Search Results (34,449)

Follicular lymphoma management is rapidly evolving with advanced cellular therapies. This review examines the optimal sequencing of autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT), allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), and CAR T-cell therapy. AutoSCT is a crucial intervention for chemosensitive relapsed FL, prolonging progression-free survival, though not typically curative. AlloSCT, offering a potential cure via a graft-versus-lymphoma effect, carries significant risks like graft-versus-host disease and non-relapse mortality, thus primarily serving as a salvage option for high-risk or treatment-refractory cases after other modalities, including autoSCT. CAR T-cell therapy, utilizing genetically modified T cells targeting CD19, has revolutionized relapsed/refractory FL. Products like axicabtagene ciloleucel, tisagenlecleucel, and lisocabtagene maraleucel have demonstrated high response rates and durable remissions even in heavily pretreated patients with high-risk features. This potent therapy is increasingly considered a bridge between autoSCT and alloSCT, expanding treatment options. Additionally, bispecific antibodies such as mosunetuzumab, epcoritamab and odrenextamab provide convenient off-the-shelf options, exhibiting strong efficacy and favorable safety. However, their impact on subsequent CAR-T outcomes, especially with CD19-targeting bispecifics, remains an area of ongoing investigation and uncertainty. The complex interplay of these therapies necessitates individualized decisions, emphasizing patient characteristics and disease-specific factors to optimize outcomes in FL. Further research into predictive biomarkers and refined treatment algorithms is crucial for future management. Full article

Background/Objectives: Altered bone metabolism and oxidative stress are features of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Pentosidine, an advanced glycation end-product and a marker of oxidative stress, has been proposed as an indicator of impaired bone health. This study aimed to evaluate whether pentosidine levels are altered in ADPKD and whether they are associated with bone characteristics in comparison with other chronic kidney disease (CKD) etiologies and healthy individuals. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of three cohorts comprising 554 adults. Participants were categorized by CKD etiology and stage (G1–G5). ADPKD stages were classified according to the Mayo Imaging Classification (MIC). Plasma pentosidine was analyzed by HPLC and ELISA. Bone material strength index (BMSi) was assessed using a microindentation technique (OsteoProbe^®). Results: Plasma pentosidine was higher in ADPKD compared with other CKD etiologies in CKD stages G1–G4 (p = 0.023) and CKD 5D (p < 0.0001). Pentosidine was not associated with conventional bone biomarkers. However, in ADPKD individuals with preserved kidney function, higher pentosidine was associated with bone mineral density at the 1/3 radius and with BMSi. Conclusions: Pentosidine levels are consistently elevated in ADPKD compared with other CKD etiologies. Associations between pentosidine and measures of cortical bone properties suggest that pentosidine may contribute to skeletal alterations in ADPKD. These findings highlight a novel pathway linking oxidative stress and bone health. Full article

The traditional use of iced trash fish (IF) in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) aquaculture raises sustainability concerns, but the shift to formulated feeds (FF—a commercial compound feed specifically designed to meet nutritional requirements by blending multiple ingredients and containing a balance of nutrients) is often hindered by fears of compromising its prized flavor. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate whether a commercial formulated feed could effectively replace IF without diminishing flavor quality, hypothesizing that FF would alter the intestinal volatile profile, thereby influencing muscle flavor. Male crabs were fed either IF or FF for eight weeks. Muscle flavor was assessed using sensory evaluation, electronic nose (E-nose), and gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS). Volatile compounds in intestinal chyme were also analyzed by GC–IMS to explore potential transfer mechanisms. The results indicated that crabs fed with FF showed higher sensory scores for sweetness. Additionally, the E-nose analysis revealed a clear separation trend between dietary groups and showed markedly higher sensor response values for aromatic compounds, biogenically derived compounds and Maillard reaction products, sulfur-containing organic compounds, aliphatic hydrocarbons, total volatile organic compounds, alcohols and organic solvents, and alkenes in the FF group compared to the IF group. Thirty-four volatiles were discovered in the muscle. Statistical analysis (independent samples t-test) showed that the FF group exhibited significantly elevated levels of 3-methylbutanal-M, propanal, (E)-2-pentenal, 2,3-pentanedione, and pentan-1-ol-M, whereas the IF group exhibited significantly elevated levels of 2-hexanone, dihydro-2(3H)-furanone, butyl acetate, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, and phenol (p < 0.05). Fourty-eight volatiles were identified in the intestinal chyme. Propanal and ethyl 2-methylpropanoate were the dominant odor contributors based on correlation network analysis. Strong correlations were identified between the flavor profiles of intestinal chyme and muscle, suggesting a potential transfer or transformation of volatiles. This work provides a scientific basis for optimizing aquafeed formulations to ensure sustainable crab production without sacrificing end-flavor quality. Full article

