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16 pages, 7544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Privileged Scaffold Hybridization in the Design of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

by Daniela Secci, Erica Sanna, Simona Distinto, Alessia Onali, Antonio Lupia, Laura Demuru, Giulia Atzeni, Rita Meleddu, Filippo Cottiglia, Andrea Angeli, Claudiu T. Supuran and Elias Maccioni

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4444; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184444 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Human Carbonic Anhydrases (hCA) are enzymes that contribute to cancer’s development and progression. Isoforms IX and XII have been identified as potential anticancer targets, and, more specifically, hCA IX is overexpressed in hypoxic tumor cells, where it plays an important role in reprogramming [...] Read more.

Human Carbonic Anhydrases (hCA) are enzymes that contribute to cancer’s development and progression. Isoforms IX and XII have been identified as potential anticancer targets, and, more specifically, hCA IX is overexpressed in hypoxic tumor cells, where it plays an important role in reprogramming the metabolism. With the aim to find new inhibitors towards IX and XII isoforms, the hybridization of the privileged scaffolds isatin, dihydrothiazole, and benzenesulfonamide was investigated in order to explore how it may affect the activity and selectivity of the hCA isoforms. In this respect, a series of isatin thiazolidinone hybrids have been designed and synthesized and their biological activity and selectivity on hCA I, hCA II, hCA IX, and hCA XII explored. The new compounds exhibited promising inhibitory activity results on isoforms IX and XII in the nanomolar range, which has highlighted the importance of substituents in the isatin ring and in position 3 and 5 of thiazolidinone. In particular, compound 5g was the most active toward hCA IX, while 5f was the most potent inhibitor of hCA XII within the series. When both potency and selectivity were considered, compound 5f appeared as one of the most promising. Additionally, our investigations were supported by molecular docking experiments, which have highlighted the putative binding poses of the most promising compound. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

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17 pages, 1110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Whole Grape Juices from Vitis labrusca and Brazilian Hybrid Grapes in Two Training Systems

by Francisco José Domingues Neto, Adilson Pimentel Junior, Cristine Vanz Borges, João Domingos Rodrigues, Ricardo Figueira, Mara Fernandes Moura, Igor Otavio Minatel, Aline Nunes, Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima and Marco Antonio Tecchio

Antioxidants 2024, 13(9), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091132 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

The phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of whole grape juices from Vitis labrusca and Brazilian hybrids in two training systems were analyzed. Genotypes of V. labrusca (‘Bordô’ and ‘Isabel’) and Brazilian hybrids (‘IAC 138-22 Máximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’) were grafted onto the rootstock [...] Read more.

The phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of whole grape juices from Vitis labrusca and Brazilian hybrids in two training systems were analyzed. Genotypes of V. labrusca (‘Bordô’ and ‘Isabel’) and Brazilian hybrids (‘IAC 138-22 Máximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’) were grafted onto the rootstock ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ (106-8 ‘Mgt’ × Vitis caribaea) and trained on low and high trellis. After harvest, the grapes were destemmed and the berries macerated in a roller crusher. Following hot extraction without pressurization of the pomace and gentle pressing of the blend (skins, must, and seeds), the juices were bottled in amber glass bottles and pasteurized. The physicochemical and colorimetric parameters of the juices, as well as the levels of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, total monomeric anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, and polyphenolic profile, were evaluated. The juices were also subjected to sensory analysis (CAAE: 65549817.7.0000.5411). There was broad variation in all assessed characteristics. The results obtained demonstrate that the training system and grape genotype used in juice production are highly related to the presence of sugars, acidity, and bioactive compounds. Juices made from ‘Bordô’, ‘IAC 138-22 Máximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’ grapes stood out from ‘Isabel’ juices, the main grape variety used in Brazilian juice and wine production. All juices contain bioactive compounds in considerable concentrations, indicating beverages with high antioxidant activity and, consequently, high biological potential, with the use of high trellis in vine cultivation potentially increasing concentrations. Full article

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17 pages, 2143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Development of the China Railway Express under the Belt and Road Initiative: Focusing on Infrastructure Reliability and Trade Facilitation

by Qin Yu, Yun Xiao, Guangmin Wang and Di Cui

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8167; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188167 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

The China Railway Express (CR Express) is an important component of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The sustainable development of CR Express provides critical support for regional economic integration and promotes a balanced development of the supply chain. Infrastructure reliability and trade [...] Read more.

The China Railway Express (CR Express) is an important component of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The sustainable development of CR Express provides critical support for regional economic integration and promotes a balanced development of the supply chain. Infrastructure reliability and trade facilitation greatly impact the operation of CR Express and are crucial for improving the competitiveness of transnational trade and cross-border efficiency. Inconsistent transportation infrastructure standards and low-efficient transportation service procedures affect the cross-border movement of cargo among countries. This paper integrates quantified metrics of infrastructure reliability and trade facilitation into a spatial friction model based on the electrical resistance theory, estimating the impact of these factors on the transportation flow of CR Express. Additionally, three scenarios of infrastructure reliability and trade facilitation are established for the four trade routes from Zhengzhou to Hamburg. Numerical experiments show that compared with inland river routes and traditional ocean routes, infrastructure reliability and trade facilitation significantly influence the transport flow of CR Express. These research results can provide a reference for the improvements of CR Express transportation efficiency and the simplification of customs clearance processes, potentially promoting the sustainable development of the CR Express supply chain to some extent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Supply Chain Management and Green Product Development)

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18 pages, 7139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An FPGA-Based YOLOv5 Accelerator for Real-Time Industrial Vision Applications

by Zhihong Yan, Bingqian Zhang and Dong Wang

Micromachines 2024, 15(9), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091164 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

The You Only Look Once (YOLO) object detection network has garnered widespread adoption in various industries, owing to its superior inference speed and robust detection capabilities. This model has proven invaluable in automating production processes such as material processing, machining, and quality inspection. [...] Read more.

