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15 pages, 4110 KiB

Open AccessReview

Formation, Structure, Electronic, and Transport Properties of Nitrogen Defects in Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes

by Yoshitaka Fujimoto

Micromachines 2024, 15(9), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091172 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

The substitutional doping of nitrogen is an efficient way to modulate the electronic properties of graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Therefore, it could enhance their physical and chemical properties as well as offer potential applications. This paper provides an overview of the experimental [...] Read more.

The substitutional doping of nitrogen is an efficient way to modulate the electronic properties of graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Therefore, it could enhance their physical and chemical properties as well as offer potential applications. This paper provides an overview of the experimental and theoretical investigations regarding nitrogen-doped graphene and CNTs. The formation of various nitrogen defects in nitrogen-doped graphene and CNTs, which are identified by several observations, is reviewed. The electronic properties and transport characteristics for nitrogen-doped graphene and CNTs are also reviewed for the development of high-performance electronic device applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Applied Innovations)

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21 pages, 843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does ICT Investment Affect Market Share and Customer Acquisition Cost? A Comparative Analysis of Domestic and Foreign Banks Operating in India

by Gulam Goush Ansari and Rajorshi Sen Gupta

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(9), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17090421 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Competitive banks aggressively invest in information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance their market share and reduce Customer Acquisition Costs (CAC). This study examines the impact of cumulative stock of ICT investment on (a) deposit and loan market share and (b) CAC of [...] Read more.

Competitive banks aggressively invest in information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance their market share and reduce Customer Acquisition Costs (CAC). This study examines the impact of cumulative stock of ICT investment on (a) deposit and loan market share and (b) CAC of banks operating in India. The analysis uses a longitudinal dataset of 84 domestic and 70 foreign banks from 2000 to 2020, employing a two-step system Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). It is found that ICT investment adversely affects the market share of domestic banks, indicating a need for these banks to strategically invest more in CAC. Conversely, foreign banks are able to increase their market share through ICT investment and reduced CAC, thereby demonstrating greater efficiency in utilizing ICT. The study underscores the strategic importance of cumulative stock of ICT investment for banks. Nonetheless, it is emphasized that ICT investment must be complemented with innovative marketing strategies to enhance customer experience, reduce CAC, and increase market share. Overall, while foreign banks are able to leverage ICT to boost efficiency, domestic banks must leverage ICT to implement targeted marketing strategies and strive to enhance their customer service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Applications in Finance, 2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Elite Wolf Pack Algorithm Based on the Probability Threshold for a Multi-UAV Cooperative Reconnaissance Mission

by Hanrui Zhang, Xiao Lv, Chao Ma and Liangzhong Cui

Drones 2024, 8(9), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8090513 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

In the task assignment problem of multi-UAV collaborative reconnaissance, existing algorithms have issues with inadequate solution accuracy, specifically manifested as large spatial spans and knots of routes in the task execution of UAVs. To address the above challenges, this paper presents a multi-UAV [...] Read more.

In the task assignment problem of multi-UAV collaborative reconnaissance, existing algorithms have issues with inadequate solution accuracy, specifically manifested as large spatial spans and knots of routes in the task execution of UAVs. To address the above challenges, this paper presents a multi-UAV task assignment model under complex conditions (MTAMCC). To efficiently solve this model, this paper proposes an elite wolf pack algorithm based on probability threshold (EWPA-PT). The EWPA-PT algorithm combines the wandering behavior in the traditional wolf pack algorithm with the genetic algorithm. It introduces an ordered permutation problem to calculate the adaptive wandering times of the detective wolves in a specific direction. During the calling phase of the algorithm, the fierce wolves in the wolf pack randomly learn the task assignment results of the head wolf. The sieging behavior introduces the Metropolis criterion from the simulated annealing algorithm to replace the distance threshold in traditional wolf pack algorithms with a probability threshold, which dynamically changes during the iteration process. The wolf pack updating mechanism leverages the task assignment experience of the elite group to reconstruct individual wolves, thereby improving the individual reconstruction’s efficiency. Experiments demonstrate that the EWPA-PT algorithm significantly improves solution accuracy compared to typical methods in recent years. Full article

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20 pages, 4706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening and Engineering Yeast Transporters to Improve Cellobiose Fermentation by Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

by Leonardo G. Kretzer, Marilia M. Knychala, Lucca C. da Silva, Isadora C. C. da Fontoura, Maria José Leandro, César Fonseca, Kevin J. Verstrepen and Boris U. Stambuk

Fermentation 2024, 10(9), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10090490 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Developing recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains capable of transporting and fermenting cellobiose directly is a promising strategy for second-generation ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we cloned and expressed in the S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1C strain an intracellular β-glucosidase (SpBGL7) from [...] Read more.

