Search Results (457)

NMR spectroscopy enables the study of complex mixtures, including plant extracts. The interpretation of specific ranges of ¹H NMR spectra allows for the determination of polyphenolic compound, sugar, amino acid, and fatty acid profiles. The main goal of ¹H NMR analyses of plant extracts is to identify the unique “fingerprint” of the material being studied. The aim of this study was to determine the metabolomic profile and antioxidant activity of various Lavandula angustifolia (Betty’s Blue, Elizabeth, Hidcote, and Blue Mountain White) and Lavandula × intermedia cultivars (Alba, Grosso, and Gros Bleu) grown in Poland. Modern green chemistry extraction methods (supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)) were used to prepare the lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts, respectively. The secondary metabolite profiles were determined using the diagnostic signals from ¹H NMR and HPLC-DAD analyses. These metabolomic profiles were used to illustrate the differences between the different lavender and lavandin cultivars. The HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that both lavender species have similar polyphenolic profiles but different levels of individual compounds. The extracts from L. angustifolia were characterized by higher phenolic acid and flavonoid contents, while the extracts from L. × intermedia had a higher coumarin content. Diagnostic ¹H NMR signals can be used to verify the authenticity and origin of plant extracts, and identify directions for further research, providing a basis for applications such as in cosmetics. Full article

A composite based on θ-Al₂O₃ microspheres coated with graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was prepared and evaluated as a sorbent for the removal of synthetic dyes from aqueous solutions. GO was synthesized by a modified Hummers’ method and deposited onto alumina microspheres via ultrasound-assisted treatment under various conditions, followed by supercritical reduction to obtain the Al₂O₃_RGO composite. The structure, morphology, and composition of the materials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TGA/DSC, FTIR, and XRD, revealing the formation of mono- and few-layer GO/RGO coatings on the substrate surface. Adsorption tests for cationic methylene blue (MB) dye and anionic methyl orange (MO) dye demonstrated that the alumina substrate was inactive, whereas GO- and RGO-coated microspheres exhibited high adsorption efficiency for MB and partial uptake of MO from water solutions. In mixed-dye solutions, both Al₂O₃_GO and Al₂O₃_RGO composites showed selectivity toward MB, and the RGO-based composite demonstrated enhanced MB adsorption at low concentrations. The results highlight GO/RGO-coated θ-Al₂O₃ microspheres as convenient and selective composite sorbents for water purification processes. Full article

Zein (ZP) is the major storage protein of corn (maize). It is safe, biodegradable, edible, and characterized by unique self-assembly properties. These properties were exploited to prepare ZP microcapsules filled with soybean oil (SO) by ultrasound-assisted emulsification of oil-in-water (o/w) dispersions under optimal experimental conditions. The morphology and stability of o/w ZP/SO microcapsules were investigated by optical spectroscopy (electronic circular dichroism and fluorescence) and dynamic light scattering, as well as bright-field, laser confocal fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopies. The results showed that ZP formed a stable protein shell protecting the inner oily phase from diffusion of the confined compounds. It was also found that ZP/SO microcapsules, stored under suitable conditions, could be redissolved in water, maintaining their spherical morphology. Proof-of-principle studies on the inclusion and release of curcumin, a very active anti-inflammatory and nutraceutical substance, from ZP/SO microcapsules under temperature and pH stimuli are also reported. Full article

Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) is a medicinal basidiomycete fungus with diverse bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties. This study systematically compared green extraction techniques: maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and combined supercritical CO₂-pressurized liquid extraction (ScCO₂-PLE), using solvents of varying polarity (water, 50%, and 70% ethanol). Chaga extracts were analyzed for phytochemical composition (HPLC-Orbitrap Exploris 120) and antioxidant activity toward DPPH and hydroxyl (^•OH) radicals using EPR spectroscopy. The results revealed that both solvent polarity and extraction technique significantly influenced extraction efficiency and antioxidant potential. The UAE extraction method achieved the highest overall recovery of phenolic and triterpenoid compounds, with extracts obtained using 50% and 70% ethanol exhibiting the most pronounced and well-balanced radical scavenging activity (>98% toward DPPH, >91% toward ^•OH). Correlation and PCA analyses identified phenolic and triterpenoid compounds, including fungal-specific polyphenols such as hispidin and hispolon, as key contributors to antioxidant activity. Among the extracts obtained using different solvents, the extracts with the highest overall antioxidant potential were encapsulated into liposomes and evaluated for their DPPH and ^•OH radical scavenging. Encapsulation effectively preserved the antioxidant activity of ethanol-derived extracts, demonstrating that Chaga liposomes can maintain bioactivity while offering the advantages of controlled delivery. Combining optimized extraction with liposomal encapsulation thus represents a promising strategy to enhance the stability and practical applicability of Chaga antioxidants in nutraceutical or therapeutic contexts. Full article

Head and neck cancer surgery has evolved from radical organ-sacrificing procedures to function-preserving approaches integrated within multidisciplinary frameworks. This comprehensive literature review, concentrating on studies from the past five years while incorporating relevant publications from the last three decades and landmark historical papers, examines the evolving role of surgery emphasizing diagnostic methodologies including comprehensive genomic profiling, validated imaging biomarkers, and their clinical integration for treatment selection and response prediction. Modern surgical practice demonstrates a paradigm shift toward precision medicine through validated diagnostic technologies. Comprehensive genomic profiling identifies clinically actionable alterations in over 90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, with tumor mutational burden serving as a validated predictive biomarker for immunotherapy response. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) combined positive score functions as a validated diagnostic biomarker for immunotherapy efficacy, demonstrating significant clinical benefit in biomarker-selected populations. Radiomics-based predictive models utilizing machine learning algorithms achieve diagnostic accuracies exceeding 85% for treatment response prediction when validated across independent cohorts. Quantitative ultrasound spectroscopy combined with magnetic resonance imaging radiomics demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity for radiation response prediction. Habitat imaging techniques characterizing tumor microenvironmental heterogeneity predict pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy with area under the curve values approaching 0.90 in validation studies. Integration of these diagnostic methodologies enables response-adaptive treatment strategies, with neoadjuvant chemotherapy facilitating mandibular preservation and adjuvant therapy omission in over half of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cases following surgical downstaging. Clinical validation of these diagnostic platforms enables accurate treatment response prediction and informed surgical decision-making, though standardization across institutions and demonstration of survival benefits through prospective trials remain essential for broader implementation. Full article

Industrial wastewater can be reused in other everyday processes to help combat water scarcity worldwide. One contaminant in industrial wastewater is hexavalent chromium, which is highly toxic and can cause kidney, liver, and respiratory problems, making its removal vital. In this study, PLA-based films containing modified zirconia nanoparticles were developed via a solution-mixing process for hexavalent chromium adsorption. Obtaining the films involved two stages: the first was the chemical modification of ZrO₂ nanoparticles with thiamine hydrochloride (vitamin B1) using fixed-frequency ultrasound at an output of 750 W and 50% amplitude for 60 min. The second stage involved preparing the films by mixing them in the solution using an ultrasonic bath. The nanoparticle concentrations were 0.25, 0.5, and 1 wt%. The results obtained from characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed the characteristic bands of PLA and the characteristic peak of the Zr-O bond corresponding to the ZrO₂ nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the ZrO₂ nanoparticles provided thermal stability to the PLA polymer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a broad peak of amorphous PLA at 16.8° and signals corresponding to the crystalline phase of ZrO₂. The morphology of a cross-section of the films was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing a rough surface with pores. Finally, hexavalent chromium adsorption tests were carried out, measuring the adsorption efficiency under the parameters of pH, concentration, and contact time. The PLAZrO₂ sample achieved an adsorption efficiency of 83% at pH 2. Full article