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose increasing threats to marine ecosystems and fisheries worldwide, creating an urgent need for efficient wide-area monitoring schemes. Satellite remote sensing offers a promising approach. However, quantitative, real-time HAB monitoring via satellites remains underdeveloped. Here, we evaluated the applicability of the Normalized Red Tide Index (NRTI), originally developed for Korean waters using the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), in detecting and quantifying HAB in the southern California Current. Our integrated monitoring encompassed two distinct regions of the California Current—Monterey Bay (central California) and La Bocana (Baja California)—separated by a 1470-km stretch of coastline and characterized by blooms of multiple HAB species. Our objectives were threefold: (1) to validate the relationship between NRTI and HAB cell densities through field measurements, (2) to evaluate the performance of hyperspectral NRTI derived from in situ reflectance measurements compared to existing multispectral indices including MODIS ocean color products, and (3) to assess the capability of multispectral sensors to represent NRTI by comparing multispectral-derived indices against hyperspectral NRTI measurements. We found species-specific relationships between hyperspectral NRTI and in situ HAB cell densities, with Prorocentrum gracile in Baja California showing a robust logarithmic fit (R² = 0.92) and multi-species assemblage (dominated by Akashiwo sanguinea) in Monterey Bay displaying a weak, positive correlation. MODIS-derived NRTI values were consistently lower than hyperspectral estimates due to reduced spectral resolution, but the two datasets were strongly correlated (R² = 0.97), allowing for reliable tracking of relative bloom intensity. MODIS applications further captured distinct bloom dynamics across regions, with localized nearshore blooms in Baja California and broader offshore expansion in Monterey Bay. These results suggest that the NRTI-based monitoring scheme can effectively quantify HAB intensity across broad geographic scales, but its application requires explicit consideration of regional HAB assemblages. Full article

Sentiment analysis plays a crucial role in domains such as financial news, user reviews, and public opinion monitoring, yet existing approaches face challenges when dealing with long and domain-specific texts due to semantic dilution, insufficient context modeling, and dispersed emotional signals. To address these issues, a multi-granularity attention-based sentiment analysis model built on a transformer backbone is proposed. The framework integrates sentence-level and document-level hierarchical modeling, a different-dimensional embedding strategy, and a cross-granularity contrastive fusion mechanism, thereby achieving unified representation and dynamic alignment of local and global emotional features. Static word embeddings combined with dynamic contextual embeddings enhance both semantic stability and context sensitivity, while the cross-granularity fusion module alleviates sparsity and dispersion of emotional cues in long texts, improving robustness and discriminability. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. On the Financial Forum Reviews dataset, it achieves an accuracy of 0.932, precision of 0.928, recall of 0.925, F1-score of 0.926, and AUC of 0.951, surpassing state-of-the-art baselines such as BERT and RoBERTa. On the Financial Product User Reviews dataset, the model obtains an accuracy of 0.902, precision of 0.898, recall of 0.894, and AUC of 0.921, showing significant improvements for short-text sentiment tasks. On the Financial News dataset, it achieves an accuracy of 0.874, precision of 0.869, recall of 0.864, and AUC of 0.895, highlighting its strong adaptability to professional and domain-specific texts. Ablation studies further confirm that the multi-granularity transformer structure, the different-dimensional embedding strategy, and the cross-granularity fusion module each contribute critically to overall performance improvements. Full article

Metal additive manufacturing (MAM), also referred to as 3D printing, has proven remarkable in the fabrication of complex metal components in multiple sectors. However, the assessment of this revolutionary process through bending fatigue is frequently impeded due to concerns about mechanical and physical conditions of the printed components. The unique layer-by-layer production process results in varied microstructures, anisotropy, and intrinsic defects that considerably differ from traditionally manufactured wrought metals. This review article aims to integrate and evaluate historical and contemporary research on the bending fatigue of additively manufactured materials. More specifically, the impact of process parameters, build orientation, surface conditions, and post-processing techniques such as machining, surface treatments, and polishing on bending fatigue performance are summarized. Adopting prediction methodologies is emphasized to facilitate flaw detection and thereby ensuring the safe and reliable deployment of AM parts in dynamic load carrying applications. Some future research directions are proposed, including the (i) the development of standardized specimens and test protocols, (ii) the adaptation to miniaturization to overcome challenges in high throughput fatigue testing, (iii) the application of emerging geometries such as the Krouse specimen for mechanistic investigations, and (iv) the possibility of developing a correlation across different testing methods and materials to reduce experimental burden. By synthesizing the recent progresses and identifying unresolved challenges, this review outlines an organized and clear pathway towards future research for the deployment of advanced bending fatigue characterization in AM process. The novel idea of adapting miniaturized Krouse geometries in the bending fatigue testing of additively manufactured metals is a viable prospect for the feasible fabrication of AM fatigue coupons with reduced specimen preparation defects and enhanced fatigue strength. Full article