Developing recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains capable of transporting and fermenting cellobiose directly is a promising strategy for second-generation ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we cloned and expressed in the S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1C strain an intracellular β-glucosidase (SpBGL7) from Spathaspora passalidarum and co-expressed the cellobiose transporter SiHXT2.4 from Scheffersomyces illinoinensis, and two putative transporters, one from Candida tropicalis (CtCBT1 gene), and one from Meyerozyma guilliermondii (MgCBT2 gene). While all three transporters allowed cell growth on cellobiose, only the MgCBT2 permease allowed cellobiose fermentation, although cellobiose consumption was incomplete. The analysis of the β-glucosidase and transport activities revealed that the cells stopped consuming cellobiose due to a drop in the transport activity. Since ubiquitinylation of lysine residues at the N- or C-terminal domains of the permease are involved in the endocytosis and degradation of sugar transporters, we constructed truncated versions of the permease lacking lysine residues at the C-terminal domain (MgCBT2ΔC), and at both the C- and N-terminal domain (MgCBT2ΔNΔC) and co-expressed these permeases with the SpBGL7 β-glucosidase in an industrial strain. While the strain harboring the MgCBT2ΔC transporter continued to produce incomplete cellobiose fermentations as the wild-type MgCBT2 permease, the strain with the MgCBT2ΔNΔC permease was able to consume and ferment all the cellobiose present in the medium. Thus, our results highlight the importance of expressing cellobiose transporters lacking lysine at the N- and C-terminal domains for efficient cellobiose fermentation by recombinant S. cerevisiae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Biodiversity and Industrial Applications of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 4690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation on Electromagnetic Scattering Characteristics of Circulation Control Wing Surface

by Dechen Wang, Peng Cui, Wei Du and Hao Liu

Aerospace 2024, 11(9), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090781 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

In order to study the effect of the circulation control technology on the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the wing, a variety of low-scattering carrier models were designed based on the characteristics of the circulation control wing and the mechanical rudder surface. The radar [...] Read more.

In order to study the effect of the circulation control technology on the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the wing, a variety of low-scattering carrier models were designed based on the characteristics of the circulation control wing and the mechanical rudder surface. The radar scattering cross sections of the different models were then calculated by using the multilayer fast multipole algorithm. A comparative analysis of different models revealed that the use of the circulation control technique can reduce the front RCS level of the wing. Furthermore, the scaling effect was found to be more significant for the HH-polarised RCS at high frequency and the VV-polarised RCS at low frequency. The air source cavity structure of the jet system will increase the front and back RCS levels of the wing. Conversely, the back RCS level can be reduced by the oblique design of the jet nozzle. In the process of achieving attitude control, the wing applying the circulation control technique can significantly reduce its own front and side RCS levels, as well as the fluctuations of RCS levels throughout manoeuvres, in comparison to the usage of mechanical rudders. The findings of the study elucidate the scattering characteristics of the circulation control wing, which can serve as a reference for the stealth performance of unconventional layout aircraft. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aeronautics)

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17 pages, 3680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flower Visitation through the Lens: Exploring the Foraging Behaviour of Bombus terrestris with a Computer Vision-Based Application

by Zsófia Varga-Szilay, Gergely Szövényi and Gábor Pozsgai

Insects 2024, 15(9), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090729 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

To understand the processes behind pollinator declines and for the conservation of pollination services, we need to understand fundamental drivers influencing pollinator behaviour. Here, we aimed to elucidate how wild bumblebees interact with three plant species and investigated their foraging behaviour with varying [...] Read more.

To understand the processes behind pollinator declines and for the conservation of pollination services, we need to understand fundamental drivers influencing pollinator behaviour. Here, we aimed to elucidate how wild bumblebees interact with three plant species and investigated their foraging behaviour with varying flower densities. We video-recorded Bombus terrestris in 60 × 60 cm quadrats of Lotus creticus, Persicaria capitata, and Trifolium pratense in urban areas of Terceira (Azores, Portugal). For the automated bumblebee detection and counting, we created deep learning-based computer vision models with custom datasets. We achieved high model accuracy of 0.88 for Lotus and Persicaria and 0.95 for Trifolium, indicating accurate bumblebee detection. In our study, flower cover was the only factor that influenced the attractiveness of flower patches, and plant species did not have an effect. We detected a significant positive effect of flower cover on the attractiveness of flower patches for flower-visiting bumblebees. The time spent per unit of inflorescence surface area was longer on the Trifolium than those on the Lotus and Persicaria. However, our result did not indicate significant differences in the time bumblebees spent on inflorescences among the three plant species. Here, we also justify computer vision-based analysis as a reliable tool for studying pollinator behavioural ecology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthrough Technologies for Future Entomology)

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15 pages, 1050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Perceived Competencies and Attitudes on Palliative Care in Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Multicenter Descriptive Study

by Cinzia Lo Iacono, Emanuele Amodio, Giuseppe Vella, Maria Caruso, Giuseppe D’Anna, Angelo Gambera, Maurizio Soresi, Giuseppe Intravaia and Roberto Latina

Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14(3), 2550-2564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030188 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Caring for the dying can generate anxiety and emotional distress, particularly in nursing students, and perceived competence could play a crucial role in enabling nurses to perform their duties with greater confidence. Unfortunately, few studies describe the relationship between students’ nursing attitudes [...] Read more.

