Relationship between Perceived Indoor Temperature and Self-Reported Risk for Frailty among Community-Dwelling Older People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Participant Characteristics
2.2.2. Frailty Index
2.2.3. Perceived Indoor Temperature
2.2.4. Economic Satisfaction
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Item |
---|---|
Isolation risk | 1) Do you often stay at home and do not go outside for a day? Positive answer: No / Negative answer: Yes |
2) How often do you go outside for work (including farming), shopping, walking, or hospital visits? *Does not include gardening or taking out the garbage. P: More than once in a couple of days / N: Less than once a week | |
3) Do you have hobby(ies) in the house or outside the house? P: Yes / N: No | |
4) Do you have friend(s) in the neighborhood? P: Yes / N: No | |
5) Do you have friend(s) other than your neighbors, family or relatives living apart who keep in touch? P: Yes / N: No | |
Fall risk | 6) Have you had a fall within the past one year? P: No / N: Yes |
7) Can you walk 1 km continuously? P: Can do it without any discomfort / N: Can do it, but with discomfort or cannot do it | |
8) Do you have good eyesight? *You can use your glasses P: Yes, I can read a book / N: No, I cannot see well or cannot see anything | |
9) Do you often slip or stumble in the house? P: No / N: Yes | |
10) Do you avoid going outside because of fear of falling? P: No / N: Yes | |
11) Have you been hospitalized in the past year? P: No / N: Yes | |
Nutrition risk | 12) Do you have an appetite recently? P: Yes / N: No |
13) How much can you chew now? *You can use the artificial tooth P: I can chew most things / N: I cannot really chew and things to eat are limited | |
14) Have you lost more than 3 kg of your weight in the past 6 months? P: No / N: Yes | |
15) Do you think that you have lost more muscle or fat than before in the past 6 months? P: No / N: Yes |
Total (n = 342) | Cold Group (n = 107) | Warm Group (n = 235) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 81.74 | (7.27) | 80.01 | (7.51) | 82.53 | (7.03) |
Female, n (%) | 215 | (62.9) | 61 | (57.0) | 154 | (65.5) |
BMI, n (%) | ||||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 46 | (13.5) | 17 | (15.9) | 29 | (12.3) |
Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) | 192 | (56.1) | 61 | (57.0) | 131 | (55.7) |
Obese (≤25) | 62 | (18.1) | 17 | (15.9) | 45 | (19.1) |
No answer | 42 | (12.3) | 12 | (11.2) | 30 | (12.8) |
Economic satisfaction, n (%) | ||||||
Satisfied | 63 | (18.4) | 28 | (26.2) | 35 | (14.9) |
Not satisfied | 279 | (81.6) | 79 | (73.8) | 200 | (85.1) |
Education, n (%) | ||||||
Junior high school or less | 29 | (8.5) | 16 | (15.0) | 13 | (5.5) |
Senior high school | 134 | (39.2) | 41 | (38.3) | 93 | (39.6) |
University or higher | 130 | (38.0) | 41 | (38.3) | 89 | (37.9) |
No answer | 49 | (14.3) | 9 | (8.4) | 40 | (17.0) |
Family member, n (%) | ||||||
Living alone | 80 | (23.4) | 18 | (16.8) | 62 | (26.4) |
Living with someone | 255 | (74.6) | 87 | (81.3) | 168 | (71.5) |
No answer | 7 | (2.0) | 2 | (1.9) | 5 | (2.1) |
Frailty index, mean (SD) | ||||||
Total score | 5.01 | (2.7) | 5.51 | (2.9) | 4.79 | (2.58) |
Isolation risk | 1.91 | (1.34) | 2.02 | (1.44) | 1.86 | (1.3) |
Fall risk | 2.14 | (1.56) | 2.49 | (1.72) | 1.98 | (1.46) |
Poor nutrition risk | 0.97 | (0.96) | 1.01 | (1.04) | 0.95 | (0.92) |
df | Total Score in Frailty Index | ||
---|---|---|---|
F | η2 | ||
Perceived indoor temperature | 1 | 6.17 * | 0.018 |
Economic satisfaction | 1 | 7.01 ** | 0.021 |
Perceived indoor temperature * Economic satisfaction | 1 | 5.28 * | 0.016 |
Gender | 1 | 0.28 | 0.001 |
Age | 1 | 1.86 | 0.006 |
BMI | |||
Underweight vs Normal (A) | 1 | 8.96 ** | 0.027 |
Obese vs No answer (B) | 1 | 1.95 | 0.006 |
(A) vs (B) | 1 | 2.58 | 0.008 |
Education | |||
Junior high school or less vs Senior high school (C) | 1 | 0.97 | 0.003 |
University or higher vs No answer (D) | 1 | 2.52 | 0.008 |
(C) vs (D) | 1 | 2.18 | 0.007 |
Living alone | |||
Living alone vs Living with someone (E) | 1 | 5.81 * | 0.017 |
(E) vs No answer | 1 | 0.02 | 0.000 |
df | Isolation Risk | Fall Risk | Nutrition Risk | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | η2 | F | η2 | F | η2 | ||
Perceived indoor temperature | 1 | 0.52 | 0.002 | 11.10 ** | 0.033 | 0.20 | 0.001 |
Economic satisfaction | 1 | 1.53 | 0.005 | 6.04 ** | 0.018 | 2.63 | 0.008 |
Perceived indoor temperature * Economic satisfaction | 1 | 0.19 | 0.001 | 8.00 ** | 0.024 | 1.37 | 0.004 |
Gender | 1 | 2.20 | 0.007 | 0.05 | 0.000 | 0.05 | 0.000 |
Age | 1 | 6.85 ** | 0.020 | 0.62 | 0.002 | 1.29 | 0.004 |
BMI | |||||||
Underweight vs Normal (A) | 1 | 4.02 * | 0.012 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 24.38 ** | 0.069 |
Obese vs No answer (B) | 1 | 6.27 * | 0.019 | 0.24 | 0.001 | 0.15 | 0.000 |
(A) vs (B) | 1 | 0.04 | 0.000 | 0.09 | 0.000 | 13.81 ** | 0.040 |
Education | |||||||
Junior high school or less vs Senior high school (C) | 1 | 0.02 | 0.000 | 0.73 | 0.002 | 1.34 | 0.004 |
University or higher vs No answer (D) | 1 | 0.57 | 0.002 | 2.82 | 0.009 | 0.38 | 0.001 |
(C) vs (D) | 1 | 0.86 | 0.003 | 1.58 | 0.005 | 1.58 | 0.002 |
Living alone | |||||||
Living alone vs Living with someone (E) | 1 | 11.41 ** | 0.034 | 2.48 | 0.007 | 0.33 | 0.001 |
(E) vs No answer | 1 | 0.79 | 0.002 | 0.06 | 0.000 | 1.70 | 0.005 |
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Share and Cite
Nakajima, Y.; Schmidt, S.M.; Malmgren Fänge, A.; Ono, M.; Ikaga, T. Relationship between Perceived Indoor Temperature and Self-Reported Risk for Frailty among Community-Dwelling Older People. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040613
Nakajima Y, Schmidt SM, Malmgren Fänge A, Ono M, Ikaga T. Relationship between Perceived Indoor Temperature and Self-Reported Risk for Frailty among Community-Dwelling Older People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(4):613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040613
Chicago/Turabian StyleNakajima, Yukie, Steven M. Schmidt, Agneta Malmgren Fänge, Mari Ono, and Toshiharu Ikaga. 2019. "Relationship between Perceived Indoor Temperature and Self-Reported Risk for Frailty among Community-Dwelling Older People" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4: 613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040613