Impact of Carers’ Smoking Status on Childhood Obesity in the Growing up in Ireland Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection Procedures
2.3. Outcome Measures: Childhood Obesity
2.4. Exposure: Carers’ Smoking Status
2.5. Potential Confounders
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overview of Infant and Carers’ Characteristics and Smoking Status
3.2. Obesity Estimates in Children at Age Three (Wave 2) and at Age Five (Wave 3)
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Future Recommendations and Policy Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Primary Carers’ Smoking | Wave 2 (9793) | Wave 3 (9001) |
---|---|---|
Yes | 2558 (26.4%) | 2069 (23.4%) |
No | 7149 (73.6%) | 6784 (76.6%) |
Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity | ||
---|---|---|
Wave 2 | Wave 3 | |
Normal | 7267 (65.3%) | 7066 (79.7%) |
Overweight | 1752 (15.7%) | 1353 (15.3%) |
Obese | 514 (4.6%) | 445 (5.0%) |
Carers’ Smoking at Three Years | Risk of Overweight or Obesity at Three Years | ||
OR (95%CI) | 95% CI | p | |
Primary Carer Smoking | 1.47 | 1.23, 1.76 | 0.00 |
Carers’ Smoking at Five Years | Risk of Overweight or Obesity at Five Years | ||
OR (95%CI) | 95% CI | p | |
Primary Carer Smoking | 1.48 | 1.22, 1.82 | 0.00 |
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Variables | Neither Carer Smoked | Only Primary Carer Smoked | Both Carer Smoked | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 6037 (%) a | n = 1339 (%) b | n = 1084 (%) c | |||
Prevalence | 60.5% | 13.4% | 10.9% | ||
Infant Characteristics | |||||
Gender | Boy | 3082 (51.1) | 691 (51.6) | 558 (51.5) | 0.973 |
Girl | 2955 (49.0) | 648 (48.4) | 526 (48.5) | ||
Birth weight | <2500 | 324 (5.4) | 95 (7.1) | 75 (6.9) | 0.011 |
≥2500 | 5713 (94.6) | 1244 (92.9) | 1009 (93.1) | ||
BMI | 18.3 (2.7) | 18.2 (2.70) | 18.1 ± 2.8 | ||
Breastfed | Yes No | 4033 (66.8) | 521 (38.9) | 537 (49.5) | <0.001 |
2002 (33.2) | 818 (61.1) | 547 (50.5) | |||
Primary Carers’ Characteristics | |||||
Mean Age (years) | 32 ± 5.0 | 28 ± 6.0 | 30 ± 5.5 | ||
BMI | Healthy | 3051 (52.9) | 614 (48.1) | 514 (49.1) | <0.001 |
Overweight | 1731 (30.0) | 360 (28.2) | 320 (30.6) | ||
Obese | 872 (15.1) | 236 (18.5) | 166 (15.9) | ||
Economic status | Pre-school | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
School/Education | 96 (1.6) | 37 (2.8) | 14 (1.3) | ||
At work/training | 3667 (60.7) | 569 (42.5) | 590 (54.4) | ||
Unemployed | 181 (3.0) | 97 (7.2) | 48 (4.4) | ||
Home duties | 2035 (33.7) | 619 (46.2) | 416 (38.4) | ||
Other | 56 (0.9) | 17 (1.3) | 13 (1.2) |
Primary Carers’ Smoking at Three Years | Risk of Overweight or Obesity at Three Years | ||
(yes/no) | OR | 95% CI | P |
Unadjusted Model | 1.37 | 1.24, 1.52 | 0.00 |
Adjusted Model * | 1.30 | 1.17, 1.46 | 0.00 |
Primary Carers’ Smoking at Five years | Risk of Overweight or Obesity at Five Years | ||
(yes/no) | OR | 95% CI | P |
Unadjusted Model | 1.36 | 1.21, 1.53 | 0.00 |
Adjusted Model ** | 1.31 | 1.16, 1.49 | 0.00 |
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Sunday, S.; Kabir, Z. Impact of Carers’ Smoking Status on Childhood Obesity in the Growing up in Ireland Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152759
Sunday S, Kabir Z. Impact of Carers’ Smoking Status on Childhood Obesity in the Growing up in Ireland Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(15):2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152759
Chicago/Turabian StyleSunday, Salome, and Zubair Kabir. 2019. "Impact of Carers’ Smoking Status on Childhood Obesity in the Growing up in Ireland Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152759