Introduction: Caring for the dying can generate anxiety and emotional distress, particularly in nursing students, and perceived competence could play a crucial role in enabling nurses to perform their duties with greater confidence. Unfortunately, few studies describe the relationship between students’ nursing attitudes and perceived self-efficacy in palliative care (PC). To overcome this gap, this survey aimed to assess the attitudes towards dying patients and the perceived competence of nursing students in palliative care at different universities in the south of Italy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023 involving nursing students from the three major Sicilian universities (Italy). The study included a survey investigating socio-demographic characteristics, palliative care training, knowledge about pain management, and previous experience with dying. Moreover, the Professional Competence of the Core Curriculum in Palliative Care Nursing (CCPCN) questionnaire and the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying—B Italian version (FATCOD-B-I) assessed competencies and emotional attitudes. Results: A total of 1913 nursing students were recruited, of which 71.3% were females, and 53.9% were in the age range of 18 to 21 years. In the multivariable analysis, practical PC training was a substantial factor in enhancing competencies (Adj-OR 2.78 [95% CI = 2.12–3.65]). Male students had higher competence odds (Adj-OR 1.38 [95% CI = 1.14–1.66]), and perceived knowledge strongly correlated with self-assessed competence. Advancement in academic years also positively influenced competence self-assessment (Adj-OR 1.98 [95% CI = 1.75–2.24]). Regarding emotional attitudes, a per-quartile increase in competence score was found to improve the attitude score (Adj-OR 1.24 [95% CI = 1.13–1.35]). Conclusions: Nursing students gain valuable experience during clinical experience. PC training and perceived knowledge of PC significantly increase nurses’ competencies, and the latter seem to be strongly associated with attitudes. Thus, introducing palliative care education into nurses’ core curricula could be a way to reduce anxiety and emotional distress in young students. Full article

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20 pages, 789 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of Aphantasia: Concept, Measurement, Neural Basis, and Theory Development

by Feiyang Jin, Shen-Mou Hsu and Yu Li

Vision 2024, 8(3), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8030056 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

People with aphantasia exhibit the inability to voluntarily generate or form mental imagery in their minds. Since the term “aphantasia” was proposed to describe this, it has gained increasing attention from psychiatrists, neuroscientists, and clinicians. Previous studies have mainly focused on the definition, [...] Read more.

People with aphantasia exhibit the inability to voluntarily generate or form mental imagery in their minds. Since the term “aphantasia” was proposed to describe this, it has gained increasing attention from psychiatrists, neuroscientists, and clinicians. Previous studies have mainly focused on the definition, prevalence, and measurement of aphantasia, its impacts on individuals’ cognitive and emotional processing, and theoretical frameworks synthesizing existing findings, which have contributed greatly to our understanding of aphantasia. However, there are still some debates regarding the conclusions derived from existing research and the theories that were constructed from various sources of evidence. Building upon existing endeavors, this systematic review emphasizes that future research is much needed to refine the definition and diagnosis of aphantasia, strengthen empirical investigations at behavioral and neural levels, and, more importantly, develop or update theories. These multiple lines of efforts could lead to a deeper understanding of aphantasia and further guide researchers in future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Mental Imagery System: How We Image the World)

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12 pages, 2566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Wideband Polarization-Reconfigurable Antenna Based on Fusion of TM₁₀ and Transformed-TM₂₀ Mode

by Xianjing Yuan, Siyuan Zheng, Binyun Yan and Weixing Sheng

Electronics 2024, 13(18), 3760; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183760 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

A wideband polarization-reconfigurable microstrip antenna based on a mode-fusion mechanism is proposed. This simple antenna structure consists of a rectangular radiation patch and a ground, both with crossed slots. The slots crossing the ground are connected by eight PIN diodes and four capacitors [...] Read more.

A wideband polarization-reconfigurable microstrip antenna based on a mode-fusion mechanism is proposed. This simple antenna structure consists of a rectangular radiation patch and a ground, both with crossed slots. The slots crossing the ground are connected by eight PIN diodes and four capacitors such that two orthogonal linear-polarization radiation modes can be realized. The radiation patch is slotted such that a transformed

{TM}_{20}

mode is excited, realizing broadside radiation that the traditional

{TM}_{20}

mode is unable to. With fusion of the fundamental

{TM}_{10}

mode and the transformed-

{TM}_{20}

(T-

{TM}_{20}

) mode, a wide bandwidth of 30.1% is achieved in two reconfigurable polarizations. The measured results agree well with the simulation results. The total efficiency of the proposed antenna is more than 80.0% over the bandwidth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wireless Technologies for Next-G Networks: Antennas, Circuits, and Systems)

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16 pages, 5685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dy(III) Coordination Polymer Material as a Dual-Functional Fluorescent Sensor for the Selective Detection of Inorganic Pollutants

by Ying Wang, Baigang An, Si Li, Lijiang Chen, Lin Tao, Timing Fang and Lei Guan

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4495; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184495 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

A Dy(III) coordination polymer (CP), [Dy(spasds)(H₂O)₂]_n (1) (Na₂Hspasds = 5-(4-sulfophenylazo)salicylic disodium salt), has been synthesized using a hydrothermal method and characterized. 1 features a 2D layered structure, where the spasda³⁻ anions act as [...] Read more.