This study proposes and empirically validates a spatiotemporal life cycle assessment (LCA) framework for hydroelectric power generation applied to the Sinop Hydroelectric Power Plant in Brazil. Unlike conventional LCA, which assumes spatial and temporal homogeneity, the framework incorporates annual temporal discretisation and geographically differentiated impacts across all phases of assessment. The methodology combines the Enhanced Structural Path Analysis (ESPA) method with temporal modeling and region-specific inventory data. The results indicate that environmental impacts peak in the fourth year of the ‘Construction and Assembly’ stage, primarily due to the intensive production of concrete and steel. A spatial analysis shows that these impacts extend beyond Brazil, with notable contributions from international supply chains. By identifying temporal and geographical hotspots, the framework offers a refined understanding of impact dynamics and drivers. Uncertainty analysis further demonstrates that temporal discretisation significantly affects impact attribution, with the ‘Construction and Assembly’ stage results varying by up to ±15%, depending on scheduling assumptions. Overall, the study advances the LCA methodology while offering robust empirical evidence to guide sustainable decision-making in Brazil’s power sector and to inform global debates on low-carbon energy transitions. Full article

Grasslands provide essential forage, fuel, and ecosystem services, underpinning regional livestock husbandry and ecological integrity. However, improper utilization drives structural degradation and functional decline of the vegetation–soil–microbe system, particularly on the ecologically sensitive and fragile Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). The differential impacts of diverse utilization practices on QTP grasslands remain inadequately understood, limiting scientific support for differentiated sustainable management. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to clarify effects of grazing, enclosure, and mowing on QTP grasslands, integrating studies from Web of Science, Google Scholar, and CNKI. We constructed disturbance intensity indicators to quantify utilization pressure and used multiple ecological metrics to characterize heterogeneous responses of the vegetation–soil–microbe system. Moderate grazing enhanced vegetation coverage, biomass, diversity, soil total phosphorus, and organic matter; high-intensity grazing reduced vegetation traits, soil bulk density, moisture, nutrients, and microbial biomass/diversity, while increasing soil pH. Early enclosure mitigated anthropogenic disturbance to improve grassland functions, but long-term enclosure exacerbated nutrient/moisture competition, lowering vegetation biomass/diversity and degrading soil properties. Moderate mowing improved vegetation communities by suppressing dominant species overexpansion; excessive mowing caused vegetation homogenization, soil carbon loss, and microbial destabilization. Impacts showed environmental heterogeneity linked to climate, soil, vegetation type, and elevation. In humid and fertile alpine meadows, moderate grazing more effectively promoted vegetation diversity and soil nutrient cycling, while in arid and nutrient-poor desert grasslands, even light grazing led to visible declines in vegetation coverage and soil moisture. Low-elevation alpine grasslands exhibited stronger positive responses to moderate grazing, whereas high-elevation alpine desert grasslands showed high vulnerability even to light grazing. Based on these mechanisms, regionally tailored strategies integrating multiple practices are required to balance ecological conservation and livestock production, promoting QTP grassland sustainability. In future research, we will strengthen quantitative exploration of how specific environmental factors regulate the magnitude and direction of grassland ecosystem responses to grazing, enclosure, and mowing, thereby providing more precise scientific basis for differentiated grassland management. Full article

Global electric vehicle sales are growing exponentially, with the European Union actively promoting the adoption of electric vehicles to significantly reduce mobility-related emissions. Concurrently, research efforts are increasingly directed toward optimizing vehicle charging strategies for the effective integration of renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, despite extensive theoretical studies, few practical implementations have been carried out. In response, this paper presents a digital twin of a microgrid designed specifically for optimizing the charging schedules of an electric vehicle fleet, with the goal of maximizing photovoltaic self-consumption. Machine learning algorithms are utilized to forecast vehicle energy consumption, and various heuristic optimization methods are applied to determine optimal charging schedules. The system incorporates an interactive dashboard, enabling users to input specific preferences or delegate charging decisions to a real-time optimizer. Additionally, a user-centric decision support system was developed to provide recommendations on optimal vehicle connection timings and heat pump setpoints. Certain algorithms failed to converge on a feasible optimal solution, even after 340 s and over 500 generations, particularly within high-production scenarios. Conversely, using the GWO-WOA algorithm, optimal charging schedules are computed in less than 25 s, balancing photovoltaic power exports under varying weather conditions. Furthermore, K-Means was identified as the most effective clustering technique, achieving a Silhouette Score of up to 0.57 with four clusters. This configuration resulted in four distinct velocity ranges, within which energy consumption varied by up to 5.8 kWh/100 km, depending on the vehicle's velocity. Finally, the facility managers positively assessed the usability of the DT dashboard and the effectiveness of the decision support system. Full article