The You Only Look Once (YOLO) object detection network has garnered widespread adoption in various industries, owing to its superior inference speed and robust detection capabilities. This model has proven invaluable in automating production processes such as material processing, machining, and quality inspection. However, as market competition intensifies, there is a constant demand for higher detection speed and accuracy. Current FPGA accelerators based on 8-bit quantization have struggled to meet these increasingly stringent performance requirements. In response, we present a novel 4-bit quantization-based neural network accelerator for the YOLOv5 model, designed to enhance real-time processing capabilities while maintaining high detection accuracy. To achieve effective model compression, we introduce an optimized quantization scheme that reduces the bit-width of the entire YOLO network—including the first layer—to 4 bits, with only a 1.5% degradation in mean Average Precision (mAP). For the hardware implementation, we propose a unified Digital Signal Processor (DSP) packing scheme, coupled with a novel parity adder tree architecture that accommodates the proposed quantization strategies. This approach efficiently reduces on-chip DSP utilization by 50%, offering a significant improvement in performance and resource efficiency. Experimental results show that the industrial object detection system based on the proposed FPGA accelerator achieves a throughput of 808.6 GOPS and an efficiency of 0.49 GOPS/DSP for YOLOv5s on the ZCU102 board, which is 29% higher than a commercial FPGA accelerator design (Xilinx’s Vitis AI). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue FPGA Applications and Future Trends)

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11 pages, 855 KiB

Open AccessReview

Human–Robot Intimacy: Acceptance of Robots as Intimate Companions

by Sophia Bertoni, Christian Klaes and Artur Pilacinski

Biomimetics 2024, 9(9), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9090566 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Depictions of robots as romantic partners for humans are frequent in popular culture. As robots become part of human society, they will gradually assume the role of partners for humans whenever necessary, as assistants, collaborators, or companions. Companion robots are supposed to provide [...] Read more.

Depictions of robots as romantic partners for humans are frequent in popular culture. As robots become part of human society, they will gradually assume the role of partners for humans whenever necessary, as assistants, collaborators, or companions. Companion robots are supposed to provide social contact to those who would not have it otherwise. These companion robots are usually not designed to fulfill one of the most important human needs: the one for romantic and intimate contact. Human–robot intimacy remains a vastly unexplored territory. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art research in intimate robotics. We discuss major issues limiting the acceptance of robots as intimate partners, the public perception of robots in intimate roles, and the possible influence of cross-cultural differences in these domains. We also discuss the possible negative effects human–robot intimacy may have on human–human contact. Most importantly, we propose a new term “intimate companion robots” to reduce the negative connotations of the other terms that have been used so far and improve the social perception of research in this domain. With this article, we provide an outlook on prospects for the development of intimate companion robots, considering the specific context of their use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Aspects of Human–Computer Interactions)

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21 pages, 10296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response to Pumping of Wells in Carbonate and Karst Aquifers and Effect on the Assessment of Sustainable Well Yield: Some Examples from Southern Italy

by Vincenzo Piscopo, Matteo Paoletti and Chiara Sbarbati

Water 2024, 16(18), 2664; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182664 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Carbonate and karst aquifers are of great importance for human water supplies, for supporting aquatic habitats and providing ecosystem services. Optimizing the groundwater withdrawals is therefore essential for obtaining the maximum flow rate for human purposes while minimizing the negative effects on the [...] Read more.

Carbonate and karst aquifers are of great importance for human water supplies, for supporting aquatic habitats and providing ecosystem services. Optimizing the groundwater withdrawals is therefore essential for obtaining the maximum flow rate for human purposes while minimizing the negative effects on the environment. In particular, when the abstraction of groundwater occurs through wells, the problem of defining the sustainable yield arises. This study analyzes pumping tests conducted in carbonate and karst aquifers in southern Italy to derive indications for defining the sustainable yield of yields. The four examined cases concern the Mesozoic–Cenozoic platform and transition pelagic carbonate rocks characterized by different degree of fracturing and karstification and hosting a carbonate aquifer with variable average groundwater yields. The analysis compared drawdown–time trends and their derivatives for 35 pumping tests with theoretical curves to identify the flow dimension. Parameters useful for examining the well yields were then determined. The results show that the response to the pumping of the investigated aquifers is very variable, both among the different sites and within the same site. Well yields are very different due to aquifer heterogeneity, local hydrostratigraphy and structural setting, and position of the pumping center within the groundwater flow system. To determine the operational pumping rate for a well in this environment, this study emphasizes the importance of analyzing drawdown trends over time to correctly predict the well’s long-term response to pumping. Specifically, when pumping induces a steady-state drawdown response, the focus for defining the sustainable abstraction shifts to the basin or aquifer scale. Conversely, when a transient drawdown response to pumping results, the well’s capacity to capture groundwater becomes the primary factor for well yield and its sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Karst Dynamic System and Its Water Resources Environmental Effects, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emissions of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds from Architectural Coatings and Polyvinyl Chloride Floorings: Microchamber Method

by Hongyan Guan, Qi Jia, Zhongbao Guo, Xu Han, Huiyu Zhang, Liteng Hao, Chuandong Wu and Jiemin Liu

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4445; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184445 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are modern chemical substances that are present in large quantities in indoor environments. Understanding the emission of SVOCs from building materials is essential to identify the main sources of indoor SVOCs and to improve indoor air quality. In this [...] Read more.

Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are modern chemical substances that are present in large quantities in indoor environments. Understanding the emission of SVOCs from building materials is essential to identify the main sources of indoor SVOCs and to improve indoor air quality. In this study, a reference method employing custom-designed microchambers (630 mL) was optimized by improving the structure of the gas path and adding polytetrafluoroethylene inner coating to the chamber. After optimization, the recoveries of the microchamber method were significantly improved (75.4–96.7%), and the background in the microchamber was greatly reduced (<0.02 μg/h). By using the microchamber method, 33 SVOCs (including two alkanes, one aromatic, one nitrogen compound, and twenty-nine oxygenated compounds) and 32 SVOCs (including seven alkanes, eight aromatics, and seventeen oxygenated compounds) were detected in the emissions of the architectural coating and the PVC flooring samples, respectively. The area-specific emission rates (SER_a) of total SVOCs emitted from architectural coatings and PVC floorings were in the range of 4.09–1309 μg/m²/h) (median: 10.3 μg/m²/h) and 0.508–345 μg/m²/h (median: 11.9 μg/m²/h), respectively. Propanoic acid had the highest SER_a (3143 μg/m²/h) in architectural coatings, while methylbenzene (345 μg/m²/h), 2-methylnaphthalene (65.2 μg/m²/h), and naphthalene (60.3 μg/m²/h) were main SVOCs emitted from PVC floorings. Meanwhile, the average second-stage (adsorbed phase) emission mass of the total SVOCs accounts for 66.3% and 47.3% in architectural coatings and PVC floorings, respectively, suggesting that the SVOCs emitted from building materials have a strong tendency to be absorbed on the surface of the room, e.g., the interior wall, the desk or even the skin. Full article

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12 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a Tool for VBOI (Virtual Body Ownership Illusion) Level Assessment

by Gayoung Yoo and Kyungdoh Kim

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8432; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188432 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Virtual Body Ownership Illusion (Virtual BOI) refers to the perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral changes that occur due to the illusion that a virtual body is one’s own actual body. Recent research has focused on inducing Virtual Body Ownership Illusion (Virtual BOI) using various [...] Read more.

Virtual Body Ownership Illusion (Virtual BOI) refers to the perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral changes that occur due to the illusion that a virtual body is one’s own actual body. Recent research has focused on inducing Virtual Body Ownership Illusion (Virtual BOI) using various physical conditions of VR environments such as haptic feedback and 360-degree immersion, among others. The level of Virtual BOI has been recognized as an important factor in VR-based clinical therapy programs where patient immersion is crucial. However, a common issue is the lack of standardized evaluation tools for Virtual BOI, with most experiments relying on ad hoc tools based on experimental conditions or lacking consideration for the physical design elements of VR. This measurement tool was designed to consider the characteristics of recent VR devices, such as haptics and hand tracking, in the design of experiments and questionnaires. The tool is composed of sub-attributes related to VR technology, including Embodiment, Presence, Visuo-tactile, Visuo-proprioceptive, and Visuo-Motor. Based on a review of the existing literature, we hypothesized that the Virtual BOI scores would vary depending on manipulation methods, viewpoints, and haptic conditions. An experiment was conducted with 39 participants, who performed the same task under four different conditions using a virtual hand. Virtual BOI scores were assessed using the evaluation tool developed for this study. The questionnaire underwent CFA, and three items with factor loadings below 0.5 were removed, resulting in a total of 14 items. Each subscale demonstrated high reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha values greater than 0.60. When developing experiments, clinical programs, or VR content related to Virtual BOI, the evaluation tool presented in this study can be used to assess the level of Virtual BOI. Additionally, by considering technological elements such as haptics and hand tracking, VR environments can be designed to enhance the level of Virtual BOI. Full article

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16 pages, 15437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Construction Preservation Techniques of Endangered Heritage Architecture: A Detailed Reconstruction Process of the Dong Ethnicity Drum Tower (China)

by Wantao Huang, Xiang Gao and Jiaguo Lu

Drones 2024, 8(9), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8090502 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study suggests a pioneering conservation framework that significantly enhances the preservation, renovation, and restoration of heritage architecture through the integration of contemporary digital technologies. Focusing on the endangered drum towers of the Dong ethnic group in Southwestern China, the research employs a [...] Read more.

This study suggests a pioneering conservation framework that significantly enhances the preservation, renovation, and restoration of heritage architecture through the integration of contemporary digital technologies. Focusing on the endangered drum towers of the Dong ethnic group in Southwestern China, the research employs a meticulous data collection process that combines manual measurements with precise 2D imaging and oblique unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography, enabling comprehensive documentation of tower interiors and exteriors. Collaboration with local experts in drum tower construction not only enriches the data gathered but also provides profound insights into the architectural nuances of these structures. An accurate building information modeling (BIM) simulation illuminates the internal engineering details, deepening the understanding of their complex design. Furthermore, UAV-obtained point cloud data facilitate a 3D reconstruction of the tower’s exterior. This innovative approach to heritage preservation not only advances the documentation and comprehension of heritage structures but also presents a scalable, replicable model for cultural conservation globally, paving the way for future research in the field. Full article

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16 pages, 5259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulating Carbon Fiber Surfaces with Vinyltriethoxysilane Grafting to Enhance Interface Properties of Carbon Fiber/Norbornene–Polyimide Composites

by Jianshun Feng, Guoqiang Kong, Meng Shao, Qiubing Yu, Guang Yu, Xin Ren, Wenjie Yuan, Wenbo Liu, Xinyu Wang, Kang Wang, Dayong Li, Chengrui Di and Bo Zhu

Materials 2024, 17(18), 4594; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184594 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this study, vinyltriethoxysilane (TEVS) was introduced onto the surface of carbon fiber using liquid-phase oxidation and impregnation methods to incorporate vinyl groups onto the carbon fiber, thereby enhancing the chemical bonding between the carbon fiber and norbornene–polyimide (PI-NA). Through a systematic study [...] Read more.

