4.4. Potential Ecological Risk Index
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Loss-on-Ignition of 30 Samples
3.2. The Descriptive Statistics and Spatial Distributions of Element Contents
3.3. The Pollution Evaluations
3.4. The Correlation and Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussions
4.1. The Spatial Distributions of PHTEs in Jiulongchi Wetland Soil
4.2. The Soil Pollution Evaluation of Jiulongchi
4.3. The Sources Analysis of PHTEs in Jiulongchi Wetland
4.4. Management Significance for Fanjing Mountain World Natural Heritage Property
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Site 1 | Sample Code | Longitude (E) | Latitude (N) | Elevation (m asl) | Sample Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | 0 | 108°41′33.35″ | 27°53′57.79″ | 2037 | Water (Ph = 7.18, EC = 40 µS/cm 2) |
B2 | 18 | 108°41′33.36″ | 27°53′57.53″ | 2035 | Soil |
16 | Grass and Moss | ||||
17 | Root and Soil | ||||
B3 | 1 | 108°41′33.35″ | 27°53′57.29″ | 2033 | Soil |
B4 | 2 | 108°41′33.30″ | 27°53′57.17″ | 2036 | Soil |
B5 | 21 | 108°41′33.61″ | 27°53′57.32″ | 2037 | Soil |
19 | Grass and Moss | ||||
20 | Root and Soil | ||||
B6 | 24 | 108°41′33.83″ | 27°53′57.08″ | 2035 | Soil |
22 | Grass and Moss | ||||
23 | Root and Soil | ||||
B7 | 27 | 108°41′33.88″ | 27°53′57.76″ | 2038 | Soil |
25 | Grass and Moss | ||||
26 | Root and Soil | ||||
B8 | 3 | 108°41′34.33″ | 27°53′57.89″ | 2035 | Soil |
B9 | 4 | 108°41′34.49″ | 27°53′57.67″ | 2037 | Soil |
B10 | 5 | 108°41′34.07″ | 27°53′57.52″ | 2037 | Soil |
B11 | 30 | 108°41′32.93″ | 27°53′58.04″ | 2037 | Soil |
28 | Grass and Moss | ||||
29 | Root and Soil | ||||
B12 | 6 | 108°41′32.77″ | 27°53′57.63″ | 2035 | Soil |
B13 | 7 | 108°41′32.65″ | 27°53′57.59″ | 2036 | Soil |
B14 | 8 | 108°41′31.99″ | 27°53′57.57″ | 2035 | Soil |
B15 | 9 | 108°41′32.33″ | 27°53′57.88″ | 2037 | Soil |
B16 | 10 | 108°41′32.73″ | 27°53′58.21″ | 2034 | Soil |
B17 | 11 | 108°41′31.96″ | 27°53′58.31″ | 2035 | Soil |
B18 | 12 | 108°41′31.58″ | 27°53′57.93″ | 2035 | Soil |
B19 | 13 | 108°41′31.21″ | 27°53′57.73″ | 2034 | Soil |
B20 | 14 | 108°41′31.08″ | 27°53′58.06″ | 2034 | Soil |
B21 | 15 | 108°41′30.78″ | 27°53′57.89″ | 2035 | Soil |
Element | Parallel Sample Code | LOD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 12 | 27 | 16 | Soil | Plant | |
Al | 75,799.84 ± 3.39 | 92,115.1 ± 48.9 | 75,754 ± 46.73 | 4224 ± 24.41 | 20 | 10 |
Ba | 280.62 ± 0.35 | 309.71 ± 0.22 | 264.08 ± 0.52 | 12.74 ± 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Be | 1.05 ± 0.01 | 1.27 ± 0.02 | 1.06 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0 | 0.2 | 0.02 |
Ca | 3342.53 ± 3.68 | 4848.17 ± 15 | 4687.98 ± 16.33 | 1979.63 ± 2.13 | 5 | 5 |
Fe | 41,139.47 ± 135.9 | 57,927.79 ± 7.96 | 46,144.89 ± 153.85 | 711.46 ± 10.06 | 5 | 5 |
K | 12,575.85 ± 44.04 | 14,090.26 ± 0.22 | 11,465.74 ± 35.26 | 3256.76 ± 3.31 | 80 | 40 |
Mg | 13,547.31 ± 37.51 | 18,960.17 ± 2.53 | 14,442.77 ± 17.45 | 895.63 ± 4.47 | 2 | 5 |
Na | 2401.19 ± 0.44 | 2827.95 ± 7.47 | 2610.69 ± 0.31 | 124.34 ± 0.79 | 20 | 5 |
Sr | 41.72 ± 0.02 | 45.92 ± 0.17 | 41.98 ± 0.1 | 4.32 ± 0.02 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Ti | 4390.89 ± 6.5 | 4935.2 ± 13.81 | 4203.69 ± 20.64 | 63.48 ± 1.36 | 1 | 1 |