This study evaluated how dietary supplementation with Haematococcus pluvialis powder (HPP), Arthrobacter bussei powder (ABP), and A. bussei probiotics affects growth, whole-body composition, non-specific immunity, antioxidant capacity, and nutrient digestibility in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Juvenile shrimps were fed for 8 weeks with five diets: a control diet (CON), H. pluvialis powder (HPP, 1%), A. bussei powder (ABP, 1%), or A. bussei probiotics at 10⁵ (ABL) or 10⁸ (ABH) CFU g⁻¹ feed. Shrimp fed the ABP diet exhibited the highest final body weight, weight gain, and protein efficiency ratio, with a significantly improved feed conversion ratio than that of CON, ABL, and ABH groups. The HPP group exhibited significantly better growth than that of the control. Regarding immunity and antioxidant responses, lysozyme and phenoloxidase specific activities, as well as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase specific activities, were significantly enhanced in shrimp fed ABP and HPP diets, whereas malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced compared with those in CON. Apparent crude protein digestibility was significantly higher in all supplemented diets than those in the CON group, with ABP showing the highest value. ABP and HPP supplementation improved growth, protein digestibility, and immune-antioxidant responses in L. vannamei, whereas probiotic forms showed limited effects. ABP is a superior functional feed additive than its probiotic form for enhancing productivity and health in shrimp aquaculture. Full article

In this study, syntactic composite foams were developed by incorporating cenosphere (CS) particles recovered from recycled fly ash into a one-component polyurethane (PU) foam system. During production, CS was added to the spray-applied PU foam at specific ratios, and the foaming reaction was simultaneously initiated via manual mixing. This approach minimized particle settling caused by the filler–matrix density difference and promoted a more homogeneous structure. Two types of CS, with mean sizes of approximately 70 µm and 130 µm, were incorporated at five loadings ranging from 5 wt% to 15 wt%. The resulting composites were evaluated for their acoustic, mechanical, and thermal performance. Thermal analyses revealed that CS addition increased the glass-transition temperature (Tg) by ≈12 °C and delayed the 5% mass-loss temperature (T₅%) by ≈30–35 °C compared with the neat N2 foam, confirming the stabilizing role of cenospheres. The refoaming process with manual mixing promoted finer cell diameters and thicker walls, enhancing the sound absorption coefficient (α), particularly at medium and high frequencies. Moreover, increasing the filler content improved both the sound transmission loss (STL) and compressive strength, alongside density, although further gains in α and STL were limited beyond a 10 wt% filler content. Significant enhancements in compressive strength were achieved at filler ratios above 12.5 wt%. Unlike conventional two-component PU foams, this study demonstrates a sustainable one-component PU system reinforced with recycled cenospheres that simultaneously achieves acoustic, mechanical, and thermal multifunctionality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on incorporating recycled cenospheres into a one-component PU foam system, overcoming dispersion challenges of conventional two-component formulations and presenting an environmentally responsible route for developing versatile insulation materials. Full article

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide, with proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) playing a central role in its pathogenesis. Under hyperglycemic conditions, PTECs drive a pathological triad of inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Recent advances reveal that these processes interact synergistically to form a self-perpetuating vicious cycle, rather than operating in isolation. This review systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying this crosstalk in PTECs. Hyperglycemia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which collectively activate key inflammatory pathways (NF-κB, NLRP3, cGAS-STING). The resulting inflammatory milieu triggers apoptosis via death receptor and mitochondrial pathways, while apoptotic cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that further amplify inflammation. Concurrently, fibrogenic signaling (TGF-β1/Smad, Hippo-YAP/TAZ) promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Crucially, the resulting fibrotic microenvironment reciprocally exacerbates inflammation and apoptosis through mechanical stress and hypoxia. Quantitative data from preclinical and clinical studies are integrated to underscore the magnitude of these effects. Current therapeutic strategies are evolving toward multi-target interventions against this pathological network. We contrast the paradigm of monotargeted agents (e.g., Finerenone, SGLT2 inhibitors), which offer high specificity, with that of multi-targeted natural product-based formulations (e.g., Huangkui capsule, Astragaloside IV), which provide synergistic multi-pathway modulation. Emerging approaches (metabolic reprogramming, epigenetic regulation, mechanobiological signaling) hold promise for reversing fibrosis. Future directions include leveraging single-cell technologies to decipher PTEC heterogeneity and developing kidney-targeted drug delivery systems. We conclude that disrupting the inflammation–apoptosis–fibrosis vicious cycle in PTECs is central to developing next-generation therapies for DN. Full article

