Electromobility and New Mobility Solutions in Sustainable Urban Transport Systems

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21 pages, 1702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Carbon-Trading Model of Urban Public Transport Based on Blockchain Technology

by Xiangyang Yu and Xiaojing Wang

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2606; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062606 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2873

Abstract

With the realization of the “dual carbon” goal, urban public transport with an increasing proportion of new energy vehicles will become the key subject to achieve the carbon emission reduction goal. Under the new background of deep coupling between transport networks and power grids, it is of great significance to study the carbon-trading mode of urban public transport participation in promoting the development of new energy vehicles and improving the operating efficiency and low-carbon level of the “energy-transport” system. In this paper, based on blockchain technology, a framework for urban public transportation networks to participate in carbon trading is established to solve the current problems of urban public transportation’s insufficient motivation to reduce emissions, lax operation strategy and lack of carbon-trading matching mechanisms. Finally, Hyperledger Fabric was selected as the simulation platform, and we simulated the model through the calculation example. The results show that the proposed scheme can effectively improve the operating efficiency of urban public transport and reduce its operating costs and carbon emissions. In addition, policy recommendations on carbon price, carbon quota and penalties are proposed to improve the institutional system of the carbon-trading market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromobility and New Mobility Solutions in Sustainable Urban Transport Systems)
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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21 pages, 12471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CO₂ Emissions—Evidence from Internal Combustion and Electric Engine Vehicles from Car-Sharing Systems

by Andrzej Kubik, Katarzyna Turoń, Piotr Folęga and Feng Chen

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2185; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052185 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4020

Abstract

Car-sharing services are developing at an ever-increasing pace. Taking into account the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and pursuit of the sustainable development of transport, implementing electric cars in car-sharing fleets is being proposed. On the one hand, these types of vehicles are referred to as emission-free, but on the other hand, their environmental friendliness is questionable due to the emission of carbon dioxide during the production of energy to power them. Although many scientific papers are devoted to the issue of reducing emissions through car sharing, there is a research gap concerning the real production of carbon dioxide by car-sharing vehicles during car-sharing trips. To fill this research gap, the objective of the article was to analyze the actual level of carbon dioxide emissions from combustion and electric vehicles from car-sharing systems produced when renting rides. The test results showed that the electric car turned out to be significantly less emitting. The use of electric vehicles in car-sharing fleets can reduce carbon dioxide emissions from 14% to 65% compared to using cars with internal combustion engines. However, the key role during car-sharing trips is played by the driving style of the drivers, which has been omitted from the literature to date. This should be properly regulated by service providers and focus on the proper use of energy from electric vehicle batteries, especially at low temperatures. The article provides support for operators planning to modernize their fleet of vehicles and fills the research gap concerning car-sharing emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromobility and New Mobility Solutions in Sustainable Urban Transport Systems)
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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25 pages, 3821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Optimization of E-Scooter Micro-Mobility Utilization in Postal Service

by Yunus Emre Ayözen

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031291 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2015

Abstract

New-generation technologies on vehicles provide many advantages in terms of cost, time, and the environment in the transportation, logistics, freight, and delivery service sectors. This study aimed to measure the effect of using e-scooter vehicles in mail delivery on the energy cost and delivery time in Turkey. Considering the number of test drives in e-scooter applications of potential regions, the amount of energy consumption and driving time data were used. The number of test drives for each e-scooter was assumed as a package or postal delivery amount. The methodology of this study consisted of measuring the effect of input parameters on output variables using the linear response optimization regression method and minimizing the amount of energy consumed and delivery time. The nine input variables and two output variables based on the test drive were analyzed in this study. The distance to the delivery address, region where the delivery address was located, and temperature were found to be statistically significant predictors of the amount of energy required for delivery. The statistical significance levels of time zone, distance, temperature, rainfall, and region factors were calculated as 0.053, 0.001, 0.0033, 0.044, and 0.042, respectively. Driver age, data time zone, distance, wind speed, and delivery region factors affected the time required for delivery with an e-scooter. The statistical significance levels of these factors were calculated as 0.02, 0.001, 0.001, 0.043, and 0.001, respectively. Additionally, N (p; 0.042), NE (p; 0.030), and W (p; 0.057) wind directions directly influenced the delivery time. SE (p; 0.017) was the only wind direction that statistically significantly affected energy consumption. The objective functions were estimated by calculating the optimum values of the input parameters for the minimum energy consumption and delivery time. The optimum values of both input and output variables were calculated based on the desirability values of the optimization models, which were in the optimum solution set. The average data of the optimum values of the objective functions were computed as 2.83 for the number of tests and TRY 0.021 (per 0.098 km) for the energy cost required for delivery. The necessity of using e-scooters, which are more environmentally friendly, economical, and time-saving than traditional delivery vehicles, in postal delivery service is among the prominent suggestions of this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromobility and New Mobility Solutions in Sustainable Urban Transport Systems)
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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24 pages, 5199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Future Development of an Energy-Efficient Electric Scooter Sharing System Based on a Stakeholder Analysis Method

