Medical Hydrogeology of Asian Deltas: Status of Groundwater Toxicants and Nutrients, and Implications for Human Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hydrogeology and Health
2.1. Hydrogeological Settings
2.2. Groundwater and Health Impact
3. Methods and Materials
3.1. Data
3.2. Data Treatment and Assumptions
3.3. Groundwater Nutrients and Health—Bangladesh Case Study
4. Results
4.1. Status of Macro-Minerals
4.2. Status of Micro-Minerals and Toxicants
4.3. Others
4.4. Potential Hydrogeologically Related Health Impacts (Bangladesh Case Study)
4.4.1. Drinking Water and Diet in Bangladesh
4.4.2. Possible Link between Mg and Low Birth-Weight and Diabetes
4.4.3. Possible Role of Ca in Bone Health, and Joint Role of Ca and Mg in Blood Pressure Regulation
4.4.4. Anaemia and the Tubewell Fe Content in Bangladesh
4.4.5. Spatial Distribution of As and Arsenicosis in Bangladesh
5. Discussion
5.1. Coexistence of Nutrients and Toxicants in Groundwater
5.2. Medical Hydrogeology: Controls on Groundwater Nutrients and Toxicants
5.3. Health Benefit in Resource Poor Settings and Food Frequency Questionnaire
6. Conclusions
- Drinking groundwater may supply substantial amounts of nutrients beneficial to human health, even though their adsorption by the body and overall health benefits are yet to be fully determined.
- In addition, groundwater may also contain toxicants and therefore coupling or decoupling the toxicity with other constituents present in the water needs to be studied in an holistic manner.
- An understanding of the association of non-communicable disease and poor nutrition cannot be developed, particularly in areas with high levels of dissolved solids in water sources, without considering the contribution of drinking water to nutrient and mineral supply.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hoque, M.A.; Butler, A.P. Medical Hydrogeology of Asian Deltas: Status of Groundwater Toxicants and Nutrients, and Implications for Human Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010081
Hoque MA, Butler AP. Medical Hydrogeology of Asian Deltas: Status of Groundwater Toxicants and Nutrients, and Implications for Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010081
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoque, Mohammad A., and Adrian P. Butler. 2016. "Medical Hydrogeology of Asian Deltas: Status of Groundwater Toxicants and Nutrients, and Implications for Human Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010081