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has evolved significantly over the past two decades, yet challenges in achieving optimal stent deployment and long-term outcomes persist, particularly in complex coronary anatomy. Intravascular imaging (IVI) modalities such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) have transformed the precision of PCI by providing detailed cross-sectional visualization of vessel architecture, plaque morphology, and stent apposition. Compared to angiography-guided PCI, imaging-guided PCI enables more accurate lesion assessment, appropriate stent sizing, and detection of suboptimal results including under-expansion, malapposition, and edge dissections, factors strongly linked to restenosis and stent thrombosis. Large-scale randomized trials (e.g., ULTIMATE, ILUMIEN) and meta-analyses have demonstrated that imaging-guided PCI reduces major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and improves long-term stent patency, particularly in left main, bifurcation, and calcified lesions. Despite these benefits, adoption remains variable due to cost, procedural complexity, and training gaps. Emerging advances, including artificial intelligence-enhanced imaging, hybrid devices, and fusion of imaging with physiologic assessments, promise to integrate imaging more seamlessly into routine practice. This review summarizes current evidence, practical applications, and future directions of IVI-guided PCI, underscoring its growing role in contemporary interventional cardiology and its potential to personalize and optimize coronary revascularization strategies. Full article

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare and heterogeneous tumors for which achieving complete tumor resection with negative surgical margins remains the cornerstone of curative treatment and a key predictor of survival. Current intraoperative resection margin status assessment techniques remain limited, as traditional intraoperative frozen section analysis is of limited accuracy for most STS histological subtypes. This comprehensive review evaluates current and emerging margin assessment techniques used intra-operatively during STS resection. A systematic search of PubMed and PubMed Central databases from 2000 to 2025 identified studies using fluorescence imaging, spectroscopy, and ultrasound-based modalities. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence-guided surgery appeared to be the closest to widespread use, with the most clinical evidence showing potential to reduce positive margins. Use of acridine orange (AO) as a fluorescent dye also showed potential in decreasing local recurrences, but it remains in the experimental stage of research with little clinical data available. Raman spectroscopy has recently shown high accuracy in identifying STS from healthy tissue, but the impact of its use on patient outcomes has not been studied yet. Other techniques, such as diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) yielded encouraging results but still require further prospective studies to validate their safety, reproducibility, and clinical utility in improving surgical precision and patient outcomes. Full article

The presented research is focused on identifying a cheap and environmentally friendly solution for recovering useful non-ferrous metals contained in used Ni-MH batteries—more specifically, in batteries that power medical equipment, i.e., portable defibrillators. The cathodic paste of Ni-MH batteries contains Ni(OH)₂ as an active material to which Zn, Co and Mn can be added. The paste is impregnated into a support mesh made of nickel. The anodic paste of Ni-MH batteries contains mixtures of rare earths capable of storing the released hydrogen. The paste is mixed with a binder and pressed onto a metal grid made of nickel alloy. After manual disassembly, the components of the Ni-MH batteries were analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) before and after the separation/recovery operation. To separate the cathode and anode paste from the metal supports (grids, metal meshes), an ultrasonic bath with appropriate solutions was used, and the optimal working parameters were established. The recovery of the anode paste was achieved by completely passing the rare earths into the citric acid solution used for ultrasonication; the nickel mesh was cleaned of the Ni(OH)₂ paste using water as the ultrasonication medium. After separation from the metal supports, the anode and cathode pastes were analyzed and characterized by XRF, optical and electron microscopy (SEM, EDX). The results obtained are of real interest for those who study the recycling of Ni-MH batteries; the use of ultrasound in a low-concentration citric acid environment for the purpose of recovering rare earths can be an economic and ecological alternative for battery recycling. Full article