A surge in environmental pollution compels society to utilize food processing wastes to produce valuable compounds. Enzymatic technology, specifically cellulase-mediated hydrolysis, provides an eco-friendly and effective approach for treating food processing leftovers. The main objective of this review is to explore the significant contributions of cellulase, both in industrial settings and from an environmental perspective. Therefore, this review covers all the aspects of cellulase structural identification, classification, and evolution to its profound applications. The review initially explores cellulases’ structural and functional characteristics based on the catalytic and cellulose-binding domains and discusses cellulases’ evolutionary origin. A thorough understanding of cellulase properties is essential for overcoming the challenges associated with its commercial production for various applications. In this regard, the optimization for cellulase production through several approaches, including rational design, direct evolution, genetic engineering, and fermentation technology, is also reviewed. In addition, it also underscores the significance of agro-industrial biorefineries, which provide scalable and sustainable solutions to meet future demands for food, chemicals, materials, and fuels. Finally, the last sections of the review solely highlight the potential applications of microbial cellulases in bioremediation. In summary, this review outlines the role of cellulase in efficient valorization aimed at producing multiple bioproducts and the enhancement of environmental remediation efforts. Full article

While robotic technologies have shown great promise in enhancing productivity and safety, their integration into the mining sector, particularly for search and rescue (SAR) missions, remains limited. The success of these systems depends not only on their technical capabilities, but also on the effectiveness of human–robot interaction (HRI) in high-risk, time-sensitive environments. This review synthesizes key human factors, including cognitive load, situational awareness, trust, and attentional control, that critically influence the design and operation of robotic interfaces for mine rescue missions. Drawing on established cognitive theories such as Endsley’s Situational Awareness Model, Wickens’ Multiple Resource Theory, Mental Model and Cognitive Load Theory, we identified core challenges in current SAR interface design for mine rescue missions and mapped them to actionable design principles. We proposed a human-centered framework tailored to underground mine rescue operations, with specific recommendations for layered feedback, multimodal communication, and adaptive interfaces. By contextualizing cognitive science in the domain of mining emergencies, this work offers a structured guide for designing intuitive, resilient, and operator-supportive robotic systems. Full article

Background: Diabetic wound healing has always been a clinical challenge with minimal response or efficacy to standard treatment. This study aims to assess the therapeutic potential of hypoxia-induced extracellular vesicles (hy-EVs) produced by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) to treat diabetic wounds. Methods: HUCMSCs were isolated from umbilical cord tissue, cultured under hypoxic conditions to induce the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and compared with normoxia-induced extracellular vesicles (n-EVs). We assessed the functions of hy-EVs on human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Simultaneously, we analyzed the pro-angiogenic effects of hy-EVs, their effects on macrophage polarization, and their ability to scavenge endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, a diabetic wound model was established to assess the curative effect of hy-EVs in diabetic wound healing. Results: We found by in vitro study that hy-EVs markedly improved the functional activities of HSFs, thus significantly promoting wound repair. Remarkably, it was determined that hy-EVs greatly enhanced the proliferation and migration ability as well as the angiogenic ability of HUVECs, while promoting the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial-generation-associated factor A (VEGFA), and platelet endothelial adhesion molecule (CD31), which suggested that hy-EVs can effectively activate the HIF-1α pathway to promote angiogenesis. Above all, we found that hy-EVs promoted the expression of CD206 while decreasing the expression of CD86, suggesting that hy-EVs could induce macrophages to shift from M1-type (pro-inflammatory) to M2-type (anti-inflammatory), thereby modulating the inflammatory response. Additionally, hy-EVs inhibited ROS production in both HSFs and HUVECs to reduce oxidative stress. In vivo results showed that hy-EVs enhanced collagen deposition and angiogenesis, modulated macrophage polarization, and inhibited immune response at the wound spot, which significantly enhanced diabetic wound healing. Conclusions: Our study shows that hy-EVs significantly promote angiogenesis through activation of the HIF-1α pathway, modulate macrophage polarization and attenuate cellular oxidative stress, possibly through delivery of specific miRNAs and proteins. Our discoveries offer a key theoretical basis and potential application to develop novel therapeutic strategies against diabetes-related tissue injury. Full article