Collection Series on Applied System Innovation

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.5	2011	16 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Applied System Innovation asi	3.7	9.9	2018	22 Days	CHF 1600	Submit
Computers computers	4.2	7.5	2012	17.5 Days	CHF 1800	Submit
Electronics electronics	2.6	6.1	2012	16.4 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Micromachines micromachines	3.0	6.0	2010	16.8 Days	CHF 2100	Submit
Sensors sensors	3.5	8.2	2001	17.8 Days	CHF 2600	Submit

15 pages, 4702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Total Ionizing Dose Effects Investigation on the Performance of MEMS Microphone Irradiated by γ-Ray

by Panfeng Zhang, Xuecheng Du, Chao Ma, Yiran Wu, Zhenya Li, Hao Yun, Jiajun Wei and Zhirui Zheng

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2026, 9(5), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9050097 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2026

Viewed by 4416

Abstract

Data collected by sensors plays a critical role in system decision-making. Microphone arrays enable distance measurement and fault localization, which is particularly critical in the radiation environments of nuclear facilities. Acoustic localization based on microphone arrays can effectively fulfill this requirement. This study [...] Read more.

Data collected by sensors plays a critical role in system decision-making. Microphone arrays enable distance measurement and fault localization, which is particularly critical in the radiation environments of nuclear facilities. Acoustic localization based on microphone arrays can effectively fulfill this requirement. This study experimentally evaluates the Total Ionizing Dose (TID) effects of ⁶⁰Co γ-ray radiation on commercial MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) silicon microphones. Five identical microphone units were simultaneously irradiated at a dose rate of 0.0342 Gy(Si)/s while continuously monitoring operating current and spectral response. Experimental results show that the commercial MEMS silicon microphones exhibit an average TID failure threshold of 932.6 ± 62.8 Gy(Si), with a 95% confidence interval of [875.5, 989.7] Gy(Si). Three degradation/failure levels are clearly defined: channel degradation, channel failure, and full system failure. Radiation exposure causes a progressive increase in operating current (up to 6.7 times the initial value), severe spectral distortion, and ultimately complete loss of localization function. This indicated that standard commercial MEMS silicon microphones possess a certain degree of tolerance to TID radiation. Subsequently, an annealing test was performed. However, Post-irradiation annealing restored the operating current but not the acoustic performance, indicating irreversible radiation-induced damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Collection Series on Applied System Innovation)

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20 pages, 1490 KB

Open AccessArticle

Process-Oriented Framework for Reliability and Life-Cycle Engineering of Railway Systems

by Iryna Bondarenko

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2026, 9(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9040082 - 21 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1208

Abstract

Modern standards and requirements for ensuring the reliability and safety of transport infrastructure are aimed at shifting from routine maintenance to preventive maintenance, focused on predicting technical conditions and lifecycle management. Modern engineering approaches are based on the logic of state assessment and [...] Read more.

Modern standards and requirements for ensuring the reliability and safety of transport infrastructure are aimed at shifting from routine maintenance to preventive maintenance, focused on predicting technical conditions and lifecycle management. Modern engineering approaches are based on the logic of state assessment and ensuring structural strength and dimensional stability. Therefore, they focus on recording defects or deviations from acceptable values without revealing the failure mechanism, which limits the ability to identify degradation processes and predict failures. The purpose of this article is to develop a formal conceptual framework for operationalizing process-oriented reliability analysis. Within this methodological framework, state is viewed as a snapshot of a dynamic process, while process stability is defined as the ability of a system to maintain its key behavioral characteristics under changing operating conditions and the geometric and physical–mechanical properties of system elements. The proposed framework expands on classical state-based diagnostics by introducing process invariants as prognostic indicators. The transition to trajectory-based behavior analysis allows monitoring systems to evolve into lifecycle management tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Collection Series on Applied System Innovation)

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19 pages, 2350 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Dual Approach to the A* Algorithm to Generate Consistent Trajectories for the Leader–Follower Scheme

by Griselda Stephany Abarca-Jiménez, Manuel Vladimir Vega-Blanco, Jesús Mares-Carreño, Juan Cruz-Castro and Yunuén López-Grijalba

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2026, 9(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9040078 - 16 Apr 2026

Viewed by 670

Abstract

Path planning and formation control in leader–follower robotic systems are active areas of research, as both are highly relevant to the proper execution of the assigned task. In this work, a dual approach to the A* algorithm is applied to generate consistent trajectories [...] Read more.

