Control of Erigeron bonariensis with Thymbra capitata, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Santolina chamaecyparissus Essential Oils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Pre-Emergence Treatments
2.2. Post-Emergence Treatments
2.3. Essential Oils Composition
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Erigeron Bonariensis L. Seeds
3.2. Essential Oils (EOs)
3.3. Gas Chromatography (GC)
3.4. Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)
3.5. Greenhouse Conditions
3.6. Pot Preparation
3.7. Pre-Emergence Herbicidal Tests
3.8. Post-Emergence Herbicidal Test
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the essential oils tested are available from the authors. |
G (%) | MT (days) | CVt (%) | MR (days−1) | U (bit) | Z | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DF | Mean ± st.dev. | DF | Mean ± st.dev. | DF | Mean ± st.dev. | DF | Mean ± st.dev. | DF | Mean ± st.dev. | DF | Mean ± st.dev. | ||||||||
Treatment (T) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | |||||||||||||
Water (C1) | 28.00 ± 21.50 | B | 13.23 ± 9.07 | C | 42.10 ± 35.75 | B | 0.1033 ± 0.0527 | AB | 0.28 ± 0.46 | AB | 0.00 ± 0.00 | ||||||||
Water + Fitoil (C2) | 54.00 ± 18.97 | A | 9.96 ± 2.82 | B | 135.50 ± 16.24 | A | 0.1097 ± 0.0387 | A | 0.56 ± 0.49 | A | 0.50 ± 0.41 | ||||||||
E. camaldulensis | 8.00 ± 13.49 | CD | 27.78 ± 12.28 | A | 149.73 ± 13.17 | A | 0.0474 ± 0.0309 | B | 0.07 ± 0.25 | B | 0.33 ± 0.58 | ||||||||
M. piperita | 14.67 ± 16.55 | BC | 19.32 ± 10.14 | A | 139.95 ± 5.01 | A | 0.0662 ± 0.0307 | AB | 0.09 ± 0.34 | B | 0.60 ± 0.55 | ||||||||
S. chamaecyparissus | 9.33 ± 15.52 | CD | 21.67 ± 12.62 | A | 142.24 ± 1.42 | A | 0.0767 ± 0.0713 | AB | 0.05 ± 0.29 | B | 0.67 ± 0.58 | ||||||||
T. capitata | 0.67 ± 3.65 | D | 30.00 ± 00.00 | A | 0.0333 ± 0.0000 | AB | 0.00 ± 0.00 | B | |||||||||||
F(5,126) = 27.82 *** | F(5,43) = 8.46 *** | F(5,18) = 22.62 *** | F(5,42) = 3.53 ** | F(5,126) = 6.80 *** | F(4,18) = 1.49 n.s. | ||||||||||||||
Dose (D) within treatment (T) | 8 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 1 | |||||||||||||
E. camaldulensis | 2 µL | 18.00 ± 17.51 | 23.33 ± 12.52 | 149.73 a ± 13.17 | 0.0573 ± 0.0343 | 0.20 ± 0.42 | 0.33 ± 0.58 | ||||||||||||
4 µL | 6.00 a ± 9.66 | 36.67 a ± 5.77 | 0.0278 a ± 0.0048 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |||||||||||||||
8 µL | 0.00 a ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |||||||||||||||||
M. piperita | 2 µL | 32.00 ± 13.98 | 12.92 ± 5.26 | 139.95 ± 5.01 | 0.0851 ± 0.0219 | 0.26 ± 0.56 | 0.60 ± 0.55 | ||||||||||||
4 µL | 10.00 a ± 10.54 | 28.00 a ± 4.47 | 0.0367 a ± 0.0075 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |||||||||||||||
8 µL | 2.00 a ± 6.32 | 40.00 a ± 0.00 | 0.0250 ± 0.0000 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |||||||||||||||
S. chamaecyparissus | 2 µL | 18.00 ± 19.89 | 20.28 ± 12.54 | 142.65 a ± 1.73 | 0.0770 ± 0.0709 | 0.16 ± 0.50 | 0.50 ± 0.71 | ||||||||||||
4 µL | 6.00 a ± 9.66 | 18.33 ± 11.55 | 0.0933 ± 0.0924 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |||||||||||||||
8 µL | 4.00 a ± 12.65 | 40.00 ± 0.00 | 141.42 ± 0.00 | 0.0250 ± 0.0000 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | |||||||||||||
T. capitata | 2 µL | 2.00 a ± 6.32 | 30.00 ± 0.00 | 0.0333 ± 0.0000 | 0.00 a ± 0.00 | ||||||||||||||
