Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC191 was isolated after selective enrichment with 2-ethylbenzylcyanide (EBC) as a sole source of nitrogen and shown to synthesize a nitrilase converting a broad range of nitriles [
38]. The gene coding for the nitrilase had been cloned and a highly efficient recombinant
E. coli strain constructed. The amino acid residues involved in catalysis were identified by sequence comparisons with other members of the nitrilase superfamily and mutagenesis [
20,
23,
39] and a model of the active centre generated by homology modelling (
Figure 3).
The residues participating in the catalytic triad (Glu48, Lys130, Cys164) and the second catalytically important glutamate residue (Glu137) are shown in orange. Amino acid residues which are located at a distance of less than 10 Å from Cys164 are shown in accordance with their distance to Cys164 in decreasing shades of blue. The model was prepared for the present study based on the structure of the nitrilase from
Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, PDB 3WUY, using the program Yasara [
40]. The resulting homology model was refined by the “md-refine macro” using the default parameters.
Therefore, it will be necessary to include the structural constraints caused by the helix formation into the structural model as soon as detailed (cryo) EM data for the nitrilase from P. fluorescens EBC191 are available.
In addition to the acids, with some substrates also significant amounts of the corresponding amides are formed [
2,
20,
21,
38,
42,
43,
44]. Most of the tested chiral alpha-substituted nitriles were converted by the wild-type nitrilase with a low degree of enantioselectivity. Thus, (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile (MN) was hydrolysed preferentially to (
R)-mandelic acid ((
R)-MA). In contrast, the nitrilase preferentially formed (
S)-2-phenylpropionic acid ((
S)-2-PPA) from (
R,
S)-2-phenylpropionitrile ((
R,
S)-2-PPN) [
20]. The enantioselectivity of the reactions has also been analysed for the hydrolysis of O-acetylmandelonitrile, phenylglycinonitrile (2-aminophenylacetonitrile), 2-chlorophenylacetonitrile, and acetophenone cyanohydrine and it was found that the enzyme formed preferentially the (
R)-acids from mandelonitrile, O-acetylmandelonitrile, 2-chlorophenylacetonitrile, and acetophenone cyanohydrine. In contrast, the (
S)-acids were produced in excess during the conversion of (
R,
S)-2-PPN and (
R,
S)-phenylglycinonitrile [
20,
21,
38,
44]. This suggested that electronegative substituents (-OH, -OCOCH
3, -Cl) induce the preferred formation of the corresponding (
R)-acids. In contrast, nitriles which carry in the α-position less electronegative or protonable substituents (-CH
3, -NH
2) are preferentially converted to the (
S)-acids. The low degrees of enantioselectivity which were found during the conversion of (
R,
S)-MN and (
R,
S)-2-PPN (ee-values of 31% for (
R)-mandelic acid and 65% for (
S)-2-PPA at about 30% substrate conversion) and the ability of the enzyme to convert—although with a more pronounced enantioselectivity—both enantiomers of O-acetylmandelonitrile proved that the active site of the nitrilase from
P. fluorescens EBC 191 is in principle able to bind the (
R)- and (
S)-enantiomers of α-substituted nitriles (even with rather bulky substituents) [
20,
38]. The ability of the nitrilase to bind a wide range of substrates with different stereochemistries at the α-position was also substantiated by the observation that the enzyme was able to convert sterically demanding α-,α-disubstituted phenylacetonitriles, such as 2-methyl-2-phenylpropionitrile or 2-hydroxyphenylpropionitrile (acetophenone cyanhydrine), which contain a quaternary carbon atom in the α-position towards the nitrile group [
45].
2.1. Mutational Studies with the Nitrilase from P. fluorescens EBC191
Several variants of the nitrilase from
P. fluorescens EBC191 have been generated in order to analyse the factors that determine the substrate-, reaction-, and enantiospecifity of nitrilases. In the course of these investigations, variants have been generated by introducing modifications close to the catalytical active cysteine residue, in the proposed substrate binding site, or by the formation of C-terminally deleted mutants. In addition, experiments were performed in order to increase the amides forming capacity of the enzyme by random and site-directed mutagenesis. Subsequently, these nitrilase variants were used for biotransformation reactions with mandelonitrile and 2-phenylpropionitrile as substrates and analysed for the enantioselectivities of the reactions and amide formation. These two substrates were converted by the purified wild-type enzyme with specific activities of 33 and 4.1 U/mg of protein, respectively [
23,
39,
46,
47,
48]. Mandelonitrile and 2-phenylpropionitrile were used as model substrates, because they were converted by the wild-type enzyme with a different stereopreference (see above). These compounds show in aqueous solutions at neutral pH-values a rather different behaviour. While 2-phenylpropionitrile is completely stable under these conditions, mandelonitrile exists in equilibrium with benzaldehyde and HCN. This results in a pronounced tendency of mandelonitrile to racemize in neutral or alkaline aqueous solutions which leads in the presence of an enantioselective nitrilase to a dynamic kinetic resolution. This is industrially exploited for the almost stoichiometrical conversion of benzaldehyde plus cyanide to (
R)-mandelic acid [
8,
9,
12].