by Elżbieta Macioszek, Maria Cieśla and Anna Granà

Energies 2023, 16(1), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010554 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4890

Abstract

E-scooters as a new form of mobility are gaining more and more popularity. This popularity results from the flexibility of this mode of transport, but above all from the positive impact on the natural environment through the much higher energy efficiency of an e-scooter compared to a motor vehicle (according to the literature the rate is 2 km per kWh equivalent for a motor vehicle and the range is 90–100 km per kWh in the case of an e-scooter). This paper introduces a discussion on the future development of an energy-efficient electric scooter sharing system based on stakeholder analysis methods. The implementation of the e-scooter sharing system involves linking several areas of human activity, including social activity. This, in turn, relates to the interactions and building of relationships with entities, particularly those influencing the provision of services and their effects. The large number of entities and the complexity of the relations between them make it a challenge both to identify stakeholders in the development of the public e-scooter system and to indicate their roles in shaping the sustainable development strategy for urban mobility. The following study was based on the methodological foundations of stakeholder theory and social network analyses. The main research objective of the article is to identify and assign to different groups the stakeholders influencing the sustainable development of energy-efficient e-scooter sharing systems based on Polish cities. An evaluation was carried out using expert methods with a stakeholder analysis, based on matrix and mapping methods, and with the MACTOR application. Relationships and cooperation suggestions were established for each of the stakeholder groups, which could become an important part of the strategic approach to supporting public transport service providers and organizers, as well as allowing for further reductions in energy consumption in the city by introducing such services on a large scale. The cooperation of the entities participating in the implementation of bike-sharing services can contribute to their greater sustainable development and assurance using the new mobility modes, which consume less energy and at the same time make the city energy-efficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromobility and New Mobility Solutions in Sustainable Urban Transport Systems)
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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13 pages, 1013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Selection of Vehicles with Electric, Hybrid, and Conventional Drive for Car-Sharing Services from the Perspective of Polish Occasional System Users

by Katarzyna Turoń

Energies 2022, 15(23), 9027; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239027 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1798

Abstract

Car-sharing systems, i.e., short-term car rentals, are one of the solutions that can be an alternative to individual motorization in cities. However, these services must adapt well to customers’ needs to develop appropriately. Currently, there have been attempts in scientific research to make numerous optimizations of car-sharing systems, but little emphasis was placed on the type of car fleet used in the systems, which is particularly important at the stage of transformation of the automotive industry towards electric mobility. In response to this research gap, this article was dedicated to the selection of vehicles for car-sharing systems. The work focuses on users of Polish car-sharing systems who use the services of short-term vehicle rental occasionally, i.e., up to five times a year. The research made it possible to determine the types of vehicles (cars with electric, hybrid and internal combustion engines) that the users are interested in and to indicate the specific features that the cars should have. Interestingly, large family vehicles with hybrid engines turned out to be the leading ones. In turn, small city cars, so far dominant in car-sharing, turned out to be the worst choice from the point of view of occasional users. This showed that the current systems are not properly adapted to the needs of society. The results support car-sharing operators who want to upgrade their vehicle fleet accordingly to encourage the public to use car-sharing more often. It is also a guide to identifying a vehicle for fleet modernization towards hybrid and electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromobility and New Mobility Solutions in Sustainable Urban Transport Systems)
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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12 pages, 589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selection of an Electric Scooter for Shared Mobility Services Using Multicriteria Decision Support Methods

by Andrzej Kubik

Energies 2022, 15(23), 8903; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238903 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1920

