Malondialdehyde as a Useful Biomarker of Low Hand Grip Strength in Community-Dwelling Stroke Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Physical Measurement Tools
2.2.1. Barthel Index (BI)
2.2.2. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS)
2.2.3. Hand Grip Strength (HGS)
2.3. Blood Sample Processing
2.4. Measurement of Biomarkers
2.4.1. Metabolic Profiles
2.4.2. Oxidative Stress/Oxidative Damage
2.4.3. Inflammatory Cytokines
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Hand Grip Strength of Paretic and Non-Paretic Limbs in Stroke Patients
3.3. The Impact of Hydrogen Peroxide on HGS in Paretic Limbs of Stroke Patients
3.4. The Impact of Serum MDA on the Risk of Low HGS in Non-Paretic Limbs of Stroke Patients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Stroke Patients | Non-Stroke Controls | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 91) | (n = 91) | ||
Age (years) | 69 (14) | 68 (13) | 0.916 |
Gender, n (%) | 1 | ||
Male | 59 (64.84) | 59 (64.84) | |
Female | 32 (35.16) | 32 (35.16) | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.51 ± 3.12 | 22.62 ± 3.53 | 0.826 |
Physical activity, n (%) | 0.432 | ||
No | 28 (30.77) | 33 (36.26) | |
Yes | 63 (69.23) | 58 (63.74) | |
Vascular risk factors, n (%) | |||
Hypertension | 74 (81.32) | 57 (62.64) | 0.005 b |
Hyperlipidemia | 73 (80.22) | 54 (59.34) | 0.002 b |
Diabetes mellitus | 26 (28.57) | 8 (8.79) | 0.001 b |
Impaired fasting glucose | 9 (9.89) | 16 (17.58) | 0.132 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.581 | ||
No | 71 (78.02) | 74 (81.32) | |
Yes | 20 (21.98) | 17 (18.68) | |
Alcohol drinking, n (%) | 0.155 | ||
No | 84 (92.31) | 78 (85.71) | |
Yes | 7 (7.69) | 13 (14.29) | |
Barthel index, mean ± SD | 85.33 ± 25.73 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | <0.0001 a |
0–20, n (%) | 5 (5.49) | 0 (0.00) | |
21–60, n (%) | 13 (14.28) | 0 (0.00) | |
61–90, n (%) | 10 (10.99) | 0 (0.00) | |
91–99, n (%) | 9 (9.89) | 0 (0.00) | |
100, (%) | 54 (59.34) | 91 (100.00) | |
Modified Rankin Scale, mean ± SD | 1.73 ± 1.28 | N/A | N/A |
(0–2), n (%) | 65 (71.43) | N/A | N/A |
(3–5), n (%) | 26 (28.57) | N/A | N/A |
Biochemical parameters | |||
FBS (mg/dL) | 95.00 (18.25) | 93.00 (14.25) | 0.224 |
TG (mg/dL) | 119.00 (89.25) | 130.00 (67.50) | 0.544 |
TC (mg/dL) | 164.28 ± 41.50 | 203.20 ± 37.93 | <0.0001 c |
LDL-c (mg/dL) | 98.50 (41.25) | 128.80 (48.10) | <0.0001 a |
HDL-c (mg/dL) | 50.16 ± 12.74 | 49.67 ± 12.18 | 0.663 |
CAT (U/L) | 132.21 (98.61) | 76.85 (96.80) | <0.0001 a |
SOD (U/L) | 3149.00 (2350.38) | 3791.42 (2716.27) | <0.0001 a |
Hydrogen peroxide (µM) | 14.40 (7.75) | 18.76 (8.88) | 0.064 |
MDA (µM) | 7.05 (3.49) | 5.98 (5.68) | 0.022 a |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 37.93 (58.63) | 22.17 (21.69) | 0.004 a |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 27.30 (71.94) | 42.51 (88.36) | 0.144 |
Clinical Variables | Stroke Patients | Non-Stroke Controls | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean ± SD | n (%) | Mean ± SD | ||
Hand grip strength, kg | |||||
(paretic-limbs) | |||||
Total | 91 (100.00) | 13.49 ± 11.04 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Male | 59 (67.53) | 16.62 ± 11.53 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Female | 32 (32.47) | 7.71 ± 7.19 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Hand grip strength, kg | |||||