The analysis of the large set of nitrilase variants generated throughout the years, showed that the catalytical properties of the enzyme could be significantly modified by single point mutations [
2,
23,
39,
45,
46,
47,
48]. Thus, enzyme variants were found which hydrolysed (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile preferentially either to (
R)- or (
S)-mandelic acid [
23,
39,
46,
47,
48]. In addition, nitrilase variants were identified which either formed almost exclusively mandelic acid or mandelamide [
23,
46,
47]. In the present study, it was attempted to perform a comparative analysis of the variants to give an overview about the catalytical potential of a single nitrilase and its variants and to obtain additional information which might allow a better understanding of the features which govern the reaction- and enantiospecificity of nitrilases.
2.2. Mutations Which Result in the Increased Formation of (R)-Acids
In order to compare the influence of different mutations on the enantiomeric composition of the formed acids, the results were analysed that had been obtained previously for the conversion of (
R,
S)-MN and (
R,
S)-2-PPN. Therefore, for each enzyme variant, the ee-values that were obtained during the conversion of (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile were plotted against those values that were observed during the conversion of (
R,
S)-2-PPN (each after about 30% substrate conversion). These comparisons established that by single point mutations nitrilase variants could be generated which formed either (
R)-mandelic acid with ee-values up to 91% or (
S)-mandelic acid with an ee-value of 47%. Similarly, during the conversion of (
R,
S)-2-PPN, ee-values between 80% for (
S)-2-PPA and 91% for (
R)-2-PPA were observed (
Figure 6).
The comparisons suggested that four groups of nitrilase variants could be defined. One group encompasses nitrilase variants which form (
R)-MA and (
R)-2-PPA with extraordinary high enantioselectivities (
Figure 6, group A). These comparisons confirmed that only those nitrilase variants that formed (
R)-mandelic acid with ee-values >75% formed preferentially (
R)-2-PPA (
Figure 6). This attribute inevitably correlated with the presence of comparably large amino acid residue in the amino acid residue 165 in the direct neighbourhood of the catalytical active cysteine residue (towards the C-terminus). This resulted in the generation of enzyme variants that formed (
R)-mandelic acid with ee-values >90% (compared to an ee-value of about 31% for the wild-type enzyme under the same conditions).
The observed interdependence of a pronounced selectivity for the formation of (
R)-MA from (
R,
S)-MN and the presence of a large amino acid residue in direct neighbourhood to the catalytical active cysteine residue nicely correlates to results obtained with other nitrilases. Thus, in the nitrilase from
Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC8750 (which forms (
R)-MA with a high enantiomeric surplus [
8,
9]) a tryptophan residue is present at the homologous position.
The second group of nitrilase variants (
Figure 6, group B) showed compared to the wild-type enzyme a significantly decreased enantioselectivity for the formation of (
S)-2-PPA and a (slight) tendency for an increased formation of (
R)-mandelic acid. In this group mainly variants cluster which carry mutations in the C-terminal region or in Tyr 54.
The largest group of variants (
Figure 6, group C) behaved similar to the wild-type enzyme and hydrolysed (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile with a low degree of enantioselectivity preferentially to (
R)-mandelic acid and (
R,
S)-2-PPN preferentially to (
S)-2-PPA. These variants showed only a low degree of variance regarding the formation of (
S)-2-PPA (ee-values of about 50%–80%), but more pronounced differences for the formation of (
R)-MA (ee-values of about 10%–70%).
The nitrilase variants belonging to these three groups generally exhibited with (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile a more pronounced tendency towards the formation of the (
R)-acids than with (
R,
S)-2-PPN. Thus, almost all variants belonging to the group A, produced (
R)-MA with a higher ee-value than (
R)-2-PPA. This effect was even more pronounced for the variants clustering in groups B and C which formed preferentially (
R)-MA, but (
S)-2-PPA (
Figure 6).
