Search Results (1,075)

Textile industry wastewater poses a significant environmental challenge due to the presence of persistent dyes. Cationic dyes are characterized by resistance to the conventional coagulation method. The appropriate properties and combination of chemicals guarantee an effective removal process. This study explains the effect of modification of methylene blue solution by the addition of a natural biopolymer—hydrolyzed tannic acid (TA). The study assumed that a combination of tannic acid, methylene blue and polyaluminum chloride would provide a synergistic effect and significantly improve the coagulation and sediment filtration process. Coagulation tests were carried out for a range of methylene blue concentrations. The optimal arrangement of solution components and coagulant doses was selected and tested. Over 95% dye removal efficiency was achieved. The maximum dye removal efficiency was determined to be 5 mg/mg Al at pH = 5.0. Based on the analysis of UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR and electrokinetic potential, changes in the solutions of tannin-modified dyes and their effect on the precipitation of flocs and the nature of sorption were determined. The main phenomena affecting the removal mechanism are discussed. The results indicate that tannic acid can serve as a sustainable coagulant aid, supporting the development of technologies for treating cationic-dye-laden wastewater. Full article

Upstream textile small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) frequently exhibit constrained supply chain resilience owing to persistent information latency and structural dependence on downstream orders. To address these challenges, this study develops and validates a customer-to-manufacturer (C2M) intelligence framework that enables data-driven production planning using publicly available e-commerce data. The framework incorporates ethically compliant acquisition of consumer demand signals, semantic translation of unstructured market data into textile engineering attributes, machine-learning-based demand forecasting, and human-centric decision support. Utilizing 3.87 million consumer comments from 127,846 product listings, a Neural Boosted Tree model with entity embeddings for textile attributes was constructed. This model achieved a mean R² of 0.921 in cross-validation, surpassing benchmark methods. Consumer comment volume was validated as a proxy for sales activity, facilitating demand estimation. Forecasts were translated into production guidance using Monte Carlo simulation and a decision dashboard. In a 12-month field study at a Taiwanese dyeing SME, implementation resulted in a 28% reduction in inventory value, a 31% decrease in dye lot changeovers, and a 16% increase in capacity utilization. This research extends the C2M paradigm from downstream retail contexts to upstream textile SMEs, proposes an integrated and operationally feasible intelligence framework for resource-constrained manufacturers, and demonstrates how digital intelligence can enhance supply chain resilience while supporting, rather than replacing, human decision-making. The results indicate that upstream textile SMEs can leverage publicly visible e-commerce signals to enhance production planning responsiveness, minimize inventory exposure and dye-lot disruptions, and strengthen resilience to demand uncertainty through planner-centered digital decision support. Full article

The efficient removal of dyes and separation from dissolved salts are crucial for the recovery of valuable resources from saline textile wastewater. In this study, hollow fiber membranes were fabricated using the non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method and then improved with a dual-coating process to create effective nanofiltration (NF) membranes. First, hollow fiber substrates with Fe³⁺ were fabricated using NIPS. Subsequently, the inner surface of the membrane was coated with phytic acid (PA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), which increased the thickness of the separation layer and reduced the size of the surface pores, thereby improving the separation efficiency. The loose NF membrane exhibited superior water permeance (pure water permeability of 280 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹·bar⁻¹) and, with dye rejection rates consistently exceeding 95%, also remarkable dye/salt selectivity (with separation factors of CR/NaCl: 64.08, CR/Na₂SO₄: 21.21, CBB/NaCl: 14.75, and CBB/Na₂SO₄: 10.74). The flux recovery of the membrane was over 80% for humic acid, and the membrane exhibited favorable stability under acidic and alkaline conditions, confirming its excellent antifouling and stability performance. In conclusion, this study presents a straightforward and effective approach for fabricating hollow fiber loose NF membranes, underscoring their potential for treating hypersaline wastewater and resource recovery. Full article

