Co-Occurrence of Moniliformin and Regulated Fusarium Toxins in Maize and Wheat Grown in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Maize
2.2. Durum Wheat
2.3. Common Wheat
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Samples
3.2. Meteorological Data
3.3. Reagents and Standards
3.4. LC-MS/MS Analysis for Moniliformin Determination
3.5. Analysis for Fumonisin and Deoxynivalenol Determination
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of maize, durum and common wheat are available from the authors. |
MON | FBs | DON | |
---|---|---|---|
Field 1 (Castagnole, TO, Piedmont) | |||
Positives (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 408 ± 234 A,B | 1491 ± 815 A | 149 ± 180 a |
Median | 372 | 1180 | 103 |
Range | 93–751 | 780–3510 | 44–614 |
Field 2 (Chivasso, TO, Piedmont) | |||
Positives (%) | 78 | 33 | 44 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 71 ± 94 C | 121 ± 185 B | <LOD c |
Median | 35 | <LOD | <LOD |
Range | <LOD-307 | <LOD-420 | <LOD |
Field 3 (Bergamo, BG, Lombardy) | |||
Positives (%) | 100 | 100 | 78 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 2255 ± 1610 A | 2227 ± 157 A | 28.6 ± 70.3 b,c |
Median | 1953 | 2290 | <LOD |
Range | 592–4800 | 2000–2400 | <LOD-216 |
Field 4 (Fontanella, BG, Lombardy) | |||
Positives (%) | 89 | 100 | 78 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 592 ± 494 A,B | 3296 ± 3542 A | 42 ± 87 a,b,c |
Median | 543 | 2260 | <LOD |
Range | <LOD-1529 | 1000–12,600 | <LOD-273 |
Field 5 (S. Angelo Lod., LO, Lombardy) | |||
Positives (%) | 100 | 100 | 89 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 1231 ± 1550 A,B | 6803 ± 3327 A | 397 ± 780 a,b |
Median | 622 | 6610 | <LOD |
Range | 143–4811 | 2360–11,890 | <LOD-2080 |
Field 6 (Arquà Polesine, RO, Veneto) | |||
Positives (%) | 100 | 100 | 89 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 487 ± 545 B,C | 5492 ± 4850 A | 18 ± 26 b,c |
Median | 245 | 2930 | <LOD |
Range | 8–1613 | 30–11,800 | <LOD-83 |
Field 7 (S. Bellino, RO, Veneto) | |||
Positives (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 135 ± 98 B,C | 3383 ± 6797 A | 35 ± 89 b,c |
Median | 92 | 1100 | <LOD |
Range | 15–283 | 50–21,320 | <LOD-271 |
Field 8 (Pozzuolo, UD, Friuli VG) | |||
Positives (%) | 89 | 100 | 78 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 633 ± 853 B,C | 3547 ± 3474 A | <LOD b,c |
Median | 276 | 1540 | <LOD |
Range | <LOD-2593 | 25–9650 | <LOD-29 |
Field 9 (Mirandola, MO, Emilia-Romagna) | |||
Positives | 100 | 100 | 67 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 777 ± 680 A,B | 17,458 ± 18,880 A | <LOD b,c |
Median | 488 | 4981 | <LOD |
Range | 192–2190 | 323–43,297 | <LOD-38 |
MON | DON | |
---|---|---|
Field 1 (Rieti, RI, Latium) | ||
Positives (%) | 20 | 100 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 6.7 ± 4.6 B,C | 305 ± 155 A |
Median | <LOD | 297 |
Range | <LOD-18 | 123–498 |
Field 2 (Barbaruta, GR, Tuscany) | ||
Positives (%) | 80 | 100 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 519 ± 438 A | 222 ± 156 A,B |
Median | 423 | 224 |
Range | <LOD-1500 | 18–476 |
Field 3 (Montelibretti, ROME, Latium) | ||
Positives (%) | 50 | 100 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 83 ± 104 A,B,C | 83 ± 88 B,C,D |
Median | 44 | 49 |
Range | <LOD-291 | <LOD-291 |
Field 4 (Marciano, AR, Tuscany) | ||
Positives (%) | 40 | 90 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 14 ± 23 B,C | 160 ± 129 A,B,C |
Median | <LOD | 136 |
Range | <LOD-78 | <LOD-408 |
Field 5 (Viterbo, VT, Latium) | ||
Positives (%) | 70 | 90 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 23 ± 26 B,C | <LOD E |
Median | 8 | <LOD |
Range | <LOD-132 | <LOD-27 |
Field 6 (Tarquinia, VT, Latium) | ||
Positives (%) | 40 | 100 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 27 ± 41 B,C | 32 ± 33 C,D,E |
Median | <LOD | 22 |
Range | <LOD-132 | <LOD-101 |
Field 7 (Alberese, GR, Tuscany) | ||
Positives (%) | 60 | 90 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 196 ± 320 A,B | 38 ± 71 D,E |
Median | 12 | <LOD |
Range | <LOD-951 | <LOD-236 |
Field 8 (Libertinia, CT, Sicily) | ||
Positives (%) | 0 | 100 |
Mean ± std. dev. | <LOD C | 111 ± 42 A,B |
Median | <LOD | 112 |
Range | <LOD | 43–181 |
MON | DON | |
---|---|---|
Field 1 (Cigliano, VC, Piedmont) | ||
Positives (%) | 31.2 | 93.7 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 15 ± 17 A,B | 1740 ± 1398 A |
Median | <LOD | 1714 |
Range | <LOD-51 | <LOD-4200 |
Field 2 (S. Angelo Lod., LO, Lombardy) | ||
Positives (%) | 25 | 100 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 17 ± 28 A,B | 1445 ± 787 A |
Median | <LOD | 1333 |
Range | <LOD-90 | 342–2600 |
Field 3 (Conselice, RA, Emilia-Romagna) | ||
Positives (%) | 0 | 43.7 |
Mean ± std. dev. | <LOD B | 90 ± 140 B |
Median | <LOD | <LOD |
Range | <LOD | <LOD-452 |
Field 4 (Barbaruta, GR, Tuscany) | ||
Positives (%) | 37.5 | 50 |
Mean ± std. dev. | 41 ± 87 A | 96 ± 125 B |
Median | <LOD | 43 |
Range | <LOD-349 | <LOD-412 |
Field 5 (Foggia, FG, Apulia) | ||
Positives (%) | 0 | 0 |
Mean ± std. dev. | <LOD B | <LOD C |
Median | <LOD | <LOD |
Range | <LOD | <LOD |
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Bertuzzi, T.; Giorni, P.; Rastelli, S.; Vaccino, P.; Lanzanova, C.; Locatelli, S. Co-Occurrence of Moniliformin and Regulated Fusarium Toxins in Maize and Wheat Grown in Italy. Molecules 2020, 25, 2440. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102440
Bertuzzi T, Giorni P, Rastelli S, Vaccino P, Lanzanova C, Locatelli S. Co-Occurrence of Moniliformin and Regulated Fusarium Toxins in Maize and Wheat Grown in Italy. Molecules. 2020; 25(10):2440. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102440
Chicago/Turabian StyleBertuzzi, Terenzio, Paola Giorni, Silvia Rastelli, Patrizia Vaccino, Chiara Lanzanova, and Sabrina Locatelli. 2020. "Co-Occurrence of Moniliformin and Regulated Fusarium Toxins in Maize and Wheat Grown in Italy" Molecules 25, no. 10: 2440. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102440