Path planning and formation control in leader–follower robotic systems are active areas of research, as both are highly relevant to the proper execution of the assigned task. In this work, a dual approach to the A* algorithm is applied to generate consistent trajectories for a multi-agent robotic system with a leader–follower scheme. The conventional A* algorithm aims to minimize the cost of finding the best path by minimizing distances. In this case, a modified A* algorithm is used because, although decision-making also involves choosing among eight options or cells, the goal is not to minimize distance; instead, the focus is on analyzing the direction of acceleration. The proposed algorithm is robust regarding the initial and relative pose of the leader with respect to the followers. The leader is tracked using a digital accelerometer. The algorithm is tested by simulating various patterns and implemented in two experimental test scenarios: the first with differential mobile robots, and the second with an Ackerman-type mobile robot. In both scenarios, the trajectories were achieved with deviations in x and y between the follower’s path and the leader’s path of less than 0.03, and the leader’s pose independence was maintained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Collection Series on Applied System Innovation)

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26 pages, 2108 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Relay Assignment Scheme for Efficient V2V Content Precaching in Content-Centric Internet of Vehicles

by Jongpil Youn, Youngju Nam and Euisin Lee

Electronics 2026, 15(7), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15071532 - 6 Apr 2026

Viewed by 337

Abstract

The rapidly growing data demands of autonomous driving and onboard multimedia services pose significant challenges to traditional roadside unit (RSU) based content delivery, particularly under limited cache capacity and coverage gaps. In the content-centric Internet of Vehicles (CIoV), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) precaching has emerged [...] Read more.

The rapidly growing data demands of autonomous driving and onboard multimedia services pose significant challenges to traditional roadside unit (RSU) based content delivery, particularly under limited cache capacity and coverage gaps. In the content-centric Internet of Vehicles (CIoV), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) precaching has emerged as an effective solution to mitigate these limitations. However, existing schemes rely on static precaching roles, leading to inefficiencies when a precaching vehicle initiates its own content request. To address this issue, we propose a dynamic relay assignment scheme (DRAS) that enables seamless role transitions without discarding cached data. Upon detecting such a role-transition event, the RSU assigns two new precaching vehicles to independently serve the original requester vehicle and the newly transitioned requester vehicle, ensuring continuous service. Furthermore, we extend this to an energy-efficient DRAS (EE-DRAS) that incorporates vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and V2V transmission energy costs into the selection process, achieving a balanced trade-off between energy consumption and delivery efficiency. Extensive NS-3 simulations show that DRAS reduces average delay by up to 53% and improves throughput by 8% over existing baselines. EE-DRAS further reduces energy consumption by up to 66% while maintaining service fairness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Collection Series on Applied System Innovation)

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15 pages, 2624 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of a Remote Water Level Control and Monitoring System in Rural Community Tanks Using LoRa and SMS Technology

by Ulises Balderrama-Rey, Rafael Verdugo-Miranda, Miguel Martínez-Gil, Joel Carvajal-Soto, Frank Romo-García, Luis Medina-Zazueta, Edgar Espinoza-Zallas and Rolando Flores-Ochoa

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2026, 9(4), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9040076 - 31 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1065