Textile wastewater remains one of the most challenging industrial effluents to remediate due to its intense and persistent coloration, high organic load, elevated salinity, and fluctuating pH and the presence of recalcitrant dye structures and auxiliary chemicals. Conventional physicochemical and biological treatments frequently achieve incomplete removal, generate secondary wastes, or fail under high-salt and toxic dye matrices. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) provide molecular-level degradation via reactive oxygen species (ROS), yet their deployment is often constrained by narrow operating windows, catalyst instability, chemical/energy demand, and scale-up limitations. In this context, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as tunable porous catalytic platforms that integrate adsorption and oxidation within a single architecture through controllable metal nodes, functional linkers, and engineered pore environments. This critical review reimagines textile effluent treatment through the lens of MOF-based hybrid catalysts, synthesizing progress across Fenton/photo-Fenton catalysis, photocatalytic MOFs, persulfate activation, and MOF-derived/composite systems. Mechanistic pathways are discussed by linking pollutant enrichment, cyclic redox reactions, charge-transfer processes, and ROS-driven degradation toward mineralization, with emphasis on the distinction between rapid decolorization and true organic removal. A critical comparison highlights how hybridization improves charge transport, stability, and catalyst recovery, while persistent gaps remain in hydrolytic robustness, metal leaching control, intermediate toxicity assessment, real-wastewater validation, continuous-flow reactor integration, and techno-economic feasibility. Finally, the review outlines actionable research directions, including water-stable and defect-engineered MOFs, immobilized and structured catalysts, solar-driven operation, standardized performance metrics, and life-cycle-informed design, to accelerate translation toward scalable and sustainable textile wastewater remediation. By bridging material chemistry with reactor-level feasibility and sustainability assessment, this review provides an implementation-oriented perspective for next-generation textile wastewater treatment. Full article

The development of bio-based inks represents a promising strategy to reduce the environmental impact of digital printing technologies. This study investigates the formulation and performance of water-based inks incorporating two renewable pigments: a fermentation-derived indigo pigment and a plant-extracted yellow pigment. Special attention was given to dispersion optimization of the poorly water-soluble indigo pigment. Extended mechanical dispersion (115 h in a ball mill) proved critical to achieve colloidal stability, enabling the preparation of inks that met standard rheological and physicochemical criteria for inkjet printing with piezoelectric printheads. Both inks were applied on a variety of substrates, including cotton, polyester, leather, and kraft paper, pre-treated, in the case of the textiles, with either a cationic biopolymer or a synthetic polyurethane-based binder. Colorimetric evaluation confirmed effective deposition and uniformity, with the indigo ink producing deep blue hues and superior overall fastness than the yellow ink, particularly in washing and rubbing tests. The yellow pigment ink showed good stability but once applied to the fabric, the resulting print exhibited poor fastness, particularly against light exposure, indicating limited durability of the coloration on the textile. Shelf-life analysis of the indigo ink revealed a decline in viscosity and surface tension over time, though the colour and particle size remained stable, particularly under room temperature conditions. These findings confirm the potential of fermentation-derived indigo as a robust bio-based alternative to synthetic dyes and its superior performance in relation to other nature extracted pigments, which, although facilitating ink preparation due to their higher water solubility, result in lower-fastness prints. Full article

Background/Objectives: Textile dermatitis seems underdiagnosed, partly due to low awareness of this problem and partly due to imperfect screening methods. The aim of this study was to analyse the diagnostic efficacy and clinical relevance of two textile dye mixes used in routine patch testing. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patch test results and clinical records of patients tested with textile dyes in a specialised patch test practice. Results: Between 2007 and 2024, 207 patients were patch tested with Disperse Blue Mix 106/124 (DBM). Positive reactions were observed in 17.4% of patients, including 10.6% considered clinically relevant. Between 2019 and 2023, 90 patients were tested with Textile Dye Mix (TDM) 6.6%, of whom 14.4% developed a positive reaction, relevant in 4.4%. In a subgroup tested with TDM 6.6%, DBM, all their components and cross-reacting azo dyes, out of eight patients with confirmed textile dermatitis, three cases would have been missed if screening had been performed using TDM alone (6.6%), compared with one case being missed if screening had been performed using DBM alone. The highest rate of positivity (78.6%) to TDM 6.6% was found among patients with an allergy to the common hair dye Toluene 2,5–Diamine Sulfate, all of whom were also positive to Disperse Orange 3 (DO3) present in TDM 6.6%. Among patients with positive tests to Disperse Blue (DB) 106 1% pet. or DB124 1% pet., 68.7% and 85.7%, respectively, reacted also to DBM 106/124 (each component at 0.5%), with respective figures for TDM 6.6% (DB106 and DB124 each at 0.3%) amounting to a mere 12.5% and 14.3%. Conclusions: The detection rates of textile dermatitis can be increased by improving screening tools for textile dye allergy in baseline series for routine patch testing. Based on the results of this study, proposed improvements include removing Disperse Orange 3 from the textile dye mix, tripling the concentrations of Disperse Blue 106 and Disperse Blue 124 in the textile dye mix, and doubling their concentrations in the Disperse Blue Mix 106/124. Full article