A Dy(III) coordination polymer (CP), [Dy(spasds)(H₂O)₂]_n (1) (Na₂Hspasds = 5-(4-sulfophenylazo)salicylic disodium salt), has been synthesized using a hydrothermal method and characterized. 1 features a 2D layered structure, where the spasda³⁻ anions act as pentadentate ligands, adopting carboxylate, sulfonate and phenolate groups to bridge with four Dy centers in η₃-μ¹: μ², η₂-μ¹: μ¹, and monodentate coordination modes, respectively. It possesses a unique (4,4)-connected net with a Schläfli symbol of {4⁴·6²}{4}₂. The luminescence study revealed that 1 exhibited a broad fluorescent emission band at 392 nm. Moreover, the visual blue color has been confirmed by the CIE plot. 1 can serve as a dual-functional luminescent sensor toward Fe³⁺ and MnO₄⁻ through the luminescence quenching effect, with limits of detection (LODs) of 9.30 × 10⁻⁷ and 1.19 × 10⁻⁶ M, respectively. The LODs are relatively low in comparison with those of the reported CP-based sensors for Fe³⁺ and MnO₄⁻. In addition, 1 also has high selectivity and remarkable anti-interference ability, as well as good recyclability for at least five cycles. Furthermore, the potential application of the sensor for the detection of Fe³⁺ and MnO₄⁻ was studied through simulated wastewater samples with different concentrations. The possible sensing mechanisms were investigated using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results revealed that the luminescence turn-off effects toward Fe³⁺ and MnO₄⁻ were caused by competitive absorption and photoinduced electron transfer (PET), and competitive absorption and inner filter effect (IFE), respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Applications of N,O-donor Ligands and Their Coordination Polymers)

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25 pages, 844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Management Accounting in Urban Development: A Case Study of an Egyptian State-Owned Enterprise

by Loai Ali Zeenalabden Ali Alsaid and Jean Claude Mutiganda

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8235; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188235 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The public sector literature on sustainability management accounting (SMA) has grown significantly in recent years, with numerous theoretical and empirical studies examining the purported link between management accounting and corporate sustainability within organisations. However, despite this surge, prior studies have largely confined their [...] Read more.

The public sector literature on sustainability management accounting (SMA) has grown significantly in recent years, with numerous theoretical and empirical studies examining the purported link between management accounting and corporate sustainability within organisations. However, despite this surge, prior studies have largely confined their analytical scope to traditional SMA issues, such as corporate social, environmental, and governance responsibilities. Their analyses have predominantly concentrated on largely investigated elements such as situational linkages, transformational dynamics, agency issues, resistance, and conflicts. This study aims to address these limitations by examining corporate SMA systems within the burgeoning field of urban development. It utilises institutional theory and a case study from Egypt, a developing country, to explore how urban development could impact adopting a corporate SMA system in politically sensitive state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Contrary to existing literature, the findings indicate that urban development has created financial pressures for national governments, which have used these as a political instrument to implement a corporate SMA system within related SOEs. Additionally, the findings highlight the significant role of management accountants as central figures in integrating and standardising a corporate SMA system into the daily practices of current executives through advanced enterprise resource planning (ERP) technology. Moreover, as a development of institutional theory, the findings demonstrate the influence of corporate SMA reports on the decision-making processes of national governments in the context of urban development. Full article

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15 pages, 9174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation System for Hirsutella sinensis

by Lijuan Wu, Xinkun Hu, Shen Yan, Zenglin Wu, Xuzhong Tang, Lei Xie, Yujie Qiu, Rui Li, Ji Chen and Mengliang Tian

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(9), 10618-10632; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090629 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is a complex is formed by Hepialidae larvae and Hirsutella sinensis. Infestation by H. sinensis, interaction with host larvae, and fruiting body development are three crucial processes affecting the formation of O. sinensis. However, research on the [...] Read more.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is a complex is formed by Hepialidae larvae and Hirsutella sinensis. Infestation by H. sinensis, interaction with host larvae, and fruiting body development are three crucial processes affecting the formation of O. sinensis. However, research on the molecular mechanism of O. sinensis formation has been hindered by the lack of effective genetic transformation protocols. Therefore, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) was adopted to genetically transform two H. sinensis strains and optimize the transformation conditions. The results revealed that the most suitable Agrobacterium strain for H. sinensis transformation was AGL1, and that the surfactant Triton X-100 could also induce ATMT, although less effectively than acetosyringone (AS). In addition, the endogenous promoters of H. sinensis genes had a stronger ability to drive the expression of the target gene than did the exogenous promoter. The optimal transformation conditions were as follows: AS and hygromycin B concentrations of 100 μM and 50 μg/mL, respectively; A. tumefaciens OD₆₀₀ of 0.4; cocultivation at 18 °C for 24 h; and H. sinensis used within three passages. The results lay a foundation for the functional study of key regulatory genes involved in the formation of O. sinensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)

