Search Results (897)

This study investigates the thermal dynamics and material behavior involved in the baking process for Lebanese flatbread, focusing on the heat transfer mechanisms, water loss, and dough expansion under high-temperature conditions. Despite previous studies on flatbread baking using impingement or conventional ovens, this work presents the first experimental investigation of the traditional Lebanese flatbread baking process under realistic industrial conditions, specifically using a high-temperature tunnel oven with direct flame heating, extremely short baking times (~10–12 s), and peak temperatures reaching ~650 °C, which are essential to achieving the characteristic pocket formation and texture of Lebanese bread. This experimental study characterizes the baking kinetics of traditional Lebanese flatbread, recording mass loss pre- and post-baking, thermal profiles, and dough expansion through real-time temperature measurements and video recordings, providing insights into the dough’s thermal response and expansion behavior under high-temperature conditions. A custom-designed instrumented oven with a steel conveyor and a direct flame burner was employed. The dough, prepared following a traditional recipe, was analyzed during the baking process using K-type thermocouples and visual monitoring. Results revealed that Lebanese bread undergoes significant water loss due to high baking temperatures (~650 °C), leading to rapid crust formation and pocket development. Empirical equations modeling the relationship between baking time, temperature, and expansion were developed with high predictive accuracy. Additionally, an energy analysis revealed that the total energy required to bake Lebanese bread is approximately 667 kJ/kg, with an overall thermal efficiency of only 21%, dropping to 16% when preheating is included. According to previous CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations, most heat loss in similar tunnel ovens occurs via the chimney (50%) and oven walls (29%). These findings contribute to understanding the broader thermophysical principles that can be applied to the development of more efficient baking processes for various types of bread. The empirical models developed in this study can be applied to automating and refining the industrial production of Lebanese flatbread, ensuring consistent product quality across different baking environments. Future studies will extend this work to alternative oven designs and dough formulations. Full article

The construction sector emphasises circular economy principles that prioritise eco-design strategies, particularly the usage of secondary raw materials. The growing interest in using industrial hemp as a sustainable building material in the construction sector is driven by its versatility. Industrial hemp has been preferential in comparison to other traditional building materials due to its lower global warming impact. Claims regarding the environmental benefits of hemp-containing construction materials based on the single impact category could be misleading; therefore, life cycle assessment (LCA) studies including multiple environmental indicators should be implemented. This study aims to compare two alternative wall designs regarding their environmental impacts. The comparative LCA study for hempcrete and prefabricated walls used in residential buildings was assessed using IPCC and ReCiPe life cycle impact assessment methods. The study highlighted a significant discrepancy depending on the number of environmental indicators considered, as well as between characterised and weighted LCA results. A hempcrete wall was recognised as a slightly (13.63%) better alternative when assessed by the single-issue IPCC method, while its total burden assessed by the ReCiPe method was recognised to be significantly (2.78 times) higher. Based on the results from this case study, regulators could re-evaluate the appropriateness of reporting LCA results solely on the midpoint level, particularly when limited to a single impact indicator, while producers in the construction sector should recognise the threat of greenwashing when reporting using a single impact indicator only. Full article

The 1.9 billion metric tons of steel globally manufactured in 2023 justify the steel industry’s pivotal role in modern society’s growth. Considering the rapid development of countries that have not fully taken part in the global market, such as Africa, steel production is expected to increase in the next decade. However, the environmental burden associated with steel manufacturing must be mitigated to achieve sustainable production, which would align with the European Green Deal pathway. Such a burden is associated both with the GHG emissions and with the solid residues arising from steel manufacturing, considering both the integrated and electrical routes. The valorisation of the main steel residues from the electrical steelmaking is the central theme of this work, referring to the steel electric manufacturing in the Dalmine case study. The investigation was carried out from two different points of view, comprising the action of a plasma electric reactor and a RecoDust unit to optimize the recovery of iron and zinc, respectively, being the two main technologies envisioned in the EU-funded research project ReMFra. This work focuses on those preliminary steps required to detect the optimal recipes to consider for such industrial units, such as thermodynamic modelling, testing the mechanical properties of the briquettes produced, and the smelting trials carried out at pilot scale. However, tests for the usability of the dusty feedstock for RecoDust are carried out, and, with the results, some recommendations for pretreatment can be made. The outcomes show the high potential of these streams for metal and mineral recovery. Full article