The textile industry wastewater contaminated by azo dyes usually contains a certain amount of salinity. Therefore, screening for microorganisms capable of degrading azo dyes in saline environments is of great significance. In this study, the decolorizing activity of azo dye methyl red (MR) by Klebsiella aerogenes WH2 (WH2), newly isolated from soil, was evaluated. WH2 was able to decolorize 92.4% and 86.0% of MR at concentrations of 200 mg/L and 300 mg/L within 24 h, respectively. Given that WH2 exhibited enhanced growth and superior degradation capacity in the presence of 2.5% NaCl compared to salt-free conditions, it can be classified as a slight halophile. Approximately 87.7% of MR was removed by WH2 in the presence of 10.0% NaCl within 24 h. Azoreductase activity assays indicated that WH2 retained higher enzyme activity in the presence of NaCl concentrations not exceeding 7.5%. The degradation products and putative metabolic pathways for MR degradation by WH2 were analyzed using FTIR and LC-MS. Phytotoxicity analysis based on seed germination of Vigna radiata indicated that the degradation products of MR exhibited less toxicity than the parent compound. The high degradation efficiency of MR under high salt concentrations makes WH2 a promising candidate for the treatment of saline textile wastewater. Full article

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of agricultural waste is a promising waste management technique. However, the use of different raw materials may produce hydrochars with varying efficiencies, both in yield and application, and environmental impacts, due to differences in composition and required processing conditions. To understand the influence of biomass type and acid-assisted HTC conditions, this study used sugarcane and agave bagasse to produce functionalized hydrochars and evaluated them for the removal of Reactive Orange 84; an azo dye used in the textile industry. Material characterization was performed using FT-IR, TGA, BET, and XRD analyses. In addition, a life cycle assessment was conducted to evaluate environmental impacts associated with hydrochars produced using H₂SO₄ at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 M. TGA and XRD results indicate that agave bagasse hydrochars (HBA) retain more crystalline lignocellulosic structures, whereas sugarcane bagasse hydrochars (HBS) exhibit predominantly amorphous structures after HTC. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of –SO₃H functional groups; however, HBA samples showed greater availability of these groups with increasing acid concentration. Adsorption experiments and LCA results demonstrated that the most favorable treatment, in terms of emission reduction and dye removal, was agave bagasse functionalized with 0.5 M H₂SO₄, achieving 75.7% mass yield and 94.5% dye removal. Full article

To promote the application of natural dyes in eco-textiles and develop multifunctional silk fabrics, this study optimized the extraction of functional pigments from rhubarb and investigated their dyeing performance and functional properties on silk. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as pH 11, 80 °C, 50 min, with three extraction stages. The optimized direct dyeing parameters for silk fabrics were: dye bath pH value of 7, bath ratio of 1:40, dye solution concentration of 5%, and dyeing at 80 °C for 60 min. Post-dyeing metal ion mordanting significantly regulated the hue and dyeing depth of fabrics, with ferrous sulfate mordanting demonstrating the most ideal effect, enabling fabrics to exhibit deep gray coloration and a substantial increase in K/S value. The dyed silk exhibited significantly enhanced Ultraviolet (UV) protection (UPF 18.72 for direct dyeing, reaching 29.80 after Fe²⁺ mordanting) and antibacterial activity (inhibition rates of 69.26% and 77.49% against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively, exceeding 95% after Fe²⁺ treatment). This work demonstrates that rhubarb dyeing can produce functional silk with excellent UV-blocking and antibacterial properties, supporting its potential in ecological textiles. Full article