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22 pages, 5464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Machine Learning Techniques for Energy Consumption Analysis and Optimization at UBC Campus: Correlations with Meteorological Variables

by Amir Shahcheraghian and Adrian Ilinca

Energies 2024, 17(18), 4714; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184714 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Energy consumption analysis has often faced challenges such as limited model accuracy and inadequate consideration of the complex interactions between energy usage and meteorological data. This study is presented as a solution to these challenges through a detailed analysis of energy consumption across [...] Read more.

Energy consumption analysis has often faced challenges such as limited model accuracy and inadequate consideration of the complex interactions between energy usage and meteorological data. This study is presented as a solution to these challenges through a detailed analysis of energy consumption across UBC Campus buildings using a variety of machine learning models, including Neural Networks, Decision Trees, Random Forests, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, Linear Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, Support Vector Regression, and K-Neighbors. The primary objective is to uncover the complex relationships between energy usage and meteorological data, addressing gaps in understanding how these variables impact consumption patterns in different campus buildings by considering factors such as seasons, hours of the day, and weather conditions. Significant interdependencies among electricity usage, hot water power, gas, and steam volume are revealed, highlighting the need for integrated energy management strategies. Strong negative correlations between Vancouver’s temperature and energy consumption metrics are identified, suggesting opportunities for energy savings through temperature-responsive strategies, especially during warmer periods. Among the regression models evaluated, deep neural networks are found to excel in capturing complex patterns and achieve high predictive accuracy. Valuable insights for improving energy efficiency and sustainability practices are offered, aiding informed decision-making for energy resource management in educational campuses and similar urban environments. Applying advanced machine learning techniques underscores the potential of data-driven energy optimization strategies. Future research could investigate causal relationships between energy consumption and external factors, assess the impact of specific operational interventions, and explore integrating renewable energy sources into the campus energy mix. UBC can advance sustainable energy management through these efforts and can serve as a model for other institutions that aim to reduce their environmental impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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22 pages, 932 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Whole-Gland and Focal Cryotherapy in Recurrent Prostate Cancer

by Faozia Pio, Andeulazia Murdock, Renee E. Fuller and Michael J. Whalen

Cancers 2024, 16(18), 3225; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183225 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy in men, with the majority of newly diagnosed patients eligible for active surveillance. Despite definitive treatment, a considerable percentage of men will experience biochemical recurrence and even regional and distant metastatic recurrence after radiation therapy [...] Read more.

Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy in men, with the majority of newly diagnosed patients eligible for active surveillance. Despite definitive treatment, a considerable percentage of men will experience biochemical recurrence and even regional and distant metastatic recurrence after radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy. Salvage prostatectomy, while oncologically effective, poses significant morbidity with poor functional outcomes. Salvage cryotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative for localized recurrence, demonstrating safety and efficacy. This review examines the oncologic and functional outcomes of whole-gland and focal salvage cryotherapy, including disease-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. The crucial role of multiparametric prostate MRI and evolving role of next-generation PSMA-targeted PET imaging are also examined. The comparison of outcomes of cryotherapy to other salvage ablation modalities, such as high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), is also explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Therapy)

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17 pages, 4409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wavelet-Based Computational Intelligence for Real-Time Anomaly Detection and Fault Isolation in Embedded Systems

by Jesus Pacheco, Victor H. Benitez, Guillermo Pérez and Agustín Brau

Machines 2024, 12(9), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12090664 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

In today’s technologically advanced landscape, sensors feed critical data for accurate decision-making and actions. Ensuring the integrity and reliability of sensor data is paramount to system performance and security. This paper introduces an innovative approach utilizing discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) embedded within microcontrollers [...] Read more.

In today’s technologically advanced landscape, sensors feed critical data for accurate decision-making and actions. Ensuring the integrity and reliability of sensor data is paramount to system performance and security. This paper introduces an innovative approach utilizing discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) embedded within microcontrollers to scrutinize sensor data meticulously. Our methodology aims to detect and isolate malfunctions, misuse, or any anomalies before they permeate the system, potentially causing widespread disruption. By leveraging the power of wavelet-based analysis, we embed computational intelligence directly into the microcontrollers, enabling them to monitor and validate their outputs in real-time. This proactive anomaly detection framework is designed to distinguish between normal and aberrant sensor behaviors, thereby safeguarding the system from erroneous data propagation. Our approach significantly enhances the reliability of embedded systems, providing a robust defense against false data injection attacks and contributing to overall cybersecurity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Intelligence for Fault Detection and Classification)

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13 pages, 1808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Hospitalizations of Patients with Hepatitis C Virus in Poland between 2012 and 2022

by Agnieszka Genowska, Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk, Krystyna Dobrowolska, Krzysztof Kanecki, Paweł Goryński, Piotr Tyszko, Katarzyna Lewtak, Piotr Rzymski and Robert Flisiak

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5618; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185618 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Analyzing hospitalizations of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is essential for an effective action plan to eliminate hepatitis C as a public health threat. This study aimed to explore trends in hospitalizations of patients with HCV infection and factors related [...] Read more.