(non-paretic limbs/dominant hands) | |||||
Total | 91 (100.00) | 21.24 ± 8.61 | 91 (100.00) | 23.05 ± 8.15 | 0.148 |
Male | 59 (67.53) | 24.62 ± 7.92 | 59 (64.83) | 26.75 ± 7.05 | 0.127 |
Female | 32 (32.47) | 15.01 ± 5.87 | 32 (35.17) | 16.23 ± 5.08 | 0.380 |
Low hand grip strength, kg | |||||
(non-paretic limbs/dominant hands) | |||||
Total | 57 (62.64) | 16.47 ± 5.58 | 50 (54.95) | 17.94 ± 5.14 | 0.212 |
Male | 35 (38.46) | 19.22 ± 4.50 | 29 (31.87) | 21.29 ± 3.33 | 0.048 * |
Female | 22 (24.18) | 11.99 ± 4.11 | 21 (23.08) | 13.31 ± 3.24 | 0.895 |
Hand Grip Strength | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Non-Paretic Arm | Paretic Arm | ||||
B | Beta | p-Value | B | Beta | p-Value | |
Age | −0.294 | −0.346 | <0.0001 * | −0.132 | −0.121 | 0.151 |
Female a | −7.046 | −0.392 | <0.0001 * | −4.643 | −0.202 | 0.014 |
BMI | −0.043 | −0.016 | 0.846 | 0.108 | 0.031 | 0.716 |
mRS | −2.707 | −0.404 | <0.0001 * | −5.382 | −0.627 | <0.0001 * |
CAT (U/L) | −0.002 | −0.021 | 0.784 | −0.012 | −0.095 | 0.241 |
SOD (U/L) | 0.000 | −0.115 | 0.191 | 0.000 | −0.116 | 0.207 |
Hydrogen peroxide (µM) | 0.121 | 0.092 | 0.272 | 0.329 | 0.195 | 0.026 |
MDA (µM) | −0.251 | −0.101 | 0.202 | 0.042 | 0.013 | 0.872 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.009 | 0.114 | 0.189 | 0.005 | 0.052 | 0.565 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | −0.001 | −0.014 | 0.869 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.972 |
Variables | B | S.E. | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Adjusted p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.123 | 0.036 | 1.131 | 1.053, 1.097 | 0.001 * |
Female a | 0.786 | 0.673 | 2.194 | 0.586, 8.211 | 0.243 |
BMI | 0.043 | 0.098 | 1.044 | 0.861, 1.266 | 0.663 |
mRS | 1.211 | 0.354 | 3.357 | 1.678, 6.714 | 0.001 * |
CAT (U/L) | 0.003 | 0.004 | 1.003 | 0.996, 1.010 | 0.427 |
SOD (U/L) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1.000, 1.001 | 0.112 |
Hydrogen peroxide (µM) | −0.073 | 0.048 | 0.929 | 0.846, 1.021 | 0.127 |
MDA (µM) | 0.274 | 0.119 | 1.280 | 1.024, 1.600 | 0.030 * |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 1.001 | 0.997, 1.004 | 0.802 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 1000 | 0.996, 1.003 | 0.825 |
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Mueangson, O.; Vongvaivanichakul, P.; Kamdee, K.; Jansakun, C.; Chulrik, W.; Pongpanitanont, P.; Sathirapanya, P.; Chunglok, W. Malondialdehyde as a Useful Biomarker of Low Hand Grip Strength in Community-Dwelling Stroke Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217918
Mueangson O, Vongvaivanichakul P, Kamdee K, Jansakun C, Chulrik W, Pongpanitanont P, Sathirapanya P, Chunglok W. Malondialdehyde as a Useful Biomarker of Low Hand Grip Strength in Community-Dwelling Stroke Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217918
Chicago/Turabian StyleMueangson, Onchuma, Parinya Vongvaivanichakul, Kornyok Kamdee, Chutima Jansakun, Wanatsanan Chulrik, Pongphan Pongpanitanont, Pornchai Sathirapanya, and Warangkana Chunglok. 2020. "Malondialdehyde as a Useful Biomarker of Low Hand Grip Strength in Community-Dwelling Stroke Patients" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217918