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Volume 25
Issue 14
10.3390/s25144500
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Energy-Aware Duty Cycle Management for Solar-Powered IoT Devices

by
Michael Gerndt
1,*,
Mustafa Ispir
1,
Isaac Nunez
1 and
Shajulin Benedict
1,2
1
Chair of Computer Architecture and Parallel Systems, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Valavoor P.O., Kottayam District, Kottayam 686635, Kerala, India
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4500; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144500 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 17 June 2025 / Revised: 15 July 2025 / Accepted: 16 July 2025 / Published: 19 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Internet of Things)
Versions Notes

Abstract

IoT devices with sensors and actuators are frequently deployed in environments without access to the power grid. These devices are battery powered and might make use of energy harvesting if battery lifetime is too limited. This article focuses on automatically adapting the duty cycle frequency to the predicted available solar energy so that a continuous operation of IoT applications is guaranteed. The implementation is based on a low-cost solar control board that is integrated with the Serverless IoT Framework (SIF), which provides an event-based programming paradigm for microcontroller-based IoT devices. The paper presents a case study where the IoT device sleep time is pro-actively adapted to a predicted sequence of cloudy days to guarantee continuous operation.
Keywords: computing continuum; duty cycle; energy harvesting; internet of things; serverless computing continuum; duty cycle; energy harvesting; internet of things; serverless

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gerndt, M.; Ispir, M.; Nunez, I.; Benedict, S. Energy-Aware Duty Cycle Management for Solar-Powered IoT Devices. Sensors 2025, 25, 4500. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144500

AMA Style

Gerndt M, Ispir M, Nunez I, Benedict S. Energy-Aware Duty Cycle Management for Solar-Powered IoT Devices. Sensors. 2025; 25(14):4500. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144500

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerndt, Michael, Mustafa Ispir, Isaac Nunez, and Shajulin Benedict. 2025. "Energy-Aware Duty Cycle Management for Solar-Powered IoT Devices" Sensors 25, no. 14: 4500. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144500

APA Style

Gerndt, M., Ispir, M., Nunez, I., & Benedict, S. (2025). Energy-Aware Duty Cycle Management for Solar-Powered IoT Devices. Sensors, 25(14), 4500. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144500

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