Search Results (767)

Despite the significant advancements in treatment and prevention, the fight against cancer is ongoing worldwide. This study evaluated the pharmacological properties and anticancer activity of Afzelia quanzensis bark, traditionally used by the indigenous communities of KwaZulu Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa to treat cancer and related illnesses. Phytochemical screening, high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out using established protocols. The antioxidant activity was assessed via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity and nitric oxide radicals. The anticancer activity was evaluated using the MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, and phlobatannins. The HPLC-DAD analysis detected seven distinctive peaks in the aqueous extract and three distinctive peaks in the methanolic extract. The FTIR spectra of the aqueous extract displayed characteristic peaks corresponding to O-H, C=O, C=C, and =C–H functional groups. Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, followed by the ethanolic extract, in both DPPH and nitric oxide. The methanol extract showed a higher cell proliferation inhibition against the DU-145 cancer cell line with the percentage of inhibition of 37.8%, followed by the aqueous extract with 36.3%. In contrast, limited activity was observed against PC-3, SK-UT-1, and AGS cell lines. The results demonstrated notable dose-dependent antioxidant and antiproliferative activities supporting the ethnomedicinal use of Afzelia quanzensis bark in cancer management. These findings warrant further investigation into its bioactive constituents and mechanisms of action. Full article

South Dongting Lake is an essential aquatic ecosystem that receives substantial water inflows from the Xiangjiang and Zishui Rivers. However, it is significantly impacted by human activities, including mining, smelting, and farming. These activities have led to serious contamination of the lake’s sediments with heavy metals (HMs). This study investigated the distribution, mobility, and influencing factors of HMs at the sediment–water interface. To this end, sediment samples were analyzed from three key regions (Xiangjiang River estuary, Zishui River estuary, and northeastern South Dongting Lake) using traditional sampling methods and Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) technology. Analysis of fifteen HMs (Pb, Bi, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Mn, Zn, V, Cr, Cu, Tl, Co, and Fe) revealed significant spatial heterogeneity. The results showed that Cr, Cu, Pb, Bi, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Mn, Zn, and Fe exhibited high variability (CV > 0.20), whereas V, Tl, and Co demonstrated stable concentrations (CV < 0.20). Concentrations were found to exceed background values of the upper continental crust of eastern China (UCC), Yangtze River sediments (YZ), and Dongting Lake sediments (DT), particularly at the Xiangjiang estuary (XE) and in the northeastern regions. Speciation analysis revealed that V, Cr, Cu, Ni, and As were predominantly found in the residual fraction (F4), while Pb and Co were concentrated in the oxidizable fraction (F3), Mn and Zn appeared primarily in the exchangeable fractions (F1 and F2), and Cd was notably dominant in the exchangeable fraction (F1), suggesting a high potential for mobility. Additionally, DGT results confirmed a significant potential for the release of Pb, Zn, and Cd. Contamination assessment using the Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) identified Pb, Bi, Ni, As, Se, Cd, and Sb as major pollutants. Among these, Bi and Cd were found to pose the highest risks. Furthermore, the Risk Assessment Code (RAC) and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) highlighted Cd as the primary ecological risk contributor, especially in the XE. The study identified sediment grain size, pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient levels as the primary influencing factors. The PMF modeling revealed HM sources as mixed smelting/natural inputs, agricultural activities, natural weathering, and mining/smelting operations, suggesting that remediation should prioritize Cd control in the XE with emphasis on external inputs. Full article