Mo | 1.2 ± 0.07 | 1.69 ± 0.05 | 1.57 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
Tl | 0.51 ± 0 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0 | 0.02 | 0.005 |
Mn | 273.61 ± 0.03 | 437.64 ± 1.50 | 316.29 ± 1.04 | 132.42 ± 0.58 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
V | 143.7 ± 1.48 | 174.64 ± 3.02 | 149.23 ± 1.5 | 2.51 ± 0.04 | 2 | 0.01 |
Zn | 78.76 ± 0.43 | 95.04 ± 0.4 | 79.56 ± 0.82 | 41.71 ± 0.18 | 2 | 0.05 |
Cr | 164.74 ± 1.91 | 215.45 ± 1.61 | 167.47 ± 1.66 | 2.44 ± 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Co | 10.91 ± 0.07 | 15.48 ± 0.1 | 11.75 ± 0 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.005 |
Ni | 42.28 ± 0.11 | 52.22 ± 0.01 | 40.79 ± 0.13 | 1.33 ± 0 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
Cu | 55.54 ± 0.88 | 76.85 ± 14.09 | 57.83 ± 0.35 | 5.26 ± 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
As | 14.61 ± 0.02 | 13.75 ± 0.58 | 13.39 ± 0.42 | 1.33 ± 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Cd | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 1.14 ± 0 | 0.01 | 0.005 |
Sb | 5 ± 0.07 | 4.38 ± 0.02 | 4.95 ± 0.07 | 0.65 ± 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.005 |
Pb | 57.27 ± 0.39 | 39.34 ± 0.21 | 56.74 ± 0.08 | 11.32 ± 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.005 |
Element | Soil Samples | Plant Samples | Comparison with Related Studies | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | CV | Mean | SD | CV | FJM [6] | FJM [7] | Qinling Mts. [26] | BK Guizhou [19] | BK Hunan [19] | BK Sichuan [19] | BK China [19] | UCC [27] | |
V | 154.67 | 13.81 | 0.09 | 31.33 | 32.62 | 1.04 | / | / | / | 138.8 | 105.4 | 96 | 82.4 | 98 |
Zn | 92.32 | 17.74 | 0.19 | 65.69 | 17.76 | 0.27 | 39.6 | / | 91.41 | 99.5 | 94.4 | 86.5 | 74.2 | 65 |
Cr | 179.37 | 28.02 | 0.16 | 32.95 | 34.51 | 1.05 | 51.3 | 46.35 | 43.96 | 95.9 | 71.4 | 79 | 61 | 126 |
Co | 13.21 | 2.71 | 0.21 | 3.07 | 2.53 | 0.82 | / | / | / | 19.2 | 14.6 | 17.6 | 12.7 | 24 |
Ni | 46.53 | 5.88 | 0.13 | 10.71 | 9.54 | 0.89 | / | / | 25.88 | 39.1 | 31.9 | 32.6 | 26.9 | 56 |
Cu | 58.84 | 19.11 | 0.32 | 20.27 | 14.8 | 0.73 | 13.6 | 17.26 | 22.16 | 32 | 27.3 | 31.1 | 22.6 | 25 |
As | 13.64 | 1.93 | 0.14 | 5.04 | 3.89 | 0.77 | 8.61 | 11.36 | 5.76 | 20 | 15.7 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 1.7 |
Cd | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.4 | 1.81 | 1.41 | 0.78 | 1.29 | 1.35 | 0.24 | 0.659 | 0.126 | 0.079 | 0.097 | 0.1 |
Sb | 4.01 | 0.72 | 0.18 | 3.42 | 3.38 | 0.99 | / | / | / | 2.24 | 1.87 | 1.28 | 1.21 | 0.3 |
Pb | 46.21 | 9.58 | 0.21 | 60.05 | 55.54 | 0.92 | 40.2 | 54.28 | 18.97 | 35.2 | 29.7 | 30.9 | 26 | 14.8 |
Al | 84,682.56 | 6339.79 | 0.07 | 18,591.49 | 18,231.61 | 0.98 | / | / | / | 57,600 | 85,500 | 62,600 | 66,200 | 7.96% |
Ba | 321.48 | 37.78 | 0.12 | 101.54 | 76.44 | 0.75 | / | / | / | 261 | 383 | 474 | 469 | 584 |
Be | 1.26 | 0.12 | 0.1 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.99 | / | / | / | 2.29 | 2.19 | 2.18 | 1.95 | 2.4 |
Ca | 5119.79 | 1910.75 | 0.37 | 3168.51 | 1282.43 | 0.4 | / | / | / | 6200 | 1300 | 11,300 | 15,400 | 3.85% |