In this study, vinyltriethoxysilane (TEVS) was introduced onto the surface of carbon fiber using liquid-phase oxidation and impregnation methods to incorporate vinyl groups onto the carbon fiber, thereby enhancing the chemical bonding between the carbon fiber and norbornene–polyimide (PI-NA). Through a systematic study of the hydrolysis conditions and concentration of the TEVS solution, the optimal modification conditions were determined. These conditions were used to graft TEVS onto the surface of oxidized carbon fiber to prepare carbon-fiber-reinforced PI-NA composites (CF/PI-NA). The results show that when carbon fiber was treated with a 0.4 wt% TEVS solution, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composites reached 65.12 MPa, and the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) reached 88.58 MPa, representing increases of 27.58% and 35.62%, respectively, compared to the CF/PI-NA composite materials prepared from untreated carbon fiber. It is worth noting that the modification method described in the study is simple and easy to implement, and it has the potential for large-scale continuous production applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber and Its Composites: State of the Art and Perspectives)

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27 pages, 6924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GPP of a Chinese Savanna Ecosystem during Different Phenological Phases Simulated from Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 Data

by Xiang Zhang, Shuai Xie, Yiping Zhang, Qinghai Song, Gianluca Filippa and Dehua Qi

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(18), 3475; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183475 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Savannas are widespread biomes with highly valued ecosystem services. To successfully manage savannas in the future, it is critical to better understand the long-term dynamics of their productivity and phenology. However, accurate large-scale gross primary productivity (GPP) estimation remains challenging because of the [...] Read more.

Savannas are widespread biomes with highly valued ecosystem services. To successfully manage savannas in the future, it is critical to better understand the long-term dynamics of their productivity and phenology. However, accurate large-scale gross primary productivity (GPP) estimation remains challenging because of the high spatial and seasonal variations in savanna GPP. China’s savanna ecosystems constitute only a small part of the world’s savanna ecosystems and are ecologically fragile. However, studies on GPP and phenological changes, while closely related to climate change, remain scarce. Therefore, we simulated savanna ecosystem GPP via a satellite-based vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM) with fine-resolution harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) imagery and derived savanna phenophases from phenocam images. From 2015 to 2018, we compared the GPP from HLS VPM (GPP_HLS-VPM) simulations and that from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) VPM simulations (GPP_MODIS-VPM) with GPP estimates from an eddy covariance (EC) flux tower (GPP_EC) in Yuanjiang, China. Moreover, the consistency of the savanna ecosystem GPP was validated for a conventional MODIS product (MOD17A2). This study clearly revealed the potential of the HLS VPM for estimating savanna GPP. Compared with the MODIS VPM, the HLS VPM yielded more accurate GPP estimates with lower root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) and slopes closer to 1:1. Specifically, the annual RMSE values for the HLS VPM were 1.54 (2015), 2.65 (2016), 2.64 (2017), and 1.80 (2018), whereas those for the MODIS VPM were 3.04, 3.10, 2.62, and 2.49, respectively. The HLS VPM slopes were 1.12, 1.80, 1.65, and 1.27, indicating better agreement with the EC data than the MODIS VPM slopes of 2.04, 2.51, 2.14, and 1.54, respectively. Moreover, HLS VPM suitably indicated GPP dynamics during all phenophases, especially during the autumn green-down period. As the first study that simulates GPP involving HLS VPM and compares satellite-based and EC flux observations of the GPP in Chinese savanna ecosystems, our study enables better exploration of the Chinese savanna ecosystem GPP during different phenophases and more effective savanna management and conservation worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Savannas and Woodlands II)

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9 pages, 1027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Use of an Automated Resuscitation Recorder Improve Adherence to NRP Algorithms and Code Documentation?

by Sarah Nelin, Simon Karam, Elizabeth Foglia, Philip Turk, Venu Peddireddy and Jagdish Desai

Children 2024, 11(9), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091137 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Neonatal resuscitation is guided by Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) algorithms; however, human factors affect resuscitation. Video recordings demonstrate that deviations are common. Additionally, code documentation is prone to inaccuracies. Our long-term hypothesis is that the use of an automated resuscitation recorder (ARR) [...] Read more.