4 µL | 0.00 a ± 0.00 | 0.00 a ± 0.00 | |||||||||||||||||
8 µL | 0.00 a ± 0.00 | 0.00 a ± 0.00 | |||||||||||||||||
F(8,126) = 7.33 *** | F(5,43) = 5.83 *** | F(1,18) < 1 n.s. | F(5,42) = 1.55 n.s. | F(8,126) = 1.29 n.s. | F(1,18) < 1 n.s. | ||||||||||||||
Error | 126 | 43 | 18 | 42 | 126 | 18 | |||||||||||||
Total | 139 | 53 | 23 | 52 | 139 | 23 |
Phytotoxicity | |||
---|---|---|---|
Source | DF | Mean ± st. dev. | |
Method of application (M) | 1 | ||
Watering | 11.85 ± 47.38 | ||
Spraying | 15.81 ± 46.41 | ||
F (1, 2148) = 4.73 * | |||
day (d) | 6 | ||
1 | 2.59 ± 21.07 | ||
5 | 4.33 ± 22.52 | ||
10 | 17.87 ± 51.99 | ||
15 | 20.08 ± 52.26 | ||
20 | 16.76 ± 53.92 | ||
25 | 16.56 ± 54.66 | ||
30 | 18.62 ± 53.54 | ||
F (6, 2148) = 9.33 *** | |||
Treatment (T) | 5 | ||
Water (C1) | −16.28 ± 25.75 | ||
Water + Fitoil (C2) | −18.66 ± 26.76 | ||
E. camaldulensis | 17.42 ± 45.48 | ||
M. piperita | 21.67 ± 42.36 | ||
S. chamaecyparissus | 1.08 ± 33.84 | ||
T. capitata | 56.9 ± 49.34 | ||
F (5, 2148) = 271.91 *** | |||
Dose within treatment (T) | 8 | F (8, 2148) = 61.2 *** | |
M*d | 6 | F (6, 2148) < 1 n.s. | |
M*T | 5 | F (5, 2148) = 48.87 *** | |
d*T | 30 | F (30, 2148) = 9.19 *** | |
M*d*T | 30 | F (30, 2148) = 2.38 *** | |
Error | 2148 | ||
Total | 2239 |
Component | KI. | TC | MP | EC | SC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 22.54 | 1.95 | 22.27 | 9.30 | |
Santolina triene | 908 | - | - | - | 0.13 |
α-Thujene | 930 | 0.89 | 0.01 | 0.43 | - |
α-Pinene | 938 | 0.74 | 0.28 | - | 0.85 |
Thuja-2,4(10)-diene | 947 | - | - | 0.10 | - |
Camphene | 951 | - | - | - | 0.28 |
Sabinene | 975 | - | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.17 |
β-Pinene | 978 | 0.29 | 0.43 | - | 3.98 |
Myrcene | 991 | 1.95 | 0.01 | 0.08 | - |
α-Phellandrene | 1004 | 0.16 | - | 0.11 | - |
γ-Terpinene | 1016 | 7.77 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 1.18 |
α-Terpinene | 1016 | 1.61 | - | - | 0.69 |
p-Cymene | 1025 | 8.93 | 0.18 | 20.36 | 2.01 |
Limonene | 1029 | 0.20 | 0.73 | 0.87 | - |
(Z)-β-Ocimene | 1040 | - | 0.03 | - | - |
iso-Terpinolene | 1087 | - | 0.02 | - | - |
p-Cymenene | 1090 | - | - | 0.11 | - |
Oxygenated monoterpens | 73.98 | 95.35 | 33.76 | 39.32 | |
1,8-Cineole | 1031 | 0.11 | 4.31 | 2.31 | 17.50 |
trans-Pinocarveol | 1037 | - | - | - | 0.17 |
Artemisia ketone | 1062 | - | - | - | 4.63 |
(Z)-Sabinene hydrate | 1070 | - | 0.76 | - | - |
Linalool | 1097 | 0.77 | 0.09 | - | 0.42 |
trans-Thujone | 1117 | - | - | 0.19 | - |
Camphor | 1142 | - | - | - | 4.03 |
Menthone | 1154 | - | 20.52 | - | - |
(E)-Pinocamphone | 1159 | - | - | - | 0.18 |
(Z)-Chrysanthemol | 1162 | - | - | - | 3.80 |
Menthofuran | 1163 | - | 5.21 | - | - |
neo-Menthol | 1165 | - | 3.12 | - | - |
Borneol | 1168 | 0.16 | - | - | 1.11 |
(Z)-Pinocamphone | 1172 | - | - | - | 2.03 |
Menthol | 1175 | - | 51.81 | - | - |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1177 | 0.37 | 0.67 | 2.89 | 2.69 |
iso-menthol | 1182 | - | 0.60 | - | - |
Neoisomenthol | 1187 | - | 0.08 | - | - |
α-Terpineol | 1188 | - | 0.17 | 0.93 | 0.21 |
Myrtenal | 1192 | - | - | - | 1.31 |
Myrtenol | 1193 | - | - | - | 1.07 |
Cryptone | 1196 | - | - | 17.00 | - |
Verbenone | 1198 | - | - | - | 0.16 |
m-Cumenol | 1230 | - | - | 0.46 | - |