Wastewater can be reused in industrial processes, for domestic activities, and for agriculture. This is a strategy to address the global water shortage. Consequently, there is an ongoing search for new materials that can effectively remove contaminants from wastewater, as dyes are considered persistent pollutants. This study synthesized films based on polysulfone with chemically modified ZnO nanoparticles by the sonochemical method for application as an adsorbent material for indigo and crystal violet. The films were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogranimetric analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); changes were observed with the incorporation of the nanoparticles. The results reveal that the films achieved a dye removal of 80 mg/g. The crystallite size was measured using the Scherrer equation for the polysulfone (PSF) sample, which was 0.024 nm, and using the same method the result obtained was 0.048 nm for the PSFZNO2 sample. The modification with L-serine is novel, as it is an amino acid and a non-toxic substance for the human body. There are few studies on this type of reagent regarding the modification of nanoparticles to provide them with different functionalities. This work was carried out in accordance with the principles of green chemistry, specifically using ultrasound technology, which promotes principles 6 and 9 by reducing energy consumption through the use of lower temperatures and short reaction times. Principles 2 and 3 are also addressed by modifying the surface of the nanoparticles directly. This process eliminates the need for intermediate steps or the use of highly toxic reagents. Full article

Myofibrillar protein (MP) aggregation in solutions with NaCl concentrations below 0.3 M results in poor solubility. Ultrasound-assisted glutaminase treatment (UGT) was applied to improve MP solubility in a low-salt solution (containing 0.1 M NaCl). The solubility increased with ultrasonic power and time, peaking at 44.34% (480 W, 15 min) and reaching 61% after UGT. Subsequently, the effect of post-sonication heat treatment (60 °C, 30 min) on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of ultrasound-enzyme treated MP (UEMP), prepared under specific ultrasonic conditions (480 W, 20 min), was systematically investigated. The findings revealed that UEMP exhibited higher hydrophobicity, sulfhydryl content, and turbidity, but reduced particle size, ζ-potential, and fluorescence, suggesting disulfide disruption and exposure of hydrophobic residues. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed weakened high-molecular weight bands and intensified low-molecular weight bands. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed these structural rearrangements, with a blue-shifted amide A band and decreased amide I intensity. Heating further increased the hydrophobicity and fluorescence without altering the size, ζ-potential, or molecular weight. The red shift in the amide A band suggests reinforced local ordering. Rheology analysis showed non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior, which was unchanged by UGT or heating. Collectively, UGT with moderate heating enhances MP solubility and thermal stability by disrupting stabilizing bonds and modulating the structure. Full article

This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the effect of direct (probe) and indirect (bath) ultrasound treatments on the physicochemical and structural properties of red bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) tissue. Ultrasound was applied under controlled conditions to induce structural modification without excessive thermal or mechanical damage. The treated samples were evaluated using chemical (polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin C, sugars), microbiological (total viable count (TVC) and total yeast and mold count (TYM)), spectroscopic (FTIR, NMR), thermal (TGA), and microscopic (SEM, micro-CT) analyses. Both ultrasound modes affected the tissue, but their effects differed in intensity and character. Direct ultrasound caused stronger cavitation and mechanical stress, resulting in greater cell wall disruption, higher permeability, and enhanced release of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamin C and antioxidants from the tissue matrix to the surroundings. Indirect ultrasound acted more gently, preserving cellular integrity and sugar profile while moderately increasing antioxidant activity. Cluster and correlation analyses confirmed that ultrasound mode was the main factor differentiating the samples. Short-term direct sonication enhanced the release of antioxidant compounds, whereas prolonged exposure led to their degradation, resulting in an overall decline in antioxidant capacity, and indirect ultrasound better preserved texture and sugar composition. This demonstrates that ultrasound mode and duration can be tailored to balance tissue integrity and enhance bioactive compounds in plant-based materials. Full article