2.4. Correlation Between the Relative Proportions of Amides Formed from (R,S)-Mandelonitrile or (R,S)-2-Phenylpropionitrile
Previously, it had been described that different nitrilases demonstrate various degrees of amide forming capacity and it was found for the nitrilase from
P. fluorescens EBC 191 and also for a nitrilase from the plant
Arabidopsis thaliana that in general larger amounts of amides were formed from nitriles that carried in the α-position electronegative substituents, e.g., halide- or hydroxy-groups [
21,
31].
The wild-type nitrilase from
P. fluorescens EBC191 formed from (
R,
S)-MN about 17% mandelamide (MAA), but from (
R,
S)-2-PPN only about 0.2% of the corresponding amide 2-phenylpropionamide (2-PPAA) [
20]. To further analyse the correlation between amide formation from (
R,
S)-MN and (
R,
S)-2-PPN, the available variants of the nitrilase from
P. fluorescens EBC191 were compared for the respective reactions. This proved that by single point mutations the amounts of mandelamide formed from (
R,
S)-MN could be changed between <1% and 94%. The respective values for the conversion of (
R,
S)-2-PPN varied between <0.1% and 73% 2-PPAA (
Figure 7). The individual enzyme variants formed generally more mandelamide from (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile than 2-PPAA from (
R,
S)-2-PPN. This confirmed the assumption that electron-withdrawing substituents (as the hydroxyl-group in mandelonitrile) induce an increased formation of amides.
Almost all enzyme variants that produced between 0%–20% mandelamide from (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile resembled the wild-type enzyme and formed only rather low amounts (<1%) of 2-PPAA from (
R,
S)-2-PPN (
Figure 7). The comparison of the individual variants also showed that in those variants which formed more than 50% of mandelamide from (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile a significant change between the degrees of amide formation can occur. Thus, the wild-type nitrilase of
P. fluorescens formed about 17% of mandelamide from (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile, but only about 0.2% of 2-PPAA from (
R,
S)-2-PPN. This corresponds to an 85-fold higher rate for the formation of mandelamide than 2-PPAA. The most efficient amide forming mutant derived from this enzyme by a single mutagenic event (Trp188Lys) formed 94% of mandelamide from (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile and about 60% of 2-PPAA from (
R,
S)-2-PPN which corresponds only to a 1.6-fold higher rate for the formation of mandelamide compared to 2-PPAA.
Several types of mutations could be identified which resulted in an increased tendency of the variants to form amides (
Figure 7). The most pronounced increases in amide formation were observed when the tryptophan residue Trp188 was exchanged against a smaller residue and it was found that three of these mutants (Trp188Arg, Trp188Lys, Trp188Pro) formed more than 90% of mandelamide from (
R,
S)-MN groups [
23]. An increased formation of mandelamide was also found with nitrilase variants that carried deletions of approximately 40–60 amino acids at the C-terminus or in the histidine residue His296, which is located close to the C-terminus. (The full-length enzyme consists of 350 amino acid residues.) Up to 50% of mandelamide were also formed by variants which possessed NH
2-functions (as present in asparagine, glutamine, or arginine) close to the catalytical centre (e.g., the enzyme variants Cys163Gln or Cys163Asn) [
39,
46]. Furthermore, also the exchange of a threonine residue in position 110 against an isoleucine or phenylalanine or the replacement of an asparagine residue in position 206 by isoleucine-, lysine-, tyrosine-, or aspartate-residues increased the amide formation [
39,
46,
47]. In addition, also the presence of a tyrosine residue in position 54 (as present in the wild-type nitrilase from
P. fluorescens EBC191) results in a stronger tendency to form amides compared to the presence of almost all other possible amino acids at this position [
45].
2.5. Correlation Between the Relative Amounts of Amides Formed from (R,S)-Mandelonitrile or (R,S)-2-Phenylpropionitrile and the Enantiomeric Composition of the Amides
The wild-type nitrilase from
P. fluorescens converted (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile and (
R,
S)-2-PPN each to opposite enantiomers of the respective acids and amides. Thus, (
R)-mandelic acid and (
S)-mandelamide and (
S)-2-PPA and (
R)-2-PPAA were preferentially formed from the racemic nitriles [
20,
21]. Furthermore, it was observed that the nitrilase transformed the two enantiomers of mandelonitrile (and also of O-acetylmandelonitrile) to considerably different amounts of the corresponding amides as side-products. Thus, (
S)-mandelonitrile was converted to almost equimolar concentrations of (
S)-mandelamide and (
S)-mandelic acid, but (
R)-mandelonitrile was transformed to (
R)-mandelic acid and (
R)-mandelamide in a ratio of about 85:15 [
21,
43,
44].
