Green Exercise: How Are Characteristics of Urban Green Spaces Associated with Adolescents’ Physical Activity and Health?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What are the relationships between characteristics of UGSs and adolescents’ self-reported frequency and duration of GE?
- What are the relationships between characteristics of UGSs and adolescents’ self-reported general health and BMI?
- How do these relationships differ between boys and girls?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites and Participants
2.2. Questionnaire-Evaluation of UGSs
2.3. BMI Measure
2.4. Analytic Strategy
3. Results
3.1. Demographics and GE Status
3.2. Associations between Characteristics of UGSs and Adolescents’ Frequency and Duration of GE
3.3. Associations between Characteristics of UGSs and Adolescents’ Self-Reported General Health and BMI
3.4. Stratified Analyses of Gender Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Overall | Boys (55.2%) | Girls (44.8%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of GE | Seldom or never: | 15.4% | 17.0% | 13.4% |
1–2 times a month: | 31.5% | 32.2% | 33.1% | |
Weekly: | 20.8% | 20.3% | 21.5% | |
Several times per week: | 22.7% | 24.0% | 20.9% | |
Daily: | 9.6% | 8.5% | 11.0% | |
Duration of GE | Less than 15 min: | 15.6% | 15.6% | 15.7% |
15–30 min: | 24.0% | 23.6% | 24.4% | |
30 min–1 h: | 31.3% | 26.9% | 36.6% | |
1–2 h: | 21.1% | 22.6% | 19.2% | |
More than 2 h: | 8.1% | 11.3% | 4.1% | |
Screen Time | Less than 30 min: | 14.3% | 12.7% | 16.3% |
30 min–1 h: | 17.4% | 12.7% | 23.3% | |
1–2 h: | 21.4% | 20.3% | 22.7% | |
2–3 h: | 20.8% | 20.3% | 21.5% | |
3–4 h: | 12.0% | 15.6% | 7.6% | |
More than 4 h: | 14.1% | 18.4% | 8.7% |
Variables | Frequency of GE | Duration of GE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | b | SE | |
Gender (boys) | −0.054 | 0.131 | 0.216 * | 0.126 |
Age | 0.101 | 0.057 | 0.056 | 0.055 |
Education | −0.582 ** | 0.209 | −0.112 | 0.201 |
Income | 0.038 | 0.044 | 0.117 ** | 0.043 |
Body mass index (BMI) | −0.018 | 0.021 | −0.038 * | 0.020 |
Screen time | −0.028 | 0.040 | −0.012 | 0.039 |
UGSs distance | −0.117 ** | 0.037 | −0.004 | 0.035 |
Many trees | 0.975 * | 0.532 | 0.339 | 0.512 |
Lawns | 1.096 * | 0.582 | −0.335 | 0.560 |
Lights | −1.013 | 0.678 | −0.233 | 0.653 |
Exercise trails | 0.191 | 0.155 | 0.097 | 0.149 |
Play equipment | 1.609 * | 0.926 | 0.550 | 0.891 |
Soccer field and basketball court | 0.293 * | 0.157 | 0.183 | 0.151 |
Varied plants and animal life | −0.024 | 0.105 | 0.017 | 0.101 |
Open areas | −0.529 | 0.620 | 0.201 | 0.596 |
Flowerbeds | −0.083 | 0.328 | 0.097 | 0.316 |
Outdoor fitness equipment | −0.045 | 0.149 | 0.135 | 0.143 |
Many benches/seating | 0.194 | 0.275 | −0.002 | 0.264 |
Picnic areas | 0.085 | 0.209 | −0.137 | 0.201 |
R2 | 0.108 ** | 0.063 * |
Variables | General Health | BMI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | b | SE | |
Gender (boys) | 0.162 | 0.111 | 1.022 *** | 0.318 |
Age | −0.073 | 0.049 | 0.168 | 0.140 |
Education | 0.447 * | 0.178 | 0.940 * | 0.513 |
Income | 0.025 | 0.038 | 0.017 | 0.110 |
Screen time | −0.037 | 0.034 | −0.050 | 0.098 |
Park distance | −0.015 | 0.032 | 0.112 | 0.091 |
Frequency of GE | −0.053 | 0.049 | −0.010 | 0.141 |
Duration of GE | 0.161 ** | 0.051 | −0.238 | 0.146 |
Many trees | −0.689 | 0.452 | −2.208 * | 1.300 |
Lawns | 0.824 * | 0.495 | −2.102 ** | 1.425 |
Lights | 1.075 | 0.575 | 2.981 | 1.655 |
Exercise trails | 0.319 * | 0.132 | −0.569 ** | 0.379 |
Play equipment | 1.324 | 0.786 | −3.870 | 2.262 |
Soccer field and basketball court | −0.047 | 0.134 | −0.171 | 0.386 |
Varied plants and animal life | 0.008 | 0.089 | 0.342 | 0.255 |
Open areas | 0.333 | 0.521 | −4.099 | 1.501 |
Flowerbeds | 0.088 | 0.276 | 2.138 | 0.795 |
Outdoor fitness equipment | −0.026 | 0.125 | −1.021 ** | 0.361 |
Many benches/seating | −0.145 | 0.231 | 1.744 ** | 0.666 |
Picnic areas | −0.153 | 0.175 | 1.599 ** | 0.504 |
R2 | 0.077 ** | 0.118 *** |
Variables | Boys | Girls | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of GE | Duration of GE | Frequency of GE | Duration of GE | |||||