Background: Neonatal resuscitation is guided by Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) algorithms; however, human factors affect resuscitation. Video recordings demonstrate that deviations are common. Additionally, code documentation is prone to inaccuracies. Our long-term hypothesis is that the use of an automated resuscitation recorder (ARR) app will improve adherence to NRP and code documentation; the purpose of this study was to determine its feasibility. Methods: We performed a simulation-based feasibility study using simulated code events mimicking NRP scenarios. Teams used the app during resuscitation events. We collected data via an initial demographics survey, video recording, ARR-generated code summary and a post-resuscitation survey. We utilized standardized grading tools to assess NRP adherence and the accuracy of code documentation through resuscitation data point (RDP) scoring. We evaluated provider comfort with the ARR via post-resuscitation survey ordinal ratings and open-ended question text mining. Results: Summary statistics for each grading tool were computed. For NRP adherence, the median was 68% (range 60–76%). For code documentation accuracy and completeness, the median was 77.5% (range 55–90%). When ordinal ratings assessing provider comfort with the app were reviewed, 47% chose “agree” (237/500) and 36% chose “strongly agree” (180/500), with only 0.6% (3/500) answering “strongly disagree”. A word cloud compared frequencies of words from the open-ended text question. Conclusions: We demonstrated the feasibility of ARR use during neonatal resuscitation. The median scores for each grading tool were consistent with passing scores. Post-resuscitation survey data showed that participants felt comfortable with the ARR while highlighting areas for improvement. A pilot study comparing ARR with standard of care is the next step. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Neonatal Resuscitation)

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17 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Predefined Time Control for Strict-Feedback Systems with Actuator Quantization

by Wentong Zhang and Bo Yu

Actuators 2024, 13(9), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/act13090366 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

An adaptive predefined-time quantized control issue is considered for strict-feedback systems with actuator quantization. To handle the unknown nonlinearities of a system, the neural networks are first applied to model them. To analyze the predefined-time stability under approximation error, a stability lemma is [...] Read more.

An adaptive predefined-time quantized control issue is considered for strict-feedback systems with actuator quantization. To handle the unknown nonlinearities of a system, the neural networks are first applied to model them. To analyze the predefined-time stability under approximation error, a stability lemma is first introduced. Then, a refreshing predefined-time quantized control strategy is presented. Compared with the existing control studies for actuator quantization, the stability time is not influenced by the initial state and can be set in advance. Furthermore, unlike the available predefined-time control studies, a new parameter adaptive law and virtual controllers are designed. This design not only ensures the predefined-time stability, but overcomes the singularities of system in coventional backstepping control design because of repeating differentiation for virtual controllers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neural Networks-Based Modeling and Control for Uncertain Dynamical Systems)

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32 pages, 27459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on Heat Transfer and Thermal–Mechanical Performance of Actively Cooled Channel of All-Movable Rudder under Supercritical Pressure

by Tianyu Wang, Teng Li, Shangzhong Li and Jianke Sha

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8434; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188434 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

The utilization of an actively cooled thermal protection system is widely recognized as an effective approach to decrease the temperature of components exposed to severe aerodynamic heating. In this study, two cooling schemes with different flow paths and structural configurations were proposed, and [...] Read more.

The utilization of an actively cooled thermal protection system is widely recognized as an effective approach to decrease the temperature of components exposed to severe aerodynamic heating. In this study, two cooling schemes with different flow paths and structural configurations were proposed, and six cooling channel designs were developed by modifying the leading-edge details. A numerical analysis on the heat transfer and thermal–mechanical performance was conducted under actual flight conditions (30 km altitude, Mach 8). The results highlight an optimal design scheme that balances temperature control and minimized coolant flow rates. The channel flow field demonstrated its superiority by effective convective heat transfer and improved fluid mixing facilitated through recirculation zones and turbulence at the bends. Structural assessments showed that the optimal scheme not only provided better cooling but also preserved the structural integrity. Overall, the study offers a practical and effective thermal protection approach for air rudders subjected to severe heat. Full article

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11 pages, 6721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and NEXAFS and XPS Characterization of Pyrochlore-Type Bi_1.865Co_1/2Fe_1/2Ta₂O_9+Δ

by Nadezhda A. Zhuk, Sergey V. Nekipelov, Olga V. Petrova, Aleksandra V. Koroleva, Aleksey M. Lebedev and Boris A. Makeev

Chemistry 2024, 6(5), 1078-1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry6050062 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

A cubic pyrochlore with the composition Bi_1.865Co_1/2Fe_1/2Ta₂O_9+Δ (space group Fd-3m, a = 10.5013(8) Å) was synthesized from oxide precursors using solid-phase reactions. These ceramics are characterized by a porous microstructure formed by randomly oriented [...] Read more.

A cubic pyrochlore with the composition Bi_1.865Co_1/2Fe_1/2Ta₂O_9+Δ (space group Fd-3m, a = 10.5013(8) Å) was synthesized from oxide precursors using solid-phase reactions. These ceramics are characterized by a porous microstructure formed by randomly oriented grains of an elongated shape with a longitudinal size of 0.5–1 µm. The electronic state of cobalt and iron ions in oxide ceramics was studied by NEXAFS and XPS spectroscopy. The parameters of the XPS spectra of Bi4f, Bi5d, Ta4f, Co2p, and Fe2p ionization thresholds for a complex pyrochlore were compared with the parameters of the corresponding oxides of the transition elements. The energy position of the XPS-Ta4f and -Ta5p spectra is shifted towards lower energies compared to the binding energy in tantalum(V) oxide by 0.75 eV. According to XPS spectroscopy, bismuth and tantalum cations have the corresponding effective charge of +3 and +(5-δ). The NEXAFS-Fe2p spectrum of ceramics coincides with the spectrum of Fe₂O₃ in its main spectrum characteristics and indicates the content of iron ions in the oxide ceramics in the form of octahedral Fe(III) ions, and according to the character of the Co2p spectrum, cobalt ions are predominantly in the Co(II) state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic and Solid State Chemistry)

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25 pages, 2015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Target Tracking: A Novel Grid-Based Beetle Antennae Search Algorithm and Confusion-Aware Detection

by Yixuan Lu, Chencong Ma and Dechao Chen

Biomimetics 2024, 9(9), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9090567 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicle target tracking is a complex task that encounters challenges in scenarios involving limited computing resources, real-time requirements, and target confusion. This research builds on previous work and addresses challenges by proposing a grid-based beetle antennae search algorithm and designing a [...] Read more.

