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Article

Feeding for Well-Being: Porcine Blood Hydrolysate Supplementation Improves Metabolic and Welfare-Related Traits in Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)

by
Cristina Moreno-Mariscal
1,
Paul Holhorea
2,
Federico Moroni
2,*,
Leticia Mora
1,*,
Fidel Toldrá
1 and
Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
2
1
Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
2
Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10725; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110725
Submission received: 11 September 2025 / Revised: 29 October 2025 / Accepted: 31 October 2025 / Published: 4 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition, Biochemical Pathways, and Physiological Adaptations)
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Abstract

The revalorization of animal by-products, such as porcine blood, is a key strategy for sustainable aquaculture and circular economy practices. This study aimed to fill the existing knowledge gap on the effects of spray-dried porcine blood hydrolysate (PBSH), assessing its potential as a functional feed ingredient for gilthead sea bream. Two practical diets were formulated: a control diet containing 5% blood meal, and a PBSH diet including 5% PBSH previously characterized in vitro. The results indicated that the PBSH diet promoted lower hepatosomatic index, a down-regulation of key hepatic lipogenic enzymes (scd1b, hl, lpl), and a better stress condition with lower circulating levels of glucose and cortisol and a reduction in aggressive attacks. Positive findings were also achieved in energy management, obtaining lower metabolic rates along with an enhanced swimming performance (20% increase in the critical speed) and a quicker weigh recovery after a fasting period. The PBSH diet also shaped the intestinal bacterial composition, determining a redistribution of abundant genera including Aureimonas and Halomonas. Ultimately, this study demonstrated that PBSH would act as a functional ingredient capable of enhancing fish energy management and resilience in the face of stressful events, exhibiting a transient transcriptional modulation, yet persistent physiological and welfare benefits.
Keywords: enzymatic hydrolysis; functional feeds; stress metabolic markers; aggressive behavior; swimming performance; basal metabolism enzymatic hydrolysis; functional feeds; stress metabolic markers; aggressive behavior; swimming performance; basal metabolism

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MDPI and ACS Style

Moreno-Mariscal, C.; Holhorea, P.; Moroni, F.; Mora, L.; Toldrá, F.; Pérez-Sánchez, J. Feeding for Well-Being: Porcine Blood Hydrolysate Supplementation Improves Metabolic and Welfare-Related Traits in Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 10725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110725

AMA Style

Moreno-Mariscal C, Holhorea P, Moroni F, Mora L, Toldrá F, Pérez-Sánchez J. Feeding for Well-Being: Porcine Blood Hydrolysate Supplementation Improves Metabolic and Welfare-Related Traits in Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(21):10725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110725

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moreno-Mariscal, Cristina, Paul Holhorea, Federico Moroni, Leticia Mora, Fidel Toldrá, and Jaume Pérez-Sánchez. 2025. "Feeding for Well-Being: Porcine Blood Hydrolysate Supplementation Improves Metabolic and Welfare-Related Traits in Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 21: 10725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110725

APA Style

Moreno-Mariscal, C., Holhorea, P., Moroni, F., Mora, L., Toldrá, F., & Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2025). Feeding for Well-Being: Porcine Blood Hydrolysate Supplementation Improves Metabolic and Welfare-Related Traits in Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(21), 10725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110725

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