The ongoing degradation of global forests has severely weakened ecosystem service functions, and traditional judicial remedies have struggled to quantify intangible ecological losses. China has become an important testing ground for restorative justice through the establishment of specialized environmental courts and the practice of environmental public interest litigation. Since 2015, China has actively explored and institutionalized the application of the concept of restorative justice in its environmental justice reform. This concept emphasizes compensating environmental damages through actual ecological restoration acts rather than relying solely on financial compensation. This shift reflects a deep understanding of the limitations of traditional environmental justice and an institutional response to China’s ecological civilization construction, providing critical support for forest ecosystem restoration and enabling ecological restoration activities, such as replanting and re-greening, habitat reconstruction, etc., to be enforced through judicial decisions. This study conducts a qualitative analysis of judicial rulings in forest restoration cases to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of restorative justice in compensating for losses in forest ecosystem service functions. The findings reveal the following: (1) restoration measures in judicial practice are disconnected from the types of ecosystem services available; (2) non-market values and long-term cumulative damages are systematically underestimated, with monitoring mechanisms exhibiting fragmented implementation and insufficient effectiveness; (3) management cycles are set in violation of ecological restoration principles, and acceptance standards lack function-oriented indicators; (4) participation of key stakeholders is severely lacking, and local knowledge and professional expertise have not been integrated. In response, this study proposes a restorative judicial framework oriented toward forest ecosystem services, utilizing four mechanisms: independent recognition of legal interests, function-matched restoration, application of scientific assessment tools, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. This framework aims to drive a paradigm shift from formal restoration to substantive functional recovery, providing theoretical support and practical pathways for environmental judicial reform and global forest governance. Full article

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been reported to contaminate soil as a result of improper management of waste, wastewater, landfill leachate, biosolids, and a large and indiscriminate use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF), posing potential risks to human health. However, their high chemical and thermal stability pose a great challenge for remediation. As a result, there is an increasing interest in identifying and optimizing very effective and sustainable technologies for PFAS removal. This review summarizes both traditional and innovative remediation strategies and technologies for PFAS-contaminated soils. Unlike existing literature, which primarily focuses on the effectiveness of PFAS remediation, this review critically discusses several techniques (based on PFAS immobilization, mobilization and extraction, and destruction) with a deep focus on their sustainability and scalability. PFAS destruction technologies demonstrate the highest removal efficiencies; however, thermal treatments face sustainability challenges due to high energy demands and potential formation of harmful by-products, while mechanical treatments have rarely been explored at full scale. PFAS immobilization techniques are less costly than destruction methods, but issues related to the regeneration/disposal of spent sorbents should be still addressed and more long-term studies conducted. PFAS mobilization techniques such as soil washing/flushing are hindered by the generation of PFAS-laden wastewater requiring further treatments, while phytoremediation is limited to small- or medium-scale experiments. Finally, bioremediation would be the cheapest and least impactful alternative, though its efficacy remains uncertain and demonstrated under simplified lab-scale conditions. Future research should prioritize pilot- and full-scale studies under realistic conditions, alongside comprehensive assessments of environmental impacts and economic feasibility. Full article

The Aedes aegypti mosquito, vector of dengue, is a major public health threat in the Caribbean. In Guadeloupe, where dengue outbreaks occur frequently, traditional plant-based remedies are part of the local heritage but remain poorly documented. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-mosquito potential of 38 Guadeloupean plants through an ethnobotanical survey. A semi-structured online questionnaire was conducted over five months, targeting the plant knowledge of residents. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied to identify and validate relevant species. Ethnobotanical indices such as Frequency of Citation (FC), Fidelity Level (FL), and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) were calculated. Out of the 38 surveyed plants, 22 were confirmed for their traditional anti-mosquito uses. The most cited species included Cymbopogon citratus (93.3%), Artocarpus altilis (25%), and Pimenta racemosa (18.3%). Comparative analysis with existing literature showed that 12 of these plants had not been previously reported for vector control. This highlights the value of ethnobotanical approaches for discovering alternative, eco-friendly vector control options and the importance of preserving traditional knowledge. The study reveals both the high potential of Guadeloupean flora and the risk of cultural erosion, supporting further research into the bioactive compounds of the most cited species. Full article