To gain additional information, two plots were produced which related the relative amounts of amides formed with the enantiomeric composition of the amides (
Figure 8 and
Figure 9). The graphical representation of the data for the formation of mandelamide from (
R,
S)-MN demonstrated that the enantiomeric composition of the amides was largely independent from the relative amounts of amides formed. Thus, variants were compared which produced between 2%–94% of mandelamide. Nevertheless, almost consistently (
S)-mandelamide was preferentially formed with ee-values of 40%–85% (
Figure 8). These experiments established that the mutations resulting in the formation of increased amounts of mandelamide from (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile did only marginally influence the enantioselectivity.
In contrast to the conversion of mandelonitrile by the variants, significant differences in the enantiomeric composition of the products formed were observed when the formation of 2-PPAA from (
R,
S)-2-PPN was compared. Thus, those variants which formed as the wild-type enzyme only minor amounts of 2-PPAA (<3%) preferentially synthesized (
R)-2-PPAA with different degrees of enantioselectivity (
Figure 9, group A).
The second group (
Figure 9, group B) encompassed variants which formed 3%–17% of 2-PPAA and showed compared to the wild-type enzyme a slightly enhanced enantioselectivity for the formation of (
R)-2-PPAA with ee-values of about 80%.
The third group (
Figure 9, group C) assembled those variants in which the tryptophan residue in position 188 had been replaced by a smaller amino acid residue. These variants all formed preferentially (
S)-2-PPAA. Furthermore, it was found that the large majority of these variants synthesized (
S)-2-PPAA with ee-values of about 80%, but that the amounts of 2-PPAA formed differed largely among the variants.
2.6. Comparison of the Enantiomeric Composition of the Acids and Amides Formed During the Turn-Over of (R,S)-Mandelonitrile or (R,S)-2Phenylpropionitrile
As indicated above, the wild-type nitrilase from
P. fluorescens EBC191 preferentially converted (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile to (
R)-mandelic acid and (
S)-mandelamide and (
R,
S)-2-PPN to (
S)-2-PPA and (
R)-2-PPAA [
20,
21]. In the following, it was analysed if this was a general trait of the available nitrilase variants. Therefore, for the nitrilase variants the enantiomeric excesses of the acids and amides produced were correlated to each other (
Figure 10 and
Figure 11).
The plot for the turn-over of (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile indicated that the acids and amides forming reactions did not show any direct correlation in their enantioselectivities. Almost all enzyme variants that formed (
R)-mandelic acid with ee-value of 10%–90% or (
S)-mandelic acid with ee-values up to 50% formed (
S)-mandelamide with ee-values between 40%–95%, but without any recognizable correlation between the enantioselectivities of both reactions (
Figure 10). The only exception from this rule were two mutants (Ala165His and Ala165Glu) which exhibited an increase in the enantioselectivity towards the formation of (
R)-mandelic acid in combination with a slightly decreased formation of (
S)-mandelamide (
Figure 10).
The corresponding plot for the conversion of 2-PPN indicated that also with this substrate the enantiomeric composition of the formed amide was to a large extent independent of the enantioselectivity of the acid formation. Furthermore, the plot suggested that the variants could be separated into two groups (
Figure 11).
One group (group A) consisted of the variants which preferentially formed (
R)-2-PPA and (
R)-2-PPAA with a high degree of selectivity. These variants formed (
R)-2-PPAA with ee-values >75%. The second group (group B) of variants (which also encompassed the wild-type enzyme) formed (
S)-2-PPA with ee-values of about 50%–75%, but formed (
S)- or (
R)-(2)-PPAA with ee-values varying between about 80% for (
S)- or (
R)-2-PPAA. Thus, it appears that with (
R,
S)-2-PPN the enantiopreference for the formation of the amide could be easily modified by mutations and that the enantiopreference for the formation of the acid is rather conserved. This is in contrast to the situation observed during the conversion of (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile (see
Figure 10).