b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | |
Age | 0.132 * | 0.075 | 0.080 | 0.076 | 0.055 | 0.092 | 0.013 | 0.083 |
Education | −0.544 * | 0.285 | −0.250 | 0.287 | −0.633 ** | 0.321 | 0.067 | 0.289 |
Income | 0.025 | 0.055 | 0.111 ** | 0.055 | 0.034 | 0.084 | 0.124 * | 0.076 |
BMI | −0.043 * | 0.032 | −0.041 | 0.033 | −0.002 | 0.029 | −0.033 | 0.026 |
Screen time | −0.090 * | 0.053 | −0.029 | 0.053 | 0.053 | 0.065 | 0.013 | 0.059 |
Park distance | −0.099 | 0.051 | 0.025 | 0.051 | −0.159 *** | 0.055 | −0.060 | 0.050 |
Many trees | 0.766 | 0.690 | 0.420 | 0.695 | 1.413 | 0.868 | 0.304 | 0.782 |
Lawns | −0.987 | 0.769 | −0.450 | 0.775 | −1.356 | 0.932 | −0.308 | 0.839 |
Lights | −1.052 | 0.901 | −0.466 | 0.909 | −1.061 | 1.078 | −0.091 | 0.971 |
Exercise trails | 0.250 | 0.213 | 0.209 | 0.215 | 0.130 | 0.237 | −0.008 | 0.213 |
Play equipment | 1.622 | 1.223 | 0.968 | 1.233 | 1.760 | 1.480 | 0.172 | 1.332 |
Soccer fields and basketball courts | 0.150 | 0.206 | 0.160 | 0.208 | 0.516 ** | 0.253 | 0.212 | 0.228 |
Varied plants and animal life | −0.111 | 0.136 | −0.069 | 0.137 | 0.116 | 0.170 | 0.124 | 0.153 |
Open areas | −0.574 | 0.805 | −0.003 | 0.812 | −0.588 | 1.010 | 0.455 | 0.909 |
Flowerbeds | −0.150 | 0.428 | −0.082 | 0.431 | −0.043 | 0.533 | 0.353 | 0.480 |
Outdoor fitness equipment | −0.068 | 0.199 | 0.107 | 0.201 | −0.041 | 0.235 | 0.184 | 0.211 |
Many benches/seating | 0.282 | 0.362 | 0.204 | 0.365 | 0.128 | 0.440 | −0.286 | 0.396 |
Picnic areas | 0.120 | 0.274 | −0.067 | 0.276 | 0.089 | 0.337 | −0.223 | 0.304 |
R2 | 0.082 | 0.079 | 0.103 * | 0.055 |
Variables | Boys | Girls | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Health | BMI | General Health | BMI | |||||
b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | |
Age | −0.121 * | 0.066 | 214 | 0.165 | −0.008 | 0.077 | 0.172 | 0.248 |
Education | 0.516 ** | 0.249 | 0.860 | 0.624 | 0.295 | 0.270 | 1.111 | 0.874 |
Income | 0.020 | 0.048 | −0.165 | 0.120 | 0.040 | 0.070 | 0.317 | 0.227 |
Screen time | −0.036 | 0.046 | −0.202 * | 0.115 | −0.026 | 0.054 | 0.174 | 0.176 |
Park distance | 0.017 | 0.045 | −0.021 | 0.113 | −0.053 | 0.047 | 0.226 | 0.152 |
Frequency of GE | −0.053 | 0.072 | −0.143 | 0.181 | −0.063 | 0.069 | 0.078 | 0.225 |
Duration of GE | 0.173 ** | 0.071 | −0.115 | 0.179 | 0.132 * | 0.077 | −0.323 | 0.249 |
Many trees | −0.530 | 0.601 | −0.094 | 1.510 | −0.945 | 0.715 | −3.671 ** | 1.319 |
Lawns | 0.560 | 0.671 | −0.050 | 1.684 | 1.229 | 0.768 | −3.661 ** | 1.490 |
Lights | 0.620 | 0.786 | 0.440 | 1.974 | 1.738 * | 0.883 | 4.140 | 2.864 |
Exercise trails | −0.229 | 0.186 | −0.084 | 0.466 | 0.453 ** | 0.195 | −1.316 ** | 0.631 |
Play equipment | −0.777 | 1.067 | −0.238 | 2.680 | 2.149 ** | 1.214 | −3.697 ** | 0.936 |
Soccer field and basketball court | −0.076 | 0.179 | 0.080 | 0.451 | −0.040 | 0.212 | −0.840 | 0.689 |
Varied plants and animal life | −0.119 | 0.118 | 0.150 | 0.297 | 0.189 | 0.141 | 0.680 | 0.458 |
Open areas | −0.256 | 0.700 | 1.179 | 10.758 | 1.130 | 0.817 | −2.529 *** | 2.648 |
Flowerbeds | −0.220 | 0.371 | 0.858 | 0.932 | 0.514 | 0.433 | −1.139 *** | 1.404 |
Outdoor fitness equipment | −0.178 | 0.173 | 0.317 | 0.435 | 0.165 | 0.190 | −0.987 *** | 0.616 |
Many benches/seating | 0.106 | 0.315 | −0.513 | 0.790 | −0.496 | 0.357 | −3.529 | 1.156 |
Picnic areas | 0.055 | 0.238 | −0.541 | 0.598 | −0.420 | 0.271 | −3.111 | 0.879 |
R2 | 0.082 | 0.100 * | 0.096 * | 0.138 ** |
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Akpınar, A. Green Exercise: How Are Characteristics of Urban Green Spaces Associated with Adolescents’ Physical Activity and Health? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214281
Akpınar A. Green Exercise: How Are Characteristics of Urban Green Spaces Associated with Adolescents’ Physical Activity and Health? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214281
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkpınar, Abdullah. 2019. "Green Exercise: How Are Characteristics of Urban Green Spaces Associated with Adolescents’ Physical Activity and Health?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214281