Pulegone | 1236 | - | 0.83 | - | - |
Cumin aldehyde | 1245 | - | 4.15 | - | |
Carvotanacetone | 1250 | - | - | 0.33 | - |
Piperitone | 1251 | - | 0.32 | - | - |
neo-Menthyl acetate | 1273 | - | 0.16 | - | - |
p-Menth-1-en-7-al | 1279 | - | - | 2.85 | - |
Menthyl acetate | 1291 | - | 6.56 | - | - |
Thymol | 1292 | 0.27 | - | 1.14 | - |
Carvacrol | 1300 | 72.30 | - | 1.51 | - |
iso-Menthyl acetate | 1303 | - | 0.16 | - | - |
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 3.14 | 2.22 | 0.19 | 21.78 | |
α-Ylangene | 1373 | - | - | - | 0.08 |
α-Bourbonene | 1381 | - | 0.17 | - | - |
β-Caryophyllene | 1415 | 3.14 | 1.47 | - | 0.39 |
β-Farnesene | 1454 | - | 0.02 | - | - |
allo-Aromadendrene | 1457 | - | - | 0.19 | 4.23 |
trans-Cadina-1(6),4-diene | 1473 | 0.36 | |||
Germacrene-D | 1477 | - | 0.42 | - | 12.60 |
β-Selinene | 1491 | - | 0.13 | - | - |
Elixene | 1492 | - | - | - | 2.80 |
γ-Cadinene | 1509 | - | - | - | 0.32 |
δ-Cadinene | 1519 | - | - | - | 1.00 |
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 0.14 | 0.00 | 34.47 | 15.64 | |
Bornyl acetate | 1283 | - | - | - | 0.08 |
Spathulenol | 1477 | - | - | 31.29 | 1.42 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1577 | 0.14 | - | - | 0.19 |
Viridiflorol | 1587 | - | - | 0.54 | 13.56 |
β-Oplopenone | 1602 | - | - | - | 0.16 |
Spathulenol isomer | 1616 | - | - | 1.29 | - |
iso-spathulenol | 1640 | - | - | 1.35 | - |
α-Cadinol | 1649 | - | - | - | 0.23 |
Others | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 12.91 | |
1-Butanol, 2-methyl-, propanoate | 973 | - | - | - | 0.20 |
1-Octen-3-ol | 980 | - | 0.02 | - | - |
3-Octanol | 995 | - | 0.07 | - | - |
iso-Amyl 2-methyl butyrate | 1101 | - | 0.02 | - | - |
n-Amyl isovalerate | 1106 | - | 0.04 | - | 0.48 |
8-methylene-3-oxatricyclo[5,2,0,0(2,4)]nonane | 1117 | - | - | - | 12.24 |
TOTAL IDENTIFIED (%) | 99.80 | 99.66 | 90.69 | 98.95 |
Month | Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (R.H.) % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Maximum | Minimum | Mean | Maximum | Minimum | |
May | 25.0 | 33.2 | 19.2 | 64.5 | 81.2 | 32.3 |
June | 27.9 | 36.3 | 20.1 | 61.4 | 82.1 | 24.8 |
July | 27.9 | 35.6 | 19.1 | 69.0 | 93.4 | 36.8 |
August | 28.4 | 36.5 | 22.3 | 68.4 | 86.7 | 42.8 |
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Verdeguer, M.; Castañeda, L.G.; Torres-Pagan, N.; Llorens-Molina, J.A.; Carrubba, A. Control of Erigeron bonariensis with Thymbra capitata, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Santolina chamaecyparissus Essential Oils. Molecules 2020, 25, 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030562
Verdeguer M, Castañeda LG, Torres-Pagan N, Llorens-Molina JA, Carrubba A. Control of Erigeron bonariensis with Thymbra capitata, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Santolina chamaecyparissus Essential Oils. Molecules. 2020; 25(3):562. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030562
Chicago/Turabian StyleVerdeguer, Mercedes, Luis Guillermo Castañeda, Natalia Torres-Pagan, Juan Antonio Llorens-Molina, and Alessandra Carrubba. 2020. "Control of Erigeron bonariensis with Thymbra capitata, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Santolina chamaecyparissus Essential Oils" Molecules 25, no. 3: 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030562