Abstract

In recent years, the electromobility market has been growing faster and faster. Electric scooters and scooter-sharing services offered for them, available in many cities around the world, have a special impact on its intensification. The constantly growing number of scooters and service operators brings many problems related to the proper functioning of services. In the literature, one can find attempts to solve the problems of scooters with references to the issues of transport, modeling and optimization, as well as legislative and social aspects. Technical issues, however, are overlooked. Among them, however, there is a problem with the appropriate selection of scooter models that can be used in scooter-sharing systems. Solving this type of problem may allow systems to be better matched to urban transport systems, increase the development of electromobility and encourage societies to transition from current means of transport (e.g., cars) to scooters. Paying attention to this research niche, the article is devoted to the selection of electric scooters for scooter sharing. This paper presents the author’s own research for the Polish market of scooter-sharing services. As part of the work, the author’s own list of factors from the point of view of which scooters can be assessed was developed; social research was conducted, considering the opinions of experts in the field of scooter sharing; and it was proposed to treat the problem of selecting scooters as a complex multicriteria decision-making problem. Moreover, the ELECTRE III method was used to solve this research problem in an innovative way. The research results indicate that when choosing a scooter, you should be guided primarily by such factors as the greatest range, equipping the vehicles with safety systems and the most powerful engine. Interestingly, the price of vehicles does not have to be the lowest possible. The article presents guidelines that support operators when upgrading or equipping systems with scooters and support individual users at the stage of deciding to buy a scooter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromobility and New Mobility Solutions in Sustainable Urban Transport Systems)
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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15 pages, 7900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Energy Consumption of Electric Scooters Used in the Polish Shared Mobility Market

by Andrzej Kubik

Energies 2022, 15(21), 8193; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218193 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2295

Abstract

The growing popularity of traveling with electric scooters in recent years is, on the one hand, a great opportunity to shift from the current forms of mobility to a new service among the public, but it is also a huge challenge for urban centers and operators. One of the main challenges related to electric scooters is the growing demand for high energy consumption, which is currently a big issue due to the growing interest in electromobility used in mobility as a service (MaaS) systems. However, in order to properly estimate the level of energy consumption of scooters, there is a real need for reliable scientific information on the actual electricity consumption of electric scooters used in shared mobility systems. An extensive literature analysis indicates the lack of research conducted in this area. Noting this research gap, studies were conducted to determine the factors influencing the energy consumption of an electric scooter. The study attempts to determine these values on the basis of the proposed research experiment. The scientific experiment was based on a three-factor plan; an experimental plan. The author conducted the research by driving and measuring electric scooters in order to compare the actual consumption with the data provided by vehicle manufacturers. The result of the research was to determine the influence of factors that influence the significant energy consumption of electric scooters from shared mobility systems. Interestingly, the results generated show that the electricity requirements for six scooters corresponded to one electric car. This proposal raises the question of whether scooters are the best form of electric mobility for the environment. In addition, the work also includes guidelines for scooter users and recommendations for shared mobility operators on the energy consumption of electric scooters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromobility and New Mobility Solutions in Sustainable Urban Transport Systems)
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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23 pages, 17775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Historical Buildings Potential to Power Urban Electromobility: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) Microgrids

by Wojciech Cieslik, Filip Szwajca, Sławomir Rosolski, Michał Rutkowski, Katarzyna Pietrzak and Jakub Wójtowicz

Energies 2022, 15(17), 6296; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176296 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2529

Abstract

The growing need for electric energy is forcing the construction industry to greater integrate energy production systems based on renewable energy sources. The energy ought to be used not only to support functions of the building but also to charge electric vehicles, whose number has been increasing for the last few years. However, implementation of RES (Renewable Energy Sources) systems in already existing buildings is problematic. Basing on an example of a historical building, the article presents the conversion of a facility into a nearly zero-energy building, where energy surplus may be used to charge EVs (Electric Vehicles). Interdisciplinary research describes energy consumption of the EV in real driving conditions, taking into consideration changing weather conditions and an option of energy being produced by buildings operating in an urban agglomeration: it stipulates the time needed to charge the vehicle, depending on the charging We removed dot, according to email in submitting system, please confirm.method, as well as an energy potential of adapting the solution in selected periods of building operation. The summary presents how electromobility can be supported by the construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electromobility and New Mobility Solutions in Sustainable Urban Transport Systems)
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600
Future Transportation futuretransp	-	2.6	2021	41.1 Days	CHF 1000
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	19.7 Days	CHF 2400
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	18.4 Days	CHF 2400

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