Abstract

This paper presents the design and implementation of a low-profile remote monitoring and control system for water level management in storage tanks located in rural communities. The system was developed to ensure a reliable water supply, prevent spills, reduce electrical energy consumption, and [...] Read more.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a low-profile remote monitoring and control system for water level management in storage tanks located in rural communities. The system was developed to ensure a reliable water supply, prevent spills, reduce electrical energy consumption, and mitigate theft and vandalism risks posed by a previously installed, highly exposed commercial system. The proposed system employs LoRa technology to transmit water level data from the storage tank to a receiver located 6 km from the water well. When the water level drops below a predefined threshold, the system transmits an activation signal through the LoRa network to start the well pump and trigger tank refilling. In addition, an SMS monitoring module enables users to remotely verify water level and pump operational status at any time. System notifications and operational data are automatically delivered via SMS to predefined phone numbers, enabling continuous supervision without requiring internet connectivity. The implementation of the proposed system thus provides an efficient and reliable solution for water resource management in rural environments, ensuring continuous water availability and preventing supply shortages. LoRa communication enables robust long-range data transmission, while SMS-based monitoring offers real-time operational awareness for end users. The system was validated through field testing in a pilot rural community, demonstrating operational robustness, improved water management efficiency, and measurable positive impacts on residents’ water service continuity. The low-profile physical design significantly reduced theft and vandalism incidents reported by the local water authority. Experimental results showed an average monthly reduction of 41.2% in electrical energy consumption while maintaining high system reliability, physical security, and real-time monitoring capability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Collection Series on Applied System Innovation)

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30 pages, 6483 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design of the Electric Power Control System for a Hydrogen-Fed AEMFC Polymeric Fuel Cell Generator to Power a 0.75 KW DC Motor

by Mario Alejandro Benavides Álvarez, Fredy E. Hoyos and John E. Candelo-Becerra

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2026, 9(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9030060 - 16 Mar 2026

Viewed by 579

Abstract

Mitigating pollution in cities where transportation powered by fossil fuels has a significant impact on human health is a public health priority. Although electric vehicles are one solution to this problem, their high acquisition and maintenance costs have limited their rapid adoption; therefore, [...] Read more.

Mitigating pollution in cities where transportation powered by fossil fuels has a significant impact on human health is a public health priority. Although electric vehicles are one solution to this problem, their high acquisition and maintenance costs have limited their rapid adoption; therefore, other solutions may be useful in supporting reduction efforts. Therefore, this paper proposes a power control system for an Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (AEMFC) generator powered by hydrogen with the capacity to supply a direct current (DC) motor of 0.75 kW. A mathematical model of the AEMFC was proposed, and the parameters were adjusted to obtain polarization and power curves defining safe operating ranges (12.45–17.9 V). A boost converter was designed to increase the voltage of the cell output to 48 V to meet the requirements of the DC motor. The performance of the power converter was studied by analyzing its small-signal ripple, operating modes, and efficiency. The models and simulations were implemented using MATLAB and PSIM. A cascaded control system with proportional–integral (PI) and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers was implemented to maintain voltage stability in the presence of input and load variation. The results show that the AEMFC is reliable and that the boost converter presents an efficiency higher than 98% in continuous mode. The robustness of the model was validated through simulations and using a prototype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Collection Series on Applied System Innovation)

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32 pages, 2264 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Fuzzy–Rough MCDM Framework and Decision Support Application for Sustainable Evaluation of Virtualization Technologies

by Seren Başaran

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2026, 9(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9020034 - 30 Jan 2026

Viewed by 732

Abstract

Sustainable virtualization is essential for enterprises seeking to reduce energy use, increase resource efficiency, and connect IT operations with global sustainability goals. This study describes a hybrid decision-support framework that uses the ISO/IEC 25010 quality characteristics and sustainability factors to evaluate virtualization technologies [...] Read more.

Sustainable virtualization is essential for enterprises seeking to reduce energy use, increase resource efficiency, and connect IT operations with global sustainability goals. This study describes a hybrid decision-support framework that uses the ISO/IEC 25010 quality characteristics and sustainability factors to evaluate virtualization technologies using FAHP, RST, and TOPSIS. To obtain robust FAHP weights in uncertain situations, expert linguistic assessments are converted into fuzzy pairwise comparisons. RST is then used to determine the most important sustainability criteria, thereby improving interpretability while minimizing model complexity. TOPSIS compares virtualization platforms to the best sustainability solution. Empirical validation involved five domain experts, eight criteria, and four virtualization platforms. Performance efficiency, reliability, and security are the main criteria, with lightweight, resource-efficient hypervisors scoring highest in sustainability factors. To implement the framework, a lightweight web-based decision-support dashboard was developed. The dashboard allows real-time FAHP computation, RST reduct extraction, TOPSIS ranking visualization, and automatic sustainability reporting. The proposed technique provides a clear, replicable, and functional tool for sustainability-focused virtualization decisions. It helps IT administrators link digital infrastructure planning with the SDG-driven green IT objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Collection Series on Applied System Innovation)

