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Article

Anti-Inflammatory and Antiplatelet Interactions on PAF and ADP Pathways of NSAIDs, Analgesic and Antihypertensive Drugs for Cardioprotection—In Vitro Assessment in Human Platelets

by
Makrina Katsanopoulou
1,
Zisis Zannas
1,
Anna Ofrydopoulou
1,
Chatzikamari Maria
2,
Xenophon Krokidis
2,
Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
3,4 and
Alexandros Tsoupras
1,*
1
Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala University Campus, St. Lucas, GR-65404 Kavala, Greece
2
Hematology and Internal Medicine Departments, General Hospital of Kavala, St. Silas, GR-65500 Kavala, Greece
3
Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
4
Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Medicina 2025, 61(8), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081413
Submission received: 17 June 2025 / Revised: 8 July 2025 / Accepted: 29 July 2025 / Published: 4 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
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Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, with pathophysiological mechanisms often involving platelet activation and chronic inflammation. While antiplatelet agents targeting adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-mediated pathways are well established in CVD management, less is known about drug interactions with the platelet-activating factor (PAF) pathway, a key mediator of inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of several commonly used cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory drug classes—including clopidogrel, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, and analgesics—on platelet function via both the ADP and PAF pathways. Using human platelet-rich plasma (hPRP) from healthy donors, we assessed platelet aggregation in response to these two agonists in the absence and presence of graded concentrations of each of these drugs or of their usually prescribed combinations. The study identified differential drug effects on platelet aggregation, with some agents showing pathway-specific activity. Clopidogrel and NSAIDs demonstrated expected antiplatelet effects, while some (not all) antihypertensives exhibited additional anti-inflammatory potential. These findings highlight the relevance of evaluating pharmacological activity beyond traditional targets, particularly in relation to PAF-mediated inflammation and thrombosis. This dual-pathway analysis may contribute to a broader understanding of drug mechanisms and inform the development of more comprehensive therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular, hypertension, and inflammation-driven diseases.
Keywords: cardiovascular disease; platelet aggregation; antiplatelet therapy; platelet-activating factor (PAF); adenosine diphosphate (ADP); clopidogrel; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); renin–angiotensin system inhibitors (RASIs); beta-blockers; inflammation cardiovascular disease; platelet aggregation; antiplatelet therapy; platelet-activating factor (PAF); adenosine diphosphate (ADP); clopidogrel; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); renin–angiotensin system inhibitors (RASIs); beta-blockers; inflammation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Katsanopoulou, M.; Zannas, Z.; Ofrydopoulou, A.; Maria, C.; Krokidis, X.; Lambropoulou, D.A.; Tsoupras, A. Anti-Inflammatory and Antiplatelet Interactions on PAF and ADP Pathways of NSAIDs, Analgesic and Antihypertensive Drugs for Cardioprotection—In Vitro Assessment in Human Platelets. Medicina 2025, 61, 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081413

AMA Style

Katsanopoulou M, Zannas Z, Ofrydopoulou A, Maria C, Krokidis X, Lambropoulou DA, Tsoupras A. Anti-Inflammatory and Antiplatelet Interactions on PAF and ADP Pathways of NSAIDs, Analgesic and Antihypertensive Drugs for Cardioprotection—In Vitro Assessment in Human Platelets. Medicina. 2025; 61(8):1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081413

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katsanopoulou, Makrina, Zisis Zannas, Anna Ofrydopoulou, Chatzikamari Maria, Xenophon Krokidis, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, and Alexandros Tsoupras. 2025. "Anti-Inflammatory and Antiplatelet Interactions on PAF and ADP Pathways of NSAIDs, Analgesic and Antihypertensive Drugs for Cardioprotection—In Vitro Assessment in Human Platelets" Medicina 61, no. 8: 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081413

APA Style

Katsanopoulou, M., Zannas, Z., Ofrydopoulou, A., Maria, C., Krokidis, X., Lambropoulou, D. A., & Tsoupras, A. (2025). Anti-Inflammatory and Antiplatelet Interactions on PAF and ADP Pathways of NSAIDs, Analgesic and Antihypertensive Drugs for Cardioprotection—In Vitro Assessment in Human Platelets. Medicina, 61(8), 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081413

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