DNA Damaging Effects, Oxidative Stress Responses and Cholinesterase Activity in Blood and Brain of Wistar Rats Exposed to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. DNA Damage in White Blood and Brain Cells
2.2. Biochemical Markers of Oxidative Stress
2.3. Cholinesterase Activities
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Breeding and Housing of Animals
4.3. Experimental Design
4.4. The Alkaline Comet Assay
4.5. Biochemical Markers of Oxidative Stress
4.5.1. Thiobarbituric Reactive Substances (TBARS) Assay
4.5.2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
4.5.3. Glutathione (GSH) Assay
4.5.4. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity
4.5.5. Catalase (CAT) Activity
4.5.6. Protein Quantification
4.6. Cholinesterase Activity Assay
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Sample/Parameter | FRAP (mmol/L) | TBARS (μmol/L) | GSH (μg/mL) | CAT (IU/gprotein) | SOD (IU/gprotein) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma | |||||
Control | 0.170 ± 0.060 | 4.329 ± 1.481 | 142.6 ± 65.9 | 0.018 ± 0.008 | 0.188 ± 0.055 |
0.153 | 4.553 | 127.1 | 0.019 | 0.204 | |
0.119–0.264 | 2.129–6.210 | 99.5–257.8 | 0.007–0.027 | 0.114–0.247 | |
THC | 0.124 ± 0.022 | 3.057 ± 0.826 | 106.6 ± 18.6 | 0.011 ± 0.004 | 0.128 ± 0.030 |
0.129 | 2.927 | 104.1 | 0.009 | 0.131 | |
0.092–0.148 | 2.247–4.435 | 85.9–137.0 | 0.007–0.016 | 0.093–0.171 | |
Brain | |||||
Control | 0.308 ± 0.094 | 10.597 ± 4.637 | 28.027 ± 8.302 | 0.140 ± 0.009 | 3.533 ± 0.612 |
0.271 | 12.334 | 28.377 | 0.138 | 3.353 | |
0.229–0.452 | 5.349–15.670 | 14.481–36.202 | 0.131–0.155 | 2.877–4.249 | |
THC | 0.272 ± 0.047 | 17.256 ± 1.353 * | 38.537 ± 2.293 * | 0.159 ± 0.0187 | 1.409 ± 0.330 * |
0.274 | 17.093 | 39.663 | 0.158 | 1.437 | |
0.231–0.346 | 15.899–19.418 | 34.950–40.448 | 0.142–0.190 | 1.066–1.724 |
Sample | Plasma | Brain | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | ChE (IU/gprotein) | AChE (IU/gprotein) | BChE (IU/gprotein) | ChE (IU/gprotein) | AChE (IU/gprotein) | BChE (IU/gprotein) |
Control | 0.107 0.091–0.141 | 0.073 0.058–0.097 | 0.033 0.032–0.067 | 21.8 13.7–24.1 | 19.7 10.4–20.9 | 1.4 1.2–4.4 |
THC | 0.104 0.090–0.135 | 0.073 0.056–0.102 | 0.041 0.002–0.062 | 18.1 16.0–21.1 | 16.5 13.7–19.5 | 1.6 0.5–2.4 |
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Kopjar, N.; Fuchs, N.; Žunec, S.; Mikolić, A.; Micek, V.; Kozina, G.; Lucić Vrdoljak, A.; Brčić Karačonji, I. DNA Damaging Effects, Oxidative Stress Responses and Cholinesterase Activity in Blood and Brain of Wistar Rats Exposed to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Molecules 2019, 24, 1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081560
Kopjar N, Fuchs N, Žunec S, Mikolić A, Micek V, Kozina G, Lucić Vrdoljak A, Brčić Karačonji I. DNA Damaging Effects, Oxidative Stress Responses and Cholinesterase Activity in Blood and Brain of Wistar Rats Exposed to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Molecules. 2019; 24(8):1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081560
Chicago/Turabian StyleKopjar, Nevenka, Nino Fuchs, Suzana Žunec, Anja Mikolić, Vedran Micek, Goran Kozina, Ana Lucić Vrdoljak, and Irena Brčić Karačonji. 2019. "DNA Damaging Effects, Oxidative Stress Responses and Cholinesterase Activity in Blood and Brain of Wistar Rats Exposed to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol" Molecules 24, no. 8: 1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081560