Background: Analyzing hospitalizations of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is essential for an effective action plan to eliminate hepatitis C as a public health threat. This study aimed to explore trends in hospitalizations of patients with HCV infection and factors related to these hospitalizations. Methods: This 11-year retrospective study (2012–2022) explored trends in hospitalizations of patients with HCV infection in Poland based on data from the Nationwide General Hospital Morbidity Study. Results: The mean age of individuals was 55 years, with hospitalization rates among men and women of 15.5 and 13.7 per 100,000 population, respectively. Hospitalizations were 1.8-fold higher among urban residents. The most frequent comorbidities were digestive (24%) and cardiovascular (18%) diseases. During the studied period, the hospitalization rates significantly decreased from 31.9 per 100,000 in 2012 to 5.0 per 100,000 in 2022, with stays requiring 0–3, 4–7, and ≥8 days becoming 8-fold, 6-fold, and 4-fold less frequent, respectively. The flattening of hospitalizations was apparent across all age groups, including children. Conclusions: While significant progress has been made in managing HCV in Poland, continued efforts are required to eliminate disparities in care and to sustain the momentum toward HCV elimination, particularly through enhanced political commitment and the implementation of comprehensive national screening programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)

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17 pages, 1600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Studies on Methyl Ester Production from Pretreated Sludge Palm Oil Using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Base Catalysts

by Ye Min Oo, Panupong Juera-Ong, Kritsakon Pongraktham and Krit Somnuk

Catalysts 2024, 14(9), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14090647 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

A heterogeneous base catalyst transesterification process with a calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst was performed to produce high-purity methyl ester (ME) from pretreated sludge palm oil (PSPO) derived from sludge palm oil (SPO). Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as [...] Read more.

A heterogeneous base catalyst transesterification process with a calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst was performed to produce high-purity methyl ester (ME) from pretreated sludge palm oil (PSPO) derived from sludge palm oil (SPO). Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a homogeneous base catalyst to assess the distinctions between heterogeneous and homogeneous base catalysts. The response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to determine the optimal and recommended conditions for both transesterification processes. For heterogeneous transesterification, a varying CaO catalyst loading (10–60 wt.%), methanol (25–65 wt.%), and reaction time (60–180 min) were essential parameters. Meanwhile, homogeneous transesterification involved investigating the KOH catalyst loading (1–3 wt.%), methanol (1.8–5.5 wt.%), and reaction time (20–60 min). For the heterogeneous-base-catalyzed reaction, the recommended conditions were as follows: a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 5.83:1 (41.61 wt.%), 31.3 wt.% CaO, and a reaction time of 119.0 min, which resulted in a ME purity of 96.51 wt.%. The optimal conditions for homogeneous transesterification were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 0.49:1 (3.45 wt.%), a 40 min reaction time, and a 1.39 wt.% KOH concentration, which achieved 96.59 wt.% ME and met the standard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Catalysis in Organic and Polymer Chemistry)

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14 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Paul and Pseudo-Paul: Authorship, Ideology, and the Difference of Androprimacy

by Luis Josué Salés

Religions 2024, 15(9), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091141 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

This essay proposes a new conceptual approach to authorship and gender ideology in the Pauline corpus through the neologism ‘androprimacy’. I maintain that in addition to the scholarly literature that has engaged questions of authorship in the Pauline corpus and its relevance for [...] Read more.

This essay proposes a new conceptual approach to authorship and gender ideology in the Pauline corpus through the neologism ‘androprimacy’. I maintain that in addition to the scholarly literature that has engaged questions of authorship in the Pauline corpus and its relevance for the ordination of women, approaching this topic from the angle of ‘androprimacy’ exposes a distinct structure of sex-based discrimination that Paul rejects (1 Cor 11.11–16) and that the author of 1 Tim (1 Tim 2.11–15) affirms, demonstrating that androprimacy was a contested ideology in the first century, a relevant finding for promoting women’s ordination. Full article

10 pages, 2710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Thick Myocardial Tissue through Layered Seeding in Multi-Layer Nanofiber Scaffolds

by Yuru You, Feng Xu, Lingling Liu, Songyue Chen, Zhengmao Ding and Daoheng Sun

Polymers 2024, 16(18), 2664; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182664 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

A major challenge in myocardial tissue engineering is replicating the heart’s highly complex three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic structure. Heart-on-a-chip (HOC) is an emerging technology for constructing myocardial tissue in vitro in recent years, but most existing HOC systems face difficulties in constructing 3D myocardial [...] Read more.