2.7. Comparison of the Relative Amounts of Mandelamide Formed and the Enantiomeric Excess of the Mandelic Acid Produced During the Turn-Over of (R,S)-Mandelonitrile
The wild-type nitrilases from
P. fluorescens EBC191 and
A. faecalis ATCC8750 demonstrated with (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile as a substrate very clear differences with respect to enantioselectivity and amide formation. Thus, the nitrilase from
A. faecalis showed a high degree of enantioselectivity for the formation of (
R)-mandelic acid and produced almost no mandelamide. In contrast, for the nitrilase from
P. fluorescens a low degree of enantioselectivity and a pronounced formation of mandelamide were reported [
39]. It was therefore analysed if this correlation was also valid for the different nitrilase variants from
P. fluorescens EBC191. Therefore, a diagram was generated which correlated the relative amounts of mandelamide with the enantiomeric composition of (
R)-mandelic acid formed. Surprisingly, this representation of the data suggested that for most enzyme variants increased enantioselectivity for the formation of (
R)-mandelic acid correlated with an increase in the relative amounts of the produced mandelamide (
Figure 12, group A). In addition, a small group of enzyme variants was identified (
Figure 12, group B) which were highly enantioselective for the formation of (
R)-mandelic acid, but which formed only very low amounts of mandelamide. The nitrilase from
A. faecalis is the “archetypical” representative of this small group of nitrilases. These variants all carry (such as the nitrilase from
A. faecalis) a large substituent in direct neighbourhood to the catalytical active cysteine residue and were already identified in the plot shown in
Figure 6 because of their extraordinary enantioselectivity for the formation of (
R)-mandelic acid.
The graphic also suggested that the variants carrying an exchange in Trp188 (and thus forming preferentially (
S)-mandelic acid and (
S)-mandelamide) could be separated into two groups with different tendencies to form mandelamide. Thus, many of the variants carrying polar amino acids in position 188 (e.g., Glu, Gln, Asn, His) synthesized only low amounts of mandelamide (
Figure 12, group E) compared to all other Trp188X variants (
Figure 12, group D).
2.8. Comparison of the Reaction- and Enantiospecificity of the Nitrilase Variants During the Conversion of (R,S)-Mandelonitrile
The nitrilase variants converted (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile to different amounts of (
R)- or (
S)-mandelic acid and (
R)- or (
S)-mandelamide. In the course of our investigations no indications for any enantioconversion were observed during the formation of the acids or amides. Therefore, for the final comparisons it was attempted to define a parameter, which reflected the total enantiomeric composition of the products formed in a single numerical term. The concentrations of the (
S)-enantiomers of mandelic acid and mandelamide at the relevant point of conversion (about 30% substrate turn-over, see above) were added up and the respective (
R)-enantiomers were treated in the same way, as exemplified in
Table 1. These values should in principle reflect the enantiodiscrimination of the nitrilase variants during the initial binding of the nitriles.
Subsequently, the relative amounts of mandelamide formed from (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile were plotted against the enantiomeric excesses of the products (=sum of the concentrations of the (
S)-enantiomers subtracted from the sum of the concentrations of the (
R)-enantiomers divided by the sum of the concentrations of the (
S)- plus (
R)-enantiomers). This type of plot confirmed the results that the nitrilase variants could be differentiated in three major groups (
Figure 13).
The comparisons shown in
Figure 12 and
Figure 13 established that the integration of the enantiomeric composition of the amides into the calculations resulted for most enzyme variants (those combined in group A in
Figure 12) in significantly lower values for the (
R)-selectivity. This was caused by the fact that for these enzyme variants the increased ee-values for (
R)-mandelic acid correlated with an increased amide formation and that the preferentially formed enantiomer of the amide possessed an opposite stereochemistry compared to the acid. This resulted in the chosen graphical presentation of the data in the clustering of most enzyme variants in a group of enzymes which exhibited
in-summa during the turn-over of (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile only a low preference for the formation of the (
R)-enantiomers of the two relevant products (acid and amide). In most of these enzyme variants the alanine residue in position 165 of the nitrilase from
P. fluorescens was conserved (with the exceptions of Nit(A165G) and Nit(A165R)). Thus, it appears that this group of enzymes accepts (
S)- and (
R)-mandelonitrile as substrates without a significant preference for one of the substrate enantiomers. In combination with the observations that these variants preferentially form the (
R)-acid together with the (
S)-amide and the previous demonstration that nitrilases intermediately form a covalent adduct between the C-atom originating from the nitrile moiety and the catalytical active cysteine residue (
Figure 1) this suggests that there is a difference in the probability of the way how the tetrahedral intermediate is resolved. Thus, it appears that the enzyme bound (
R)-form can be easier deaminated than the enzyme bound (
S)-form. This results finally in the observed preference for the formation of (
R)-mandelic acid and (
S)-mandelamide. The graphical presentation shown in
Figure 13 did not significantly change the position of those enzymes that were already identified in
Figure 12 as outstanding (groups B and C), because the members of these groups combined the enantioselective formation of (
R)-mandelic acid with a rather low degree of amide formation or formed (S)-mandelic acid plus (
S)-mandelamide.