In this study, sodium persulfate was used to oxidize Reactive Black 5 (RB5), an azo dye commonly used in the textile industry, and Reactive Blue 4 (RB4), an anthraquinone dye. Persulfate was activated using Fe(II) and natural solar irradiation to generate sulfate radicals (SO₄^•−), which possess a high redox potential and effectively oxidize organic pollutants in wastewater. Batch experiments demonstrated that the combined use of Fe(II) and solar-activated persulfate achieves up to 99% dye removal. The influence of natural solar irradiation was evaluated under outdoor conditions for both dye solutions, confirming the effectiveness of solar-activated persulfate oxidation. Mineralization was monitored via total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, with up to 97% dissolved organic carbon removal observed at the highest persulfate dosage for RB5. Two activation pathways were examined, and the results indicate that solar activation is a sustainable approach to minimizing energy and chemical consumption. This study also demonstrates the solar activation potential of the Lefke region in Northern Cyprus for advanced oxidation processes. Full article

Chelating agents can extend the operational pH range of iron-based advanced oxidation processes, yet comprehensive studies on chelated Fe-activated persulfate systems for textile dye degradation remain scarce. This study establishes an integrated framework for optimizing Fe(II)/persulfate (PS) systems using chelating ligands and hybrid energy inputs under near-neutral conditions. Among the tested systems, Fe(II)/PS complexed with citric acid (CA) exhibited superior performance, achieving ~91% dye removal within 20 min at pH 6.5 under optimized conditions (1.25 mM Fe(II), 10 mM PS, 0.1 mM CA). Chelation stabilized Fe redox cycling and prevented precipitation, enabling effective catalysis across pH 3–10. Optimal CA/Fe and Fe/PS ratios (0.1:1.25 and 1.25:10) yielded ~96% decolorization and 67.65% TOC removal in 60 min, while excessive chelation reduced activity. Transition metal screening (Mn(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) confirmed Fe(II) as the most effective activator, providing removal efficiencies up to 3.2-fold higher than competing metals. Mixed-dye experiments showed competitive degradation, with >37% color removal after 60 min for ternary dye mixtures. Mineralization reached ~92% TOC reduction after 120 min, indicating deep oxidation beyond chromophore cleavage. Reactive species quenching revealed a mixed oxidation mechanism involving ^•OH radicals and high-valent Fe(IV) species. Hybrid assistance improved mineralization, with UVC increasing TOC removal by 15.6%, while solar irradiation provided moderate enhancement under low-energy input. In contrast, low-power ultrasound (40 kHz, 60 W) delivered only 17.6 W acoustic power to the solution and did not improve performance due to limited cavitation and mixing. This work thus contributes a robust platform for advancing chelated iron-persulfate oxidation systems toward practical, effective treatment of recalcitrant dye-contaminated wastewaters under near-neutral conditions. Full article

This systematic review examines the use of plant-derived extracts as antibacterial and antifungal agents in medical textiles, with an emphasis on active components, extraction techniques, biological efficacy, target microorganisms, and fabric application methods. This study is framed within the context of natural resource-based plant biomass and agro-industrial residues as a sustainable source of high-value functional compounds for resource valorization. Searches in Scopus and Web of Science followed the PIOC framework and PRISMA protocol. From an initial 389 records, 38 studies met the eligibility criteria. We identified a sustained growth in publications between 2020 and 2025, and six predominant thematic lines related to medical textiles, sustainability, antimicrobial assessment, structural characterization, natural dyeing optimization, and antioxidant functionalization. Among the most studied species, Aloe barbadensis and Salvia officinalis were prominent. Leaves were the most frequently used plant organ, highlighting their relevance as readily available renewable biomass resources. Maceration was the most common extraction method, although ultrasound-assisted extraction yielded a broader metabolite profile and better preserved thermolabile compounds, demonstrating the impact of biomass conversion techniques on resource efficiency and extract quality. Cotton 100% (plain weave) was the most widely used substrate, and the exhaustion method (immersion/exhaust dyeing) was the preferred application technique. Overall, plant extracts obtained through the sustainable management and valorization of plant resources achieved high inhibition against pathogenic bacteria, including resistant strains, and consistent antifungal activity, supporting their potential for developing functional and sustainable medical textiles. These findings align with the goals for responsible production and good health and well-being and reinforce the role of biomass-based resource systems within a circular bioeconomy, opening avenues to optimize formulations, standardize methodologies, and evaluate post-laundering performance and in vivo biocompatibility. Full article