Unmanned aerial vehicle target tracking is a complex task that encounters challenges in scenarios involving limited computing resources, real-time requirements, and target confusion. This research builds on previous work and addresses challenges by proposing a grid-based beetle antennae search algorithm and designing a lightweight multi-target detection and positioning method, which integrates interference-sensing mechanisms and depth information. First, the grid-based beetle antennae search algorithm’s rapid convergence advantage is combined with a secondary search and rollback mechanism, enhancing its search efficiency and ability to escape local extreme areas. Then, the You Only Look Once (version 8) model is employed for target detection, while corner detection, feature point extraction, and dictionary matching introduce a confusion-aware mechanism. This mechanism effectively distinguishes potentially confusing targets within the field of view, enhancing the system’s robustness. Finally, the depth-based localization of the target is performed. To verify the performance of the proposed approach, a series of experiments were conducted on the grid-based beetle antennae search algorithm. Comparisons with four mainstream intelligent search algorithms are provided, with the results showing that the grid-based beetle antennae search algorithm excels in the number of iterations to convergence, path length, and convergence speed. When the algorithm faces non-local extreme-value-area environments, the speed is increased by more than 89%. In comparison with previous work, the algorithm speed is increased by more than 233%. Performance tests on the confusion-aware mechanism by using a self-made interference dataset demonstrate the model’s high discriminative ability. The results also indicate that the model meets the real-time requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Design Approaches of Bioinspired Robots)

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30 pages, 3057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intricate DG and EV Planning Impact Assessment with Seasonal Variation in a Three-Phase Distribution System

by Abhinav Kumar, Sanjay Kumar, Umesh Kumar Sinha and Aashish Kumar Bohre

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090425 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Modern power systems present opportunities and challenges when integrating distributed generation and electric vehicle charging stations into unbalanced distribution networks. The performance and efficiency of both Distributed Generation (DG) and Electric Vehicle (EV) infrastructure are significantly affected by global temperature variation characteristics, which [...] Read more.

Modern power systems present opportunities and challenges when integrating distributed generation and electric vehicle charging stations into unbalanced distribution networks. The performance and efficiency of both Distributed Generation (DG) and Electric Vehicle (EV) infrastructure are significantly affected by global temperature variation characteristics, which are taken into consideration in this study as it investigates the effects of these integrations. This scenario is further complicated by the unbalanced structure of distribution networks, which introduces inequalities that can enhance complexity and adverse effects. This paper analyzes the manner in which temperature changes influence the network operational voltage profile, power quality, energy losses, greenhouse harmful emissions, cost factor, and active and reactive power losses using analytical and heuristic techniques in the IEEE 69 bus network in both three-phase balance and modified unbalanced load conditions. In order to maximize adaptability and efficiency while minimizing the adverse impacts on the unbalanced distribution system, the findings demonstrate significant variables to take into account while locating the optimal location and size of DG and EV charging stations. To figure out the objective, three-phase distribution load flow is utilized by the particle swarm optimization technique. Greenhouse gas emissions dropped by 61.4%, 64.5%, and 60.98% in each of the three temperature case circumstances, while in the modified unbalanced condition, they dropped by 57.55%, 60.39%, and 62.79%. In balanced conditions, energy loss costs are reduced by 95.96%, 96.01%, and 96.05%, but in unbalanced conditions, they are reduced by 91.79%, 92.06%, and 92.46%. The outcomes provide valuable facts that electricity companies, decision-makers, along with other energy sector stakeholders may utilize to formulate strategies that adapt to the fluctuating patterns of electricity distribution during fluctuations in global temperature under balanced and unbalanced conditions of network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)

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14 pages, 3317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proinflammatory Microenvironment in Adenocarcinoma Tissue of Colorectal Carcinoma

by Slobodan Todorović, Miljan S. Ćeranić, Borislav Tošković, Miloš Diklić, Olivera Mitrović Ajtić, Tijana Subotički, Milica Vukotić, Teodora Dragojević, Emilija Živković, Svetlana Oprić, Miodrag Stojiljkovic, Jasna Gačić, Nataša Čolaković, Bogdan Crnokrak, Vladan P. Čokić and Dragoslava Đikić

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 10062; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810062 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Cancer-promoting proinflammatory microenvironment influences colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We examined the biomarkers of inflammation, intestinal differentiation, and DNA activity correlated with the clinical parameters to observe progression and prognosis in the adenocarcinoma subtype of CRC. Their immunohistology, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR analyses were performed [...] Read more.

Cancer-promoting proinflammatory microenvironment influences colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We examined the biomarkers of inflammation, intestinal differentiation, and DNA activity correlated with the clinical parameters to observe progression and prognosis in the adenocarcinoma subtype of CRC. Their immunohistology, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR analyses were performed in the adenocarcinoma and neighboring healthy tissues of 64 patients with CRC after routine colorectal surgery. Proinflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling as well as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and S100 protein levels were upregulated in adenocarcinoma compared with nearby healthy colon tissue. In contrast to nitrotyrosine expression, the oxidative stress marker 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was increased in adenocarcinoma tissue. Biomarkers of intestinal differentiation β-catenin and mucin 2 (MUC2) were inversely regulated, with the former upregulated in adenocarcinoma tissue and positively correlated with tumor marker CA19-9. Downregulation of MUC2 expression correlated with the increased 2-year survival rate of patients with CRC. Proliferation-related mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was activated, and Ki67 frequency was three-fold augmented in positive correlation with metastasis and cancer stage, respectively. Conclusion: We demonstrated a parallel induction of oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in adenocarcinoma tissue that was not reflected in the neighboring healthy colon tissue of CRC. The expansiveness of colorectal adenocarcinoma was confirmed by irregular intestinal differentiation and elevated proliferation biomarkers, predominantly Ki67. The origin of the linked inflammatory factors was in adenocarcinoma tissue, with an accompanying systemic immune response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systemic and Mucosal Inflammation in Colorectal Cancer: Underlying Factors, Significance, and Related Biomarkers)