A major challenge in myocardial tissue engineering is replicating the heart’s highly complex three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic structure. Heart-on-a-chip (HOC) is an emerging technology for constructing myocardial tissue in vitro in recent years, but most existing HOC systems face difficulties in constructing 3D myocardial tissue aligned with multiple cell layers. Electrospun nanofibers are commonly used as scaffolds for cell growth in myocardial tissue engineering, which can structurally simulate the extracellular matrix to induce the aligned growth of myocardial cells. Here, we developed an HOC that integrates multi-layered aligned polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds inside microfluidic chips, and constructed 3D thick and aligned tissue with a layered seeding approach. By culturing human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) on chip, the myocardial tissue on the two layered nanofibers reached a thickness of ~53 μm compared with ~19 μm for single-layered nanofibers. The obtained myocardial tissue presented well-aligned structures, with densely distributed α-actinin. By the third day post seeding, the hiPSC-CMs contract highly synchronously, with a contraction frequency of 18 times/min. The HOC with multi-layered biomimetic scaffolds provided a dynamic in vitro culture environment for hiPSC-CMs. Together with the layered cell-seeding process, the designed HOC promoted the formation of thick, well-aligned myocardial tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Costly “Greetings” from AI: Effects of Product Recommenders and Self-Disclosure Levels on Transaction Costs

by Yasheng Chen, Yuhong Tu and Siyao Zeng

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8236; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188236 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Companies are increasingly using artificial intelligence (AI) to provide users with product recommendations, but its efficacy is inconsistent. Drawing upon social exchange theory, we examine the effects of product recommenders and their levels of self-disclosure on transaction costs. Specifically, we recruited 78 participants [...] Read more.

Companies are increasingly using artificial intelligence (AI) to provide users with product recommendations, but its efficacy is inconsistent. Drawing upon social exchange theory, we examine the effects of product recommenders and their levels of self-disclosure on transaction costs. Specifically, we recruited 78 participants and conducted a 2 × 2 online experiment in which we manipulated product recommenders (human versus AI) and examined how self-disclosure levels (high versus low) affect consumers’ return intentions. We predicted and found that a low level of self-disclosure from human recommenders instead of AI counterparts results in higher emotional support, which leads to lower transaction costs. However, under high levels of self-disclosure, consumers’ emotional support and subsequent transaction costs do not differ between human and AI recommenders. Accordingly, we provide theoretical insights into the roles of self-disclosure and emotional support in human–machine interactions, and we contribute to sustainable AI practices by enhancing the efficiency of business operations and advancing broader sustainability objectives. Full article

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16 pages, 329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stone Altars, Wooden Tables, Silver Chalices, Unleavened Hosts, and Plain Bread: The Long Reformation of the Eucharist’s Materiality in the Pays de Vaud (1400–1600)

by Caleb Abraham

Religions 2024, 15(9), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091140 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Recent scholarship on the late medieval Pays de Vaud has allowed for a better understanding of the Reformation (1536) in this region, revealing it as a period marked not only by ruptures but also by significant adaptations and continuities. This article employs a [...] Read more.

Recent scholarship on the late medieval Pays de Vaud has allowed for a better understanding of the Reformation (1536) in this region, revealing it as a period marked not only by ruptures but also by significant adaptations and continuities. This article employs a trans-periodic approach to explore the material culture of the Eucharist, tracing its developments across the late medieval and Reformation periods. Key findings include the transition from stone altars to wooden communion tables, the contested continuity in the substance and shape of chalices, and the gradual shift from unleavened hosts to plain bread. These changes highlight a complex interplay of theological and practical concerns. The study provides a nuanced perspective on the Reformation in the Pays de Vaud, emphasizing the ongoing influence of medieval ecclesiastical reforms and the gradual nature of liturgical transformations. This analysis underscores the importance of material culture in understanding religious and cultural shifts during this pivotal period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Swiss Reformation 1525–2025: New Directions)

11 pages, 1540 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Desmoplakin Phenotype Spectrum: Is the Inflammation the “Fil Rouge” Linking Myocarditis, Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy, and Uncommon Autoinflammatory Systemic Disease?

by Saverio D’Elia, Adriano Caputo, Francesco Natale, Enrica Pezzullo, Giuseppe Limongelli, Paolo Golino, Giovanni Cimmino and Francesco S. Loffredo

Genes 2024, 15(9), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15091234 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition of cardiac tissue presenting significant variability in clinical manifestations and outcomes. Its etiology is diverse, encompassing infectious agents (primarily viruses, but also bacteria, protozoa, and helminths) and non-infectious factors (autoimmune responses, toxins, and drugs), though often the specific [...] Read more.

Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition of cardiac tissue presenting significant variability in clinical manifestations and outcomes. Its etiology is diverse, encompassing infectious agents (primarily viruses, but also bacteria, protozoa, and helminths) and non-infectious factors (autoimmune responses, toxins, and drugs), though often the specific cause remains unidentified. Recent research has highlighted the potential role of genetic susceptibility in the development of myocarditis (and in some cases the development of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy, i.e., the condition in which there is chronic inflammation (>3 months) and left ventricular dysfunction\dilatation), with several studies indicating a correlation between myocarditis and genetic backgrounds. Notably, pathogenic genetic variants linked to dilated or arrhythmic cardiomyopathy are found in 8–16% of myocarditis patients. Genetic predispositions can lead to recurrent myocarditis and a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure. Moreover, the presence of DSP mutations has been associated with distinct pathological patterns and clinical outcomes in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (hot phases). The interplay between genetic factors and environmental triggers, such as viral infections and physical stress, is crucial in understanding the pathogenesis of myocarditis. Identifying these genetic markers can improve the diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of patients with myocarditis, potentially guiding tailored therapeutic interventions. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the genetic underpinnings of myocarditis, with an emphasis on desmoplakin-related arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, to enhance clinical understanding and inform future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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20 pages, 2267 KiB

Open AccessReview

SEPT9_i1 and Septin Dynamics in Oncogenesis and Cancer Treatment

by Piotr Jędrzejczak, Kamil Saramowicz, Justyna Kuś, Julia Barczuk, Wioletta Rozpędek-Kamińska, Natalia Siwecka, Grzegorz Galita, Wojciech Wiese and Ireneusz Majsterek

Biomolecules 2024, 14(9), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091194 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Despite significant advancements in the field of oncology, cancers still pose one of the greatest challenges of modern healthcare. Given the cytoskeleton’s pivotal role in regulating mechanisms critical to cancer development, further studies of the cytoskeletal elements could yield new practical applications. Septins [...] Read more.

Despite significant advancements in the field of oncology, cancers still pose one of the greatest challenges of modern healthcare. Given the cytoskeleton’s pivotal role in regulating mechanisms critical to cancer development, further studies of the cytoskeletal elements could yield new practical applications. Septins represent a group of relatively well-conserved GTP-binding proteins that constitute the fourth component of the cytoskeleton. Septin 9 (SEPT9) has been linked to a diverse spectrum of malignancies and appears to be the most notable septin member in that category. SEPT9 constitutes a biomarker of colorectal cancer (CRC) and has been positively correlated with a high clinical stage in breast cancer, cervical cancer, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. SEPT9_i1 represents the most extensively studied isoform of SEPT9, which substantially contributes to carcinogenesis, metastasis, and treatment resistance. Nevertheless, the mechanistic basis of SEPT9_i1 oncogenicity remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we highlight SEPT9’s and SEPT9_i1’s structures and interactions with Hypoxia Inducible Factor α (HIF-1 α) and C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK), as well as discuss SEPT9_i1’s contribution to aneuploidy, cell invasiveness, and taxane resistance—key phenomena in the progression of malignancies. Finally, we emphasize forchlorfenuron and other septin inhibitors as potential chemotherapeutics and migrastatics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytoskeleton Structure and Dynamics in Health and Disease)

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14 pages, 5392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Analysis and Gene Cloning of Rice Floury Endosperm Mutant wcr (White-Core Rice)

by Yihao Yang, Xiaoyi Yang, Lingjun Wu, Zixing Sun, Yi Zhang, Ziyan Shen, Juan Zhou, Min Guo and Changjie Yan

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2653; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182653 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The composition and distribution of storage substances in rice endosperm directly affect grain quality. A floury endosperm mutant, wcr (white-core rice), was identified, exhibiting a loose arrangement of starch granules with a floury opaque appearance in the inner layer of mature grains, resulting [...] Read more.

The composition and distribution of storage substances in rice endosperm directly affect grain quality. A floury endosperm mutant, wcr (white-core rice), was identified, exhibiting a loose arrangement of starch granules with a floury opaque appearance in the inner layer of mature grains, resulting in reduced grain weight. The total starch and amylose content remained unchanged, but the levels of the four component proteins in the mutant brown rice significantly decreased. Additionally, the milled rice (inner endosperm) showed a significant decrease in total starch and amylose content, accompanied by a nearly threefold increase in albumin content. The swelling capacity of mutant starch was reduced, and its chain length distribution was altered. The target gene was mapped on chromosome 5 within a 65 kb region. A frameshift mutation occurred due to an insertion of an extra C base in the second exon of the cyOsPPDKB gene, which encodes pyruvate phosphate dikinase. Expression analysis revealed that wcr not only affected genes involved in starch metabolism but also downregulated expression levels of genes associated with storage protein synthesis. Overall, wcr plays a crucial role as a regulator factor influencing protein synthesis and starch metabolism in rice grains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding)

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