This work explores zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) synthesis utilizing leaf extract of the Gaultheria fragrantissima plant that are useful in medicine, environmental remediation, and cosmetics due to their antibacterial activity, photocatalytic efficiency, and UV-blocking characteristics. Traditional synthesis methods involve energy-intensive procedures and hazardous chemicals, posing environmental and human health risks. To overcome these limitations, this research focuses on utilizing G. fragrantissima, rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids, with the methyl salicylate previously reported in the literature for this species, which helps reduce and stabilize NPs. ZnO NPs were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The ZnO NPs were found to have a well-defined crystalline structure, with their average crystallite size measured at around 8.26 nm. ZnO NPs exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against selected microbial strains. These findings underscore the potential of G. fragrantissima-mediated synthesis as an environmentally sustainable and efficient method for producing ZnO NPs with multifunctional applications. This study provides a greener alternative to conventional synthesis approaches, demonstrating a method that is both eco-friendly and capable of yielding NPss with desirable properties. Full article

This paper explores the complex dynamics of mixed convective flow in a Casson fluid saturated in a non-Darcy porous medium, focusing on the influence of gyrotactic microorganisms, internal heat generation, and multiple convective mechanisms. Casson fluids, known for their non-Newtonian behavior, are relevant in various industrial and biological contexts where traditional fluid models are insufficient. This study addresses the limitations of the standard Darcy’s law by examining non-Darcy flow, which accounts for nonlinear inertial effects in porous media. The governing equations, derived from conservation laws, are transformed into a system of no linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations. These ODEs are solved numerically using a finite differencing method that incorporates central differencing, tridiagonal matrix manipulation, and iterative procedures to ensure accuracy across various convective regimes. The reliability of this method is confirmed through validation with the MATLAB (R2024b) bvp4c scheme. The investigation analyzes the impact of key parameters (such as the Casson fluid parameter, Darcy number, Biot numbers, and heat generation) on velocity, temperature, and microorganism concentration profiles. This study reveals that the Casson fluid parameter significantly improves the velocity, concentration, and motile microorganism profiles while decreasing the temperature profile. Additionally, the Biot number is shown to considerably increase the concentration and dispersion of motile microorganisms, as well as the heat transfer rate. The findings provide valuable insights into non-Newtonian fluid behavior in porous environments, with applications in bioengineering, environmental remediation, and energy systems, such as bioreactor design and geothermal energy extraction. Full article

Background/Objectives: Combination therapies using traditional Chinese medicine and Western drugs have gained attention for their enhanced therapeutic effects and reduced side effects. Toujie Quwen Granules (TQG), known for its antiviral properties, particularly against respiratory viruses, could offer new treatment strategies when combined with antiviral drugs like arbidol, especially for diseases such as Coronavirus disease. This study investigates the synergistic mechanisms between arbidol and components from TQG against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (M^pro). Methods: We identified compounds from TQG via existing data. Multi-ligand molecular docking, pharmacokinetic/toxicity screening, and preliminary simulations were performed to assess potential synergistic compounds with arbidol. UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS verified the presence of these compounds. Extended simulations and in vitro assays, including Luciferase and surface plasmon resonance, validated the findings. Results: Five compounds interacted with arbidol in synergy based on docking and preliminary dynamics simulation results. Only Baicalein (HQA004) could be identified in the herbal remedy by untargeted metabolomics, with ideal pharmacokinetic properties, and as a non-toxic compound. Extended simulations revealed that HQA004 enhanced arbidol’s antiviral activity via a “Far” Addition Mechanism #2, with an optimal 2:1 arbidol:HQA004 ratio. The movements of arbidol (diffusion and intramolecular conformational shifts) in the system were significantly reduced by HQA004, which may be the main reason for the synergism that occurred. In vitro experiments confirmed an increased inhibition of M^pro by the combination. Conclusions: HQA004 demonstrated synergistic potential with arbidol in inhibiting M^pro. The development of combination therapies integrating Western and herbal medicine is supported by these findings for effective antiviral treatments. Full article