Terahertz (THz) waves, situated between the infrared and microwave regions, possess distinctive properties such as non-contact, high penetration, and high resolution. These properties render them highly advantageous for non-destructive thickness measurement of multilayer structural materials. In comparison with conventional ultrasound or X-ray techniques, THz thickness measurement has the capacity to acquire thickness data for multilayer structures without compromising the integrity of the specimen and is characterized by its environmental sustainability. The extant THz thickness measurement techniques principally encompass time-domain spectroscopy, frequency-domain spectroscopy, and model-based inversion and deep learning methods. A variety of methodologies have been demonstrated to possess complementary advantages in addressing subwavelength-scale thin layers, overlapping multilayer interfaces, and complex environmental interferences. These methodologies render them suitable for a range of measurement scenarios and precision requirements. A wide range of technologies related to this field have been applied in various disciplines, including aerospace thermal barrier coating inspection, semiconductor process monitoring, automotive coating quality assessment, and oil film thickness monitoring. The ongoing enhancement in system integration and continuous algorithm optimization has led to significant advancements in THz thickness measurement, propelling it towards high resolution, real-time performance, and intelligence. This development offers a wide range of engineering applications with considerable potential for future growth and innovation. Full article

Silicon (Si)–containing compounds, such as silica (SiO₂), play a crucial role as fillers, binding phases, and linking agents in sustainable materials. Coating biochar with SiO₂ can enhance its performance as a carbon-negative filler in composites such as bioplastics, rubber, asphalt, and cement, making it more competitive with conventional fillers. Biochar, derived from biomass pyrolysis, contains a high concentration of biogenic SiO₂—typically 50–80% of its total inorganic content. However, conventional extraction methods such as solvent extraction or gasification detach SiO₂ from the biochar matrix, leading to energy-intensive and environmentally unfavorable processes. The objective of this study was to develop an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient approach to induce the migration of embedded biogenic SiO₂ from within biochar to its surface—without detachment—using ultrasonic treatment. Fifteen biochar samples were produced by pyrolyzing five biomass types (sugarcane bagasse, miscanthus, wheat straw, corn stover, and railroad ties) at 650, 750, and 850 °C. Each sample was subsequently subjected to ultrasonic irradiation in an isopropanol–water mixture for 1 and 2 min. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses confirmed that ultrasound treatment significantly enhanced SiO₂ migration to the biochar surface, with up to a 2.5-fold increase in surface Si and O concentrations after 2 min of sonication. The effect was most pronounced for biochar synthesized at 850 °C, corresponding to higher surface porosity and structural stability. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed an increased intensity of the Si–O–Si asymmetric stretching band at 1030 cm⁻¹, indicating surface enrichment of siloxane networks and rearrangement of Si-containing functional groups. Overall, the results demonstrate that ultrasound-assisted treatment is a viable and sustainable technique for enhancing SiO₂ surface concentration and modifying the surface chemistry of biochar. This SiO₂-enriched biochar shows potential for advanced applications in soil amendment, CO₂ capture, water purification, and as a reactive additive in cementitious and asphalt composites. Full article

The rapidly developing food industry necessitates the efficient use of raw materials, which can be achieved through the production of functional ingredients with high nutritional value. Secondary fish raw materials generated during the filleting of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), including vertebral bones with residual muscle tissue, skin, tails, and fins, represent a promising source of both biologically active compounds and highly digestible protein substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the properties of protein hydrolysates obtained from secondary Atlantic cod raw materials by conventional enzymatic hydrolysis and combined enzymatic-ultrasonic treatment. The best results were achieved at a power of 320 W and a treatment duration of 3.5 min prior to the addition of the enzyme preparation (Protozyme C). The application of ultrasound enhanced the degree of hydrolysis by 4–5% while simultaneously reducing the amount of enzyme used. Electrophoretic analysis demonstrated a predominance of smaller peptides in the 10–15 kDa range compared to the control sample (43–95 kDa). Infrared spectroscopy confirmed structural changes in the samples under study, manifested in an increase in the number of terminal groups and partial disaggregation of the peptide mixture. Particle size distribution analysis revealed a more uniform distribution and a decrease in the median particle size in samples with ultrasonic pretreatment. The safety and antioxidant activity assessment did not show any toxic effects, but manifested a significant increase in antioxidant indicators (2.5–3.2 times) compared to the control sample. The results obtained show the enzymatic-ultrasonic treatment to be promising for the integrated processing of fish raw materials and the production of functional food ingredients with improved properties. Full article