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13 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

1,2-Dicinnamoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Upregulates mtDNA-Encoded Genes in Insulin-Resistant 3T3-L1 Adipocytes: A Preliminary Study

by Aneta Cierzniak, Anna Gliszczyńska and Małgorzata Małodobra-Mazur

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183163 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Insulin resistance is a condition characterized by a reduced biological response to insulin. It is one of the most common metabolic diseases in modern civilization. Numerous natural substances have a positive effect on metabolism and energy homeostasis including restoring the proper sensitivity [...] Read more.

Background: Insulin resistance is a condition characterized by a reduced biological response to insulin. It is one of the most common metabolic diseases in modern civilization. Numerous natural substances have a positive effect on metabolism and energy homeostasis including restoring the proper sensitivity to insulin. There may be several possible mechanisms of action. In the present study, we elucidated two natural compounds with an impact on insulin signaling in IR adipocytes involving mitochondria. Methods: Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes with artificially induced insulin resistance by palmitic acid (16:0) were used for the study. Cinnamic acid and 1,2-dicinnamoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholin (1,2-diCA-PC) were tested at three concentrations: 25 μM, 50 μM, and 125 μM. The number of mitochondria and the expression of genes encoded by mtDNA were elucidated in control and experimental cells. Results: Experimental cells treated with 1,2-diCA-PC displayed increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied by an increase in mtDNA copy number. Moreover, in experimental cells treated with 1,2-diCA-PC at a concentration of 125 μM, a significant increase in the expression level of all analyzed genes encoded by mtDNA compared to control cells was observed. Our study showed a relationship between improved cellular sensitivity to insulin by 1,2-diCA-PC and an increase in the number of mitochondria and expression levels of genes encoded by mtDNA. Conclusions: To summarize, the results suggest the therapeutic potential of cinnamic acid derivative 1,2-diCA-PC to enhance the insulin sensitivity of adipocytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Phytochemicals on Metabolic Disorders and Human Health)

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18 pages, 604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Quantum Temperature Sensors for Ultra-Precise Measurements (UPMs): A Comparative Study

by Aziz Oukaira, Ouafaa Ettahri and Ahmed Lakhssassi

Electronics 2024, 13(18), 3715; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183715 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this study, we compared the performance of quantum temperature sensors (QTSs) with conventional sensors (CSs), highlighting differences in measurement accuracy and stability. Quantum sensors (QSs), known for their ability to provide ultra-precise measurements (UPMs), were tested across a temperature range of −10 [...] Read more.

In this study, we compared the performance of quantum temperature sensors (QTSs) with conventional sensors (CSs), highlighting differences in measurement accuracy and stability. Quantum sensors (QSs), known for their ability to provide ultra-precise measurements (UPMs), were tested across a temperature range of −10 to 40 °C. The results indicate that QSs offer superior accuracy, with a lower average error and a smaller standard deviation compared to CSs, indicating better measurement stability. For this comparison, we utilized Python scripts to conduct simulations and statistical analyses, leading to precise and reproducible results. The sensor performance was simulated in a controlled environment, and the obtained data were compared with experimental results. This comparison reveals that QSs are more reliable for applications requiring high precision, such as those in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. These findings underscore the potential advantage of QSs in critical systems where measurement accuracy is paramount. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST 2024))

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15 pages, 4630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct and Indirect Effects of Environmental and Socio-Economic Factors on COVID-19 in Africa Using Structural Equation Modeling

by Bissilimou Rachidatou Orounla, Ayédèguè Eustache Alaye, Kolawolé Valère Salako, Codjo Emile Agbangba, Justice Moses K. Aheto and Romain Glèlè Kakaï

Stats 2024, 7(3), 1051-1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/stats7030062 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Understanding direct and indirect relationships of environmental, socio-economic and climate variables and the dynamics of epidemics is key to guiding targeted public health policy and interventions. This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of environmental and socio-economic factors on the COVID-19 dynamics [...] Read more.

Understanding direct and indirect relationships of environmental, socio-economic and climate variables and the dynamics of epidemics is key to guiding targeted public health policy and interventions. This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of environmental and socio-economic factors on the COVID-19 dynamics in Africa (54 African countries from 2019 to 2021) using SEM approach. Specifically, the study aimed to: (i) assess the performance of two SEM estimation methods (Lisrel and PLS-SEM) in relationship to sample size (100, 200, 500, and 1000) and level of model complexity (No, two, and four indirect effects) and (ii) use the most performing SEM estimation method to examine direct and indirect effects of factors influencing the number of cases and deaths of COVID-19 in Africa. The results highlight a positive spatial correlation between factors such as temperature, humidity, age, the proportion of people aged over 65, and the COVID-19 incidence. Under the control of confounding factors, Lisrel turns out to be the most performing method, identifying climate, demographic and economic factors as the main determinants of COVID-19 dynamics. These factors have a direct and significant impact on the incidence of COVID-19. An indirect relationship was also observed between economic factors and the incidence of COVID-19 through air pollutants. The results highlight the importance of considering these factors in understanding the spread of the virus to avoid further disasters. Full article

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21 pages, 6478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Dataset Scalability for Classification of Black Sigatoka in Banana Crops Using UAV-Based Multispectral Images and Deep Learning Techniques

by Rafael Linero-Ramos, Carlos Parra-Rodríguez, Alexander Espinosa-Valdez, Jorge Gómez-Rojas and Mario Gongora

Drones 2024, 8(9), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8090503 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

This paper presents an evaluation of different convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures using false-colour images obtained by multispectral sensors on drones for the detection of Black Sigatoka in banana crops. The objective is to use drones to improve the accuracy and efficiency of [...] Read more.