Investigating the spatial distribution of chromium (Cr) in soil is essential for understanding Cr pollution and accurately assessing associated environmental risks. However, field sampling is challenging due to limited sampling points, and the spatial distribution of Cr is affected by multiple complex environmental covariates, thereby restricting model development and prediction accuracy. This study selected the Chizhou–Xuancheng border area in southern Anhui Province as the research region and collected 2035 data points. Machine learning models, including AdaBoost, GBDT, XGBoost, and MLP, were employed to predict Cr concentrations in conjunction with environmental covariates. To address the challenges of sparse sampling data and complex data relationships for Cr prediction, the PHMS-Transformer model is proposed. Featuring a shallow encoder design, configurable pooling strategies, and a lightweight structure, the model significantly reduces the number of parameters and alleviates overfitting under sparse sampling conditions, while the incorporation of multi-head self-attention mechanisms captures complex nonlinear relationships among multi-source environmental variables relevant to Cr. To further enhance model interpretability for Cr prediction, the SHAP model was applied to identify key factors influencing Cr distribution. Comprehensive comparisons indicate that the PHMS-Transformer model achieves superior performance in predicting Cr, demonstrating high accuracy and generalization capability, with clear advantages over traditional methods. These findings offer valuable insights for soil environmental protection and Cr pollution control and possess significant theoretical and practical implications. Soil Cr pollution represents a global environmental challenge, where achieving accurate predictions for Cr is particularly crucial yet difficult in regions with constrained data accessibility. The lightweight, high-precision, and interpretable PHMS-Transformer framework proposed in this study provides an effective technical solution to the widespread challenges of sample sparsity and model complexity inherent in predicting the spatial distribution of soil Cr globally. Therefore, this work offers significant reference value for advancing global soil environmental risk assessment and Cr pollution remediation efforts. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a Hand and Foot Soaking Formulary composed of ten medicinal plants, with curcumin as a major bioactive marker, to provide scientific validation for its traditional use. Methods: The formulation was evaluated for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, with curcumin quantified using HPLC. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in RAW264.7 cells using the MTT assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by measuring nitric oxide (NO), PGE₂, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages using ELISA. Results: The Hand and Foot Soaking Formulary exhibited promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, consistent with its traditional use. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds, with measurable levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and significant curcumin content. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated through free radical scavenging and ferric-reducing assays, while cytotoxicity testing in RAW264.7 macrophages indicated low toxicity (IC₅₀ = 48.61 ± 3.80 µg/mL). The formulary significantly reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide, PGE₂, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production. These effects were comparable to turmeric extract and curcumin, though curcumin displayed higher potency. Conclusions: The Hand and Foot Soaking Formulary demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, supporting its traditional use. Its polyherbal composition may offer synergistic effects and holds promise as a safe, natural topical remedy. Full article

Background/Objectives: Hypertension affects over 1.3 billion people globally, and inadequate therapy is reported in 80% of cases. Patients increasingly turn to complementary therapies, including hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), a traditional remedy for cardiovascular diseases. Hawthorn has long been used in folk medicine to lower blood pressure; however, its efficacy has not been fully established. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the antihypertensive effects and safety of hawthorn in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, including six studies with a total of 428 participants. The trials focused on systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) changes over treatment periods of 10 weeks to 6 months. Literature searches were conducted in the Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. Studies that met the predefined PICO criteria were included. Data analysis was performed using a random-effects model, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Results: Hawthorn statistically significantly decreased SBP (MD: −6.65 mmHg; 95% CI [−11.72; 1.59]) and non-significantly reduced DBP (MD: −7.19 mmHg; 95% CI [−15.17; 0.79]) after 2–6 months of treatment. Variations in dosage (250–1200 mg/day) and study protocols contributed to this heterogeneity. Conclusions: The effect of hawthorn on blood pressure is clinically significant. However, larger, well-designed trials are needed to establish optimal dosing, duration, and efficacy with greater reliability. Full article