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23 pages, 2136 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coarse-to-Fine Contrast Maximization for Energy-Efficient Motion Estimation in Edge-Deployed Event-Based SLAM

by Kyeongpil Min, Jongin Choi and Woojoo Lee

Micromachines 2026, 17(2), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17020176 - 28 Jan 2026

Viewed by 556

Abstract

Event-based vision sensors offer microsecond temporal resolution and low power consumption, making them attractive for edge robotics and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). Contrast maximization (CMAX) is a widely used direct geometric framework for rotational ego-motion estimation that aligns events by warping them [...] Read more.

Event-based vision sensors offer microsecond temporal resolution and low power consumption, making them attractive for edge robotics and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). Contrast maximization (CMAX) is a widely used direct geometric framework for rotational ego-motion estimation that aligns events by warping them and maximizing the spatial contrast of the resulting image of warped events (IWE). However, conventional CMAX is computationally inefficient because it repeatedly processes the full event set and a full-resolution IWE at every optimization iteration, including late-stage refinement, incurring both event-domain and image-domain costs. We propose coarse-to-fine contrast maximization (CCMAX), a computation-aware CMAX variant that aligns computational fidelity with the optimizer’s coarse-to-fine convergence behavior. CCMAX progressively increases IWE resolution across stages and applies coarse-grid event subsampling to remove spatially redundant events in early stages, while retaining a final full-resolution refinement. On standard event-camera benchmarks with IMU ground truth, CCMAX achieves accuracy comparable to a full-resolution baseline while reducing floating-point operations (FLOPs) by up to 42%. Energy measurements on a custom RISC-V–based edge SoC further show up to 87% lower energy consumption for the iterative CMAX pipeline. These results demonstrate an energy-efficient motion-estimation front-end suitable for real-time edge SLAM on resource- and power-constrained platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Collection Series on Applied System Innovation)

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20 pages, 3417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Autonomous Frequency–Voltage Regulation Strategy for Weak-Grid Renewable-Energy Stations Based on Hybrid Supercapacitors and Cascaded H-Bridge Converters

by Geng Niu, Yu Ji, Ming Wu, Nan Zheng, Yongmei Liu, Xiangwu Yan and Yibo Gan

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2026, 9(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9010023 - 21 Jan 2026

Viewed by 855

Abstract

Hybrid supercapacitors possess high power and energy density, while the cascaded H-bridge converter features rapid response capability. Integrating these two components leads to an energy storage system capable of swiftly responding to power demands, effectively mitigating voltage and frequency instability in weak-grid renewable [...] Read more.

Hybrid supercapacitors possess high power and energy density, while the cascaded H-bridge converter features rapid response capability. Integrating these two components leads to an energy storage system capable of swiftly responding to power demands, effectively mitigating voltage and frequency instability in weak-grid renewable energy stations. Based on this system, in this paper, a novel automatic frequency–voltage regulation strategy is proposed. First, a fast fault severity detection method is proposed. It evaluates the system’s fault condition by monitoring the voltage response and generates auxiliary signals to enable subsequent rapid compensation of voltage and frequency. Subsequently, fast automatic voltage and frequency regulation strategies are developed. These strategies leverage real-time fault assessment to deliver immediate power support to weak-grid renewable stations following a disturbance, thereby effectively stabilizing the terminal voltage magnitude and system frequency. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulations. A grid-connected model of a weak-grid renewable energy station is established in MATLAB (2023b)/Simulink. Tests under various fault scenarios with different short-circuit ratios and voltage sag depths demonstrate that the proposed strategy can rapidly stabilize both voltage and frequency after large disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Collection Series on Applied System Innovation)

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