This paper presents an evaluation of different convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures using false-colour images obtained by multispectral sensors on drones for the detection of Black Sigatoka in banana crops. The objective is to use drones to improve the accuracy and efficiency of Black Sigatoka detection to reduce its impact on banana production and improve the sustainable management of banana crops, one of the most produced, traded, and important fruits for food security consumed worldwide. This study aims to improve the precision and accuracy in analysing the images and detecting the presence of the disease using deep learning algorithms. Moreover, we are using drones, multispectral images, and different CNNs, supported by transfer learning, to enhance and scale up the current approach using RGB images obtained by conventional cameras and even smartphone cameras, available in open datasets. The innovation of this study, compared to existing technologies for disease detection in crops, lies in the advantages offered by using drones for image acquisition of crops, in this case, constructing and testing our own datasets, which allows us to save time and resources in the identification of crop diseases in a highly scalable manner. The CNNs used are a type of artificial neural network widely utilised for machine training; they contain several specialised layers interconnected with each other in which the initial layers can detect lines and curves, and gradually become specialised until reaching deeper layers that recognise complex shapes. We use multispectral sensors to create false-colour images around the red colour spectra to distinguish infected leaves. Relevant results of this study include the construction of a dataset with 505 original drone images. By subdividing and converting them into false-colour images using the UAV’s multispectral sensors, we obtained 2706 objects of diseased leaves, 3102 objects of healthy leaves, and an additional 1192 objects of non-leaves to train classification algorithms. Additionally, 3640 labels of Black Sigatoka were generated by phytopathology experts, ideal for training algorithms to detect this disease in banana crops. In classification, we achieved a performance of 86.5% using false-colour images with red, red edge, and near-infrared composition through MobileNetV2 for three classes (healthy leaves, diseased leaves, and non-leaf extras). We obtained better results in identifying Black Sigatoka disease in banana crops using the classification approach with MobileNetV2 as well as our own datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drones in Agriculture and Forestry)

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7 pages, 193 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Recent Advancements in Petroleum and Gas Engineering

by Xiaochuan Wang, Gan Feng, Yaoqing Hu, Liuke Huang, Hongqiang Xie, Yu Zhao, Peihua Jin and Chao Liang

Energies 2024, 17(18), 4664; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184664 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Oil and natural gas resources are crucial energy sources formed during the geological and biological evolution of the Earth [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Petroleum and Gas Engineering)

15 pages, 2407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salinity Tolerance Mechanism of Crithmum maritimum L.: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture in Saline Soils

by Bihter Colak Esetlili, Lale Yildiz Aktas, M. Tolga Esetlili, Tugba Oztekin, Cenk Ceyhun Kılıc and Yusuf Kurucu

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8165; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188165 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Edible halophytes are attracting attention due to their potential for agriculture in saline and marginal areas. The salt tolerance mechanism was analyzed in Crithmum maritimum L., based on ionic, osmotic, and redox homeostasis strategies under salt stress. The methodology involved growing C. maritimum [...] Read more.

Edible halophytes are attracting attention due to their potential for agriculture in saline and marginal areas. The salt tolerance mechanism was analyzed in Crithmum maritimum L., based on ionic, osmotic, and redox homeostasis strategies under salt stress. The methodology involved growing C. maritimum seeds in pots under controlled greenhouse conditions and exposing them to different NaCl concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 300 mM) for five months. High salinity levels decreased plant length and biomass, but the shoot-to-root length and biomass ratio increased significantly. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) were quantified using spectrophotometric analysis, while macro- and micro-nutrient contents were determined via the Kjeldahl method, flame photometry, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Osmolyte accumulation, including proline and glycine betaine, was analyzed using specific biochemical assays, and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and POX) were measured to assess redox homeostasis. Photosynthetic pigments in C. maritimum leaves slightly increased at 100 mM NaCl, but significantly declined at 200 and 300 mM NaCl. A high Na content in the shoots indicated no restriction in mineral uptake in the roots. Nitrogen and phosphorus slightly decreased under high salinity. The cation content in the shoots varied: potassium decreased, while calcium and magnesium increased with salinity, although the Mg⁺²/Na⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺ ratios showed similar declining patterns. The micro-nutrients iron and manganese increased in the shoots, while copper remained unchanged. The content of osmolytes proline and glycine betaine significantly increased under the 200 and 300 mM NaCl treatments. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and POX) decreased at 100 and 200 mM NaCl, but were strongly induced at 300 mM NaCl. The total antiradical activity of the leaves increased with higher salinity levels. Our results indicated that the facultative halophyte characteristics of C. maritimum emerged after exposure to 200 mM NaCl. Increased calcium content may be a key factor in salinity tolerance. We concluded that C. maritimum employs strong osmotic adjustment and redox homeostasis mechanisms, making it a promising candidate for cultivation in saline environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Agricultural Crop Production)

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