Relative Deprivation, Poverty, and Mortality in Japanese Older Adults: A Six-Year Follow-Up of the JAGES Cohort Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Mortality Outcome
2.3. Relative Deprivation and Relative Poverty
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Model 2-a | Model 2-b | |
---|---|---|
HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | |
Relative poverty | ||
Non-poverty | ref. | ref. |
Poverty | 1.23† (0.99–1.54) | 1.22† (0.98–1.53) |
Relative deprivation c | ||
Non-deprivation | ref. | ref. |
1 + | 1.25 † (0.99–1.59) | |
1 | 1.14 (0.87–1.49) | |
2 | 1.62 † (0.97–2.69) | |
3 + | 1.82 * (1.10–3.01) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | |
Relative poverty | |||||
Non-poverty | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||
Poverty | 1.24 † (1.00–1.53) | 1.25 * (1.00–1.56) | 1.24 † (0.99–1.54) | 1.23 † (0.99–1.54) | |
Relative deprivation c | |||||
Non-deprivation | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||
1+ | 1.21 (0.94–1.57) | ||||
1 | 1.09 (0.81–1.47) | 1.09 (0.81–1.47) | |||
2+ | 1.67 * (1.10–2.53) | ||||
2 | 1.68 † (0.97–2.93) | ||||
3+ | 1.64 † (0.92–2.96) | ||||
Combination d | |||||
No dep. & pov. | ref. | ||||
Poverty only | 1.28 * (1.03–1.60) | ||||
Deprivation only | 1.98 † (1.00–3.97) | ||||
Pov. & dep. | 2.07 ** (1.26–3.39) |
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% | Mortality | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Category | Crude HR | (95%CI) | |
No television | No | 98.1 | ref. | |
Yes (+) | 1.9 | 1.83 * | (1.12–2.96) | |
No refrigerator | No | 98.9 | ref. | |
Yes (+) | 1.1 | 2.01 * | (1.11–3.65) | |
No air conditioner | No | 95.5 | ref. | |
Yes (+) | 4.5 | 1.51 * | (1.07–2.13) | |
No private bathroom | No | 93.2 | ref. | |
Yes (+) | 6.8 | 1.45 * | (1.08–1.96) | |
No ceremonial dress | No | 98.6 | ref. | |
Yes (+) | 1.4 | 1.84 * | (1.04–3.27) | |
Absence from family ceremonial occasions | No | 94.6 | ref. | |
Yes (+) | 5.4 | 1.65 ** | (1.21–2.26) | |
Cut-off of essential services in the past year | No | 98.9 | ref. | |
Yes (+) | 1.1 | 2.12 * | (1.17–3.85) | |
Relative deprivation index a | None | 84.7 | ref. | |
1+ | 15.3 | 1.53 *** | (1.24–1.90) | |
None | 84.7 | ref. | ||
1 | 12.0 | 1.38 * | (1.07–1.77) | |
2+ | 3.3 | 2.10 *** | (1.46–3.02) | |
None | 84.7 | ref. | ||
1 | 12.0 | 1.38 * | (1.07–1.77) | |
2 | 1.9 | 1.90 * | (1.16–3.14) | |
3+ | 1.5 | 2.36 ** | (1.41–3.95) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | |
Relative poverty | |||
Non-poverty | ref. | ref. | |
Poverty | 1.26 * (1.02–1.56) | 1.22 † (0.98–1.53) | |
Relative deprivation c | |||
Non-deprivation | ref. | ||
1 | 1.14 (0.87–1.49) | ||
2 + | 1.71 ** (1.18–2.48) | ||
Combination d | |||
No dep. & pov. | ref. | ||
Poverty only | 1.22 † (0.98–1.52) | ||
Deprivation only | 1.86 † (0.92–3.76) | ||
Pov. & dep. | 1.87 * (1.14–3.09) |
Mortality | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
% Exposed a | HR | PAR | ||
% b | n c | |||
Relative deprivation (1+) | 15.3 | 1.25 | 3.7 | 44,197 |
(2+) | 3.3 | 1.71 | 2.3 | 27,465 |
(3+) | 1.5 | 1.82 | 1.2 | 14,577 |
Relative poverty | 18.0 | 1.22 | 3.8 | 45,698 |
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Saito, M.; Kondo, N.; Oshio, T.; Tabuchi, T.; Kondo, K. Relative Deprivation, Poverty, and Mortality in Japanese Older Adults: A Six-Year Follow-Up of the JAGES Cohort Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020182
Saito M, Kondo N, Oshio T, Tabuchi T, Kondo K. Relative Deprivation, Poverty, and Mortality in Japanese Older Adults: A Six-Year Follow-Up of the JAGES Cohort Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(2):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020182
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaito, Masashige, Naoki Kondo, Takashi Oshio, Takahiro Tabuchi, and Katsunori Kondo. 2019. "Relative Deprivation, Poverty, and Mortality in Japanese Older Adults: A Six-Year Follow-Up of the JAGES Cohort Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020182