Molecular Mechanisms of Sex-Related Differences in Arthritis and Associated Pain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Clinical Evidence of Sex-Related Differences in Pain
2.1. Gender vs. Sex
2.2. Sex-Related Differences in Clinical Pain Perception
2.3. Molecular Mediators of Sex-Related Differences in Arthritis
2.4. Molecular Mediators of Sex-Related Differences in Arthritis Pain
3. Animal Study Evidence of Sex-Related Differences in Pain
3.1. Molecular Mechanism of Sex-Related Differences in Animal Pain Behavior
3.2. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex-Related Differences in Animal Models of Arthritis
3.3. Molecular Mechanism of Sex-Related Differences in Animal Models of Arthritis Pain
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Disease | Sex Difference in Joint Pathology | Sex Difference in Pain | Presumptive Molecular Mediators | References |
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|
|
| [15,16,17,21,35] |
OA |
|
|
| [40,44,45,54] |
Type of Pain/Type of Disease | Animal Species | Model (Trigger) | Pain Assay/Measurement | Findings | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inflammatory pain | Male and female Rat, Wistar | Formalin |
|
| [56] |
Neuropathic pain | Male and female mice | SNI |
|
| [59] |
Neuropathic pain | Male and female rats, Sprague Dawley | CCI or SNI |
|
| [60] |
Inflammatory and neuropathic pain | Male and female Mice (CD-1) or Rats (Sprague Dawley) |
|
|
| [61] |
Neuropathic pain | Male and female mice, CD-1 | LPS |
|
| [64] |
Neuropathic pain | Male and female mice, C57BL/6 | CCI |
|
| [66] |
Neuropathic pain | Male and female rats, Sprague Dawley | CCI |
|
| [67] |
Inflammatory pain | Male and female Rat, Wistar | Carageenan |
|
| [73] |
Inflammatory pain | Male and female Mice, CD-1 | Formalin |
|
| [74] |
Type of Pain/Type of Disease | Animal Species | Model (Trigger) | Pain Assay/Measurement | Findings | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA | Male and female mice, DBA/1 | CIA (CII) |
|
| [81] |
RA | Female mice, DBA/1 | CIA |
|
| [82] |
RA | Male and female rats, DA | CIA (CII/adjuvant) |
|
| [83] |
RA | Male and female mice, | CAIA (Anti-CII Ab + LPS) |
|
| [84] |
RA | Male and female mice, | CFA |
|
| [85] |
RA | Male and female mice, C57BL/6 and TLR4 null | K/BxN |
|
| [90] |
RA | Male and female mice, C57BL/6, Balb/c, and CBA | CAIA (Anti-CII Ab + LPS) |
|
| [91] |
OA | Male and female mice, 129S6/SvEv | DMM (surgical) |
|
| [87] |
OA | Male and female mice, IL-6−/− null | Spontaneous |
|
| [88] |
OA | Male and female mice, Novdel3 null | Spontaneous |
|
| [89] |
OA | Male and female mice, C57BL/6 and | MMT (Surgical) |
|
| [93] |
OA | Male and female rats, Fischer 344 | MIA (Chemical) |
|
| [94] |
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Kim, J.-R.; Kim, H.A. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex-Related Differences in Arthritis and Associated Pain. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217938
Kim J-R, Kim HA. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex-Related Differences in Arthritis and Associated Pain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217938
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Ju-Ryoung, and Hyun Ah Kim. 2020. "Molecular Mechanisms of Sex-Related Differences in Arthritis and Associated Pain" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217938