Fe | 47,859.66 | 6949.18 | 0.15 | 9594.22 | 9858.04 | 1.03 | 23554 | / | / | 41,700 | 39,600 | 33,000 | 29,400 | 4.32% |
K | 14,720.27 | 2085.48 | 0.14 | 6368.08 | 3002.09 | 0.47 | / | / | / | 15,600 | 18,600 | 20,200 | 18,600 | 2.14% |
Mg | 15,897.03 | 1980.79 | 0.12 | 3509.96 | 2567.65 | 0.73 | / | / | / | 7100 | 4000 | 8500 | 7800 | 2.20% |
Mn | 462.38 | 254.68 | 0.55 | 363.72 | 342.11 | 0.94 | 262 | / | 696.14 | 794 | 459 | 657 | 583 | 716 |
Na | 2807.48 | 369.82 | 0.13 | 696.11 | 632.11 | 0.91 | / | / | / | 900 | 1700 | 8500 | 10,200 | 2.36% |
Sr | 50.07 | 6.28 | 0.13 | 16.23 | 8.9 | 0.55 | / | / | / | 53 | 44 | 120 | 167 | 333 |
Ti | 4969.86 | 366.16 | 0.07 | 974.08 | 1015.27 | 1.04 | / | / | / | 6200 | 5200 | 4000 | 3800 | 4010 |
Mo | 1.47 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.72 | 0.47 | 0.65 | 0.986 | / | / | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1 | 2 | 1.1 |
Tl | 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.51 | / | / | / | 0.712 | 0.61 | 0.548 | 0.62 | 0.52 |
Parameter | Mn | V | Zn | Cr | Co | Ni | Cu | As | Cd | Sb | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EF | 0.53 | 1.05 | 0.87 | 1.76 | 0.64 | 1.12 | 1.71 | 0.64 | 0.46 | 1.70 | 1.25 |
Pi | 0.58 | 1.11 | 0.93 | 1.87 | 0.69 | 1.19 | 1.84 | 0.68 | 0.49 | 1.79 | 1.31 |
0.58 | 2.23 | 0.93 | 3.74 | 3.44 | 5.95 | 9.19 | 6.82 | 14.61 | 12.53 | 6.56 | |
RI | 66.59 | ||||||||||
PLIsite | 0.84–1.29 | ||||||||||
PLIzone | 0.99 |
Element | Mn | V | Zn | Cr | Co | Ni | Cu | As | Cd | Sb | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | 1 | ||||||||||
V | 0.127 | 1 | |||||||||
Zn | 0.546 | 0.665 | 1 | ||||||||
Cr | 0.108 | 0.968 | 0.606 | 1 | |||||||
Co | 0.235 | 0.962 | 0.772 | 0.928 | 1 | ||||||
Ni | 0.103 | 0.974 | 0.655 | 0.986 | 0.941 | 1 | |||||
Cu | 0.152 | 0.834 | 0.589 | 0.759 | 0.849 | 0.769 | 1 | ||||
As | 0.109 | 0.902 | 0.534 | 0.866 | 0.817 | 0.871 | 0.794 | 1 | |||
Cd | 0.248 | −0.734 | −0.214 | −0.707 | −0.675 | −0.715 | −0.639 | −0.688 | 1 | ||
Sb | −0.292 | 0.308 | 0.083 | 0.280 | 0.223 | 0.282 | 0.290 | 0.545 | −0.340 | 1 | |
Pb | −0.354 | −0.058 | −0.073 | −0.086 | −0.130 | −0.063 | −0.048 | 0.221 | −0.044 | 0.891 | 1 |
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Shen, W.; Xiong, K.; Gao, Y.; Quan, M.; Peng, H.; Yang, T.; He, L.; Bao, K. Distribution of Potential Harmful Trace Elements and Potential Ecological Risk in the Jiulongchi Wetland of Fanjing Mountain, Southwest China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051731
Shen W, Xiong K, Gao Y, Quan M, Peng H, Yang T, He L, Bao K. Distribution of Potential Harmful Trace Elements and Potential Ecological Risk in the Jiulongchi Wetland of Fanjing Mountain, Southwest China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051731
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Weidan, Kangning Xiong, Yang Gao, Mingying Quan, Haijun Peng, Ting Yang, Linfeng He, and Kunshan Bao. 2020. "Distribution of Potential Harmful Trace Elements and Potential Ecological Risk in the Jiulongchi Wetland of Fanjing Mountain, Southwest China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051731