Traditional numerical models have been widely employed to simulate the transport of multispecies reactive contaminants in groundwater systems; however, their high computational cost limits their applicability in real-time or large-scale scenarios. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) offer promising alternatives, particularly data-driven machine learning techniques, for accelerating such simulations. This study presents the development of a surrogate model based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) to simulate the transport and decay of interacting multispecies contaminants in groundwater. High-fidelity training datasets are generated through finite difference-based reactive transport simulations across a wide range of environmental and geochemical conditions. The ANN model is trained to learn the complex nonlinear relationships governing the multispecies transport and transformation processes. Model validation reveals that the ANN surrogate accurately reproduces the spatial–temporal concentration profiles of both original and degradation species, capturing key dynamic behaviors with high precision. Notably, the ANN model achieves up to a 100-fold reduction in computational time compared to traditional analytical or semi-analytical solutions. These results highlight the ANN’s potential as an efficient and accurate surrogate modeling tool for groundwater contamination assessment, offering a valuable advancement for decision-making in environmental risk analysis and remediation planning. Full article

Background/Objectives: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a significant global health burden, contributing to increased healthcare use, absenteeism, and economic strain. While clinical treatments exist, many individuals use traditional dietary remedies such as soup to relieve symptoms. Soup is thought to support recovery through hydration, warmth, nutritional content, and possible anti-inflammatory effects. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of soup consumption on adults with ARTIs, focusing on symptom severity, illness duration, absenteeism, immune response, inflammatory biomarkers, and overall well-being. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in February 2024 across MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, clinical trial registries, and supplementary sources. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, and controlled before-after studies evaluating soup as an intervention for ARTIs. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. A narrative synthesis was undertaken due to heterogeneity in study design and outcome measures. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023481236). Results: Four studies (n = 342) met inclusion criteria. Interventions commonly included chicken-based soups with vegetables and herbs. Comparators varied (e.g., no treatment, water, or alternative soup). Findings showed modest reductions in symptom severity and illness duration (by 1–2.5 days). Two studies reported reductions in inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP). No studies reported on absenteeism or well-being. Conclusions: Soup may offer modest benefits for ARTIs, particularly for symptom relief and inflammation. Further well-designed studies are needed to evaluate its broader clinical and functional impacts. Full article

The presence of persistent contaminants in soils is of growing concern around the world. Contaminated soils can affect numerous ecological environments and lead to significant health risks to humans, affecting soil biodiversity, structure and geomechanical behaviour and agricultural sustainability. Additionally, soil contaminants can also leach into water flows, which is another concern. In general, soil contamination can be attributed to natural sources or to anthropogenic sources associated with human activity. Soil contaminants are usually classified in the following categories: biological, radioactive, organic and inorganic contaminants. State of the art information regarding some of the most common persistent soil contaminants, including possible sources and prevalence, and monitoring approaches and information about their effects on soil characteristics, including usability, as well as information on possible mobility to other environmental media is presented in this review paper. Finally, a comprehensive overview of remediation strategies which are being developed, including the more traditional ones as well as novel strategies that have been proposed lately by the scientific community, is provided. This includes physicochemical and biological technologies, as well as mixed remediation technologies aimed at enhancing remediation efficiency. Full article

Starting from the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century to date, urban areas have faced increasing environmental challenges due to the diffusion of harmful substances, resulting from vehicular traffic, the activities of different industries, waste, and building construction, etc. These pollutants are dangerous, since they pose a threat to both the environment and human health. Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly and low-cost technique that uses plants and their associated microorganisms to clean-up contaminated sites. In this review, we explore its main applications in urban settings. Specifically, we investigate how phytoremediation works, highlighting the most effective plants for its success in a city context. Moreover, we also describe the main factors influencing its effectiveness, such as soil, climate, and pollutants. In this regard, several case studies, conducted worldwide, have reported on how phytoremediation can successfully reclaim contaminated areas, transforming them into reusable city green spaces, with reduced costs compared to traditional remediation techniques (e.g., soil replacement, soil washing, etc.). Moreover, by integrating it into urban planning, cities can address environmental pollution, while promoting biodiversity, enhancing the landscape, and increasing its social acceptance. This nature-based solution offers a practical path toward more sustainable and resilient urban environments, especially in regard to the climate change framework. Full article