The group of enzymes, which combined the highly enantioselective formation of (
R)-mandelic acid with a low degree of amide formation (group B in
Figure 12) comprised the enzyme variants Nit(A165W), Nit(A165Y), Nit(A165F), Nit(A165H), and Nit(A165E). These enzymes possessed aromatic amino acids or other bulky substituents in the position, which is (C-terminally) in direct neighbourhood to the catalytical active cysteine residue. This type of substituents occurs to accomplish two types of functions, an enhancement in enantioselectivity and a significant reduction in amide formation. Furthermore, it can be deduced that this type of enzyme binds (
R)-mandelonitrile with a pronounced preference and that the binding or conversion of (
S)-mandelonitrile is impeded by the presence of a bulky substituent in direct neighbourhood to the catalytically active cysteine residue. This could also explain the increased amounts of the (
R)-enantiomers of the amide formed and the decreased amounts of the totally formed amides (as the lower amounts of enzyme bound (
S)-enantiomers will also decrease amide formation because of the reduced tendency of the enzyme to convert (
R)-mandelonitrile to (
R)-mandelamide). The group of variants carrying a Trp188X mutation was also in the plot shown in
Figure 13 clearly separated from all other variants (group C). Furthermore, a comparison of
Figure 12 with
Figure 13 proved that these variants indeed were the only group that clearly showed a preference for the conversion of (
S)-mandelonitrile, as both the (
S)-enantiomers of mandelamide and mandelic acid were formed.
2.9. Comparison of the Reaction- and Enantiospecificity of the Nitrilase Variants During the Conversion of (R,S)-2-Phenylpropionitrile
In the previous paragraph, the conversion of mandelonitrile by the enzyme variants was analysed. In the following, it was attempted to perform the same comparisons for the turn-over of (R,S)-2-PPN. The interpretation of the relevant data obtained during the conversion of (R,S)-2-PPN was much more difficult than the previous analysis because with 2-PPN as substrate in general much lower amounts of amides were formed. This complicated especially the chiral analysis and thus the interpretation of the experimental results. Furthermore, the nitrilase variants differed much stronger in the enantioselectivity of 2-PPA-formation than observed for the formation of mandelic acid from (R,S)-mandelonitrile.
The investigated nitrilase variants could be differentiated in four groups in respect to the relationship of the “total enantiomeric excess” and the amounts of 2-PPAA formed (
Figure 14). The largest group of variants exhibited similar “total enantiomeric excesses” for the formation of the (
S)-enantiomers as the wild-type nitrilase from
P. fluorescens EBC191 (ee-values of about 50%–80%) and formed only low amounts of 2-PPAA. The enzymes of the second group showed almost no enantioselectivity. Members of this group were
i.a. the four C-terminally deleted enzyme variants studied, the variants carrying the point mutations Nit(His296Lys) und Nit(His296Arg) within the C-terminus and a mutant carrying an exchange in the amino acid residue threonine- 110 (Nit(Thr110Phe)).
In the third group all enzyme variants were combined that showed a strong bias for the formation of (
R)-2-PPA and formed only very low amounts of amide. This group consisted of the variants Nit(Ala165Trp), Nit(Ala165Tyr), Nit(Alas165Phe), Nit(Ala165His), and Nit(Ala165Glu), and Nit(Ala165Arg). Thus, this group was identical to the group of enzyme variants that preferred (
R)-mandelonitrile as substrate and did form only rudimentary amounts of mandelamide. This suggested that the enlargement of the amino acid residue in position 165 had a similar effect on the hydrolysis of (
R,
S)-2-PPN as in the hydrolysis of (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile and reduced for both substrates the binding or conversion of the (
S)-enantiomers of the nitriles. The fourth group assembled those variants in which Trp188 was exchanged against a smaller amino acid residue. Surprisingly, some of these variants showed during the conversion of (
R,
S)-2-PPN compared to the wild-type a somehow reduced “total enantiomeric excess” for the formation of the (
S)-enantiomers. This differed significantly from the situation found for the conversion of (
R,
S)-mandelonitrile (
Figure 13).