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Volume 30
Issue 22
10.3390/molecules30224353
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Influence of Zeolite-A Doping and Solvent Mixing Ratio for Electrospun PVDF-Based Membrane

by
Ionut Procop
1,
Viorica Mușat
1,*,
Elena Maria Anghel
2,*,
Nicolae Țigău
3,
Felicia Stan
4,
Irina Atkinson
2,
Daniela Cristina Culiƫă
2,
Alina Cantaragiu Ceoromila
5,
Emanuela Elena Herbei
1,
Radu-Robert Piticescu
6,
Gabriela Ioniţă
6 and
Alexandru Petrică
1
1
Department of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Centre of Nanostructures and Functional Materials, Faculty of Engineering, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 111 Domnească Str., 800201 Galati, Romania
2
Institute of Physical Chemistry-Ilie Murgulescu of the Romanian Academy, 202 Spl. Independenței 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
3
Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 111 Domnească Str., 800201 Galaţi, Romania
4
Center of Excellence Polymer Processing, Faculty of Engineering, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 111 Domnească Str., 800201 Galaţi, Romania
5
Cross-Border Faculty, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 111 Domnească Str., 800201 Galaţi, Romania
6
National R&D Institute for Non-Ferrous and Rare Metals, 178-184 Biruinței, Pantelimon, 077145 Ilfov, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4353; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224353
Submission received: 30 September 2025 / Revised: 3 November 2025 / Accepted: 7 November 2025 / Published: 10 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanomaterials for Pollution Control and Environmental Remediation)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The current study evaluates the characteristics of electrospun PVDF-based membranes doped with zeolite-A in terms of their structural, morphological, thermal, mechanical, hydrophobic, optoelectrical, and adsorption properties. The effects of the DMF–acetone ratio on solvent and zeolite-doping concentration have been evaluated using SEM-EDX, BET, Raman, XRD, DSC-TGA, UV-VIS spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and mechanical testing. The membranes prepared with solvents low in acetone and increased zeolite content exhibited a higher crystallinity degree exceeding 50%. Zeolite-enriched membranes have a slightly higher content in the α crystalline phase of PVDF when compared to zeolite-free membranes. Electrospinning processing decreased the sample’s subcooling, improving its thermal stability. Zeolite-doping reduced the band gap energy to 1.3 eV from a maximum of 2.7 eV in PVDF membranes. Membranes doped with 3 or 4 wt.% zeolite exhibit improved load-elongation values at break, reaching up to 4.2 N and 47 mm, respectively, and increased flexibility due to their porous structures and the ratio of crystalline to amorphous phases. The membranes adsorbed an MB equilibrium quantity up to 18.5 mg/g and obeyed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model within the first 24 h. Thus, the synergistic effect of zeolite content and solvent ratio can effectively adjust the sample’s structure, texture, and properties.
Keywords: fibers; mechanical properties; zeolite-A; electrospun membranes; adsorption fibers; mechanical properties; zeolite-A; electrospun membranes; adsorption

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MDPI and ACS Style

Procop, I.; Mușat, V.; Anghel, E.M.; Țigău, N.; Stan, F.; Atkinson, I.; Culiƫă, D.C.; Ceoromila, A.C.; Herbei, E.E.; Piticescu, R.-R.; et al. Influence of Zeolite-A Doping and Solvent Mixing Ratio for Electrospun PVDF-Based Membrane. Molecules 2025, 30, 4353. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224353

AMA Style

Procop I, Mușat V, Anghel EM, Țigău N, Stan F, Atkinson I, Culiƫă DC, Ceoromila AC, Herbei EE, Piticescu R-R, et al. Influence of Zeolite-A Doping and Solvent Mixing Ratio for Electrospun PVDF-Based Membrane. Molecules. 2025; 30(22):4353. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224353

Chicago/Turabian Style

Procop, Ionut, Viorica Mușat, Elena Maria Anghel, Nicolae Țigău, Felicia Stan, Irina Atkinson, Daniela Cristina Culiƫă, Alina Cantaragiu Ceoromila, Emanuela Elena Herbei, Radu-Robert Piticescu, and et al. 2025. "Influence of Zeolite-A Doping and Solvent Mixing Ratio for Electrospun PVDF-Based Membrane" Molecules 30, no. 22: 4353. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224353

APA Style

Procop, I., Mușat, V., Anghel, E. M., Țigău, N., Stan, F., Atkinson, I., Culiƫă, D. C., Ceoromila, A. C., Herbei, E. E., Piticescu, R.-R., Ioniţă, G., & Petrică, A. (2025). Influence of Zeolite-A Doping and Solvent Mixing Ratio for Electrospun PVDF-Based Membrane. Molecules, 30(22), 4353. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224353

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