The widespread utilization of synthetic dyes within the textile industry, driven by their chemical recalcitrance and diverse chromatic spectra, constitutes a significant global environmental challenge. Improper discharge of these highly stable effluents into natural water bodies leads to severe ecological imbalances, affecting aquatic life and soil integrity while posing indirect risks to human health due to their mutagenic potential. Conventional physicochemical treatment methods are often hindered by prohibitive operational costs and the frequent generation of hazardous secondary pollutants. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for sustainable biotechnological alternatives to mitigate these industrial impacts. Bioremediation, specifically using white-rot fungi, represents a robust and eco-friendly strategy for the degradation of complex aromatic structures. Species such as Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium utilize a specialized extracellular enzymatic complex to mineralize toxic compounds effectively. Here we review the ligninolytic capacity of white-rot fungi and their specialized enzymatic systems for environmental sustainability. The primary points are: (i) the biochemical mechanisms of the ligninolytic system of laccases and peroxidases during dye degradation; (ii) the influence of operational parameters such as pH, temperature, and nutrient availability on fungal metabolic efficiency; (iii) the diverse environmental applications of these microorganisms in treating real textile effluents; (iv) the current biotechnological challenges, including maintaining enzymatic stability in non-sterile industrial environments; and (v) the future perspectives for scaling up fungal treatment systems from laboratory research to large-scale industrial implementation. Full article

Synthetic dyes discharged from the textile and dyeing industry present a significant environmental and health hazard due to their inherent toxicity, environmental persistence, and potential carcinogenicity. Microbial degradation has garnered significant interest as a cost-effective and eco-friendly strategy for dye wastewater treatment in recent years. The study systematically evaluated the decolorization performance, degradation pathways, and detoxification effects of three bacterial strains, including Rhodopseudomonas palustris gh32, Bacillus cereus HL7, and Bacillus safensis X64, on the dye indigo carmine (IC) and three azo dyes: reactive black 5 (RB5), direct black G (DBG), and direct blue 15 (DB15). The degradation mechanisms were elucidated through UV-Vis spectroscopy, UPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS analysis, and enzyme activity assays. Molecular docking simulations were employed to investigate the interactions between key redox enzymes (such as laccase, tyrosinase, and azoreductase) and the dye molecules. The results demonstrated that the strain-specific enzymatic systems effectively disrupted the dye structures. Significant detoxification effects were further confirmed through a series of bio toxicity assays involving Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, plant seeds, and erythrocytes. The addition of Fe³⁺, sodium citrate, or yeast extract significantly enhanced both the decolorization efficiency and enzyme activity. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the bacterial dye degradation process at the mechanistic level, highlighting the potential of customized bacterial systems for eco-friendly dye wastewater treatment. It offers theoretical support for elucidating the mechanisms of bacterial dye degradation and advancing bioremediation technologies. Full article

Children’s skin is uniquely vulnerable, requiring specialised design solutions that transcend traditional aesthetics. This exploratory study investigates the importance of paediatric dermatology in informing functional fashion design through expert medical perspectives. Using a qualitative approach, data were gathered from a purposive cohort of paediatric dermatologists and immunoallergologists and analysed through inductive thematic analysis. Findings identify four core themes: the physiological immaturity of children’s skin (notably the prevalence of atopic dermatitis), clothing’s role as a symptomatic aggravator rather than a primary aetiology, the clinical risks posed by chemical additives in synthetic textile processes, and the therapeutic potential of natural fibres and biofunctional agents. The data also highlights significant diagnostic constraints in paediatric patch testing, emphasising the necessity of proactive material safety. The findings suggest that integrating healthcare expertise into human-centred design may support the development of safer paediatric clothing solutions, ensuring that fashion industry innovation meets the physiological requirements of children. By transitioning from hazardous synthetic processes to biocompatible textiles, such as undyed natural fibres and medicinal plant-derived dyes, the industry can transform apparel from a potential irritant into a secondary protective barrier. This provides initial insights for developing clothing that safeguards the skin barrier and improves the overall wellbeing of vulnerable populations. Full article