The sensory and physicochemical properties of three different recipes for apple cream filling were investigated, focusing on their potential to enhance consumer appeal in pastry applications. Two of the recipes incorporate dried apple cubes (AP1, 48% and AP2, 38% w/w, respectively), while the third recipe (PD) features a cube-free formulation with higher quantities of sugar, potato starch, xanthan gum, dextrose, cinnamon and malic acid. The study evaluated the impact of ingredient composition and processing techniques on sensory attributes. The results indicate that AP1 and AP2 resulted in higher moisture, ash and fiber content but lower viscosity, pH values and emulsion stability compared to PD. All samples exhibited pseudoplastic behavior. The AP2 sample exhibited the most hydrophilic behavior. FT-IR spectra have shown three main peaks, i.e., O-H (3300–3320 cm⁻¹), C=O (1640–1730 cm⁻¹) and C-O (1025–1030 cm⁻¹) stretching vibrations. AP1 and AP2 significantly enhanced hardness and cohesion, providing a more engaging sensory experience. PD offers a smoother, creamier texture with lower inhomogeneity compared to AP1 and AP2 samples, making it ideal for consumers who prefer a uniform mouthfeel. This research demonstrates the critical role of formulation choices in tailoring sensory and physicochemical properties of apple cream fillings to meet diverse consumer preferences. Full article

This study aimed to assess the use of selected raw materials, such as whole-grain oat flakes, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, and flaxseeds, to obtain bars using baking and drying methods. Modifying the bars’ composition involved selecting the fibre preparation, replacing water with NFC juice, and using fresh apple juice and apple pomace. The Psyllium fibre preparation, also in the form of a mixture with apple fibre, was the most useful in dough cohesion and the quality of the bars. Baked bars were characterised by higher sensory quality than those obtained by drying. Microwave–convection drying was a good alternative to baking, primarily due to the lower temperature resulting in a lower acrylamide content and comparable product quality. The basic grain ingredients and fibre preparations mainly shaped the nutritional and energy value and the sensory and microbiological quality. Modifying the recipe using NFC or fresh juice and apple pomace allowed the bars to develop new properties and quality characteristics. The use of NFC juices resulted in a reduction in the pH of the bars, which is associated with a higher microbiological quality of the bars. All bars had low acrylamide content, significantly lower than the permissible level. Using fresh pomace or fibre preparations made from by-products is a possibility to increase the fibre content in the bars and a method of managing by-products. Full article

This study presents a novel approach to address these challenges by introducing automobile platinum honeycomb catalysts into biomass combustion systems. The study employed a dual methodology, combining experimental investigations and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) case study, to comprehensively evaluate the catalyst’s performance and environmental impacts. The catalyst’s ability to facilitate combustion without open flame formation and its operational efficiency throughout combustion phases position it as a promising avenue for reducing gaseous and particulate matter emissions. The LCA considers multiple impact categories, employing the ReCiPe 2008 Hierarchist midpoint and endpoint perspective to assess environmental effects. The experimental results show that the catalyst effectively reduced CO, SO₂, and particulate emissions. Temperatures below 400 °C diminished the catalyst’s performance. The catalyst achieved a 100% CO conversion rate at specific temperatures of 427.4–490.3 °C. The findings highlight the potential for a 34% reduction in environmental impacts when replacing conventional rice husk combustion with the catalyst-integrated system. Notably, the study emphasizes the significance of sustainable catalyst manufacturing processes and cleaner electricity sources in maximizing environmental benefits. In conclusion, the integration of platinum honeycomb catalysts into biomass combustion systems, exemplified by rice husk combustion, emerges as a promising strategy for achieving more sustainable and environmentally friendly bioenergy production. Full article

The growing demand for functional and sustainable foods has driven food innovation, enhancing its nutritional value. This study aimed to develop a nutritious bread using local rye from the Trás-os-Montes region of Portugal and incorporating whey, a by-product of the dairy industry, as a replacement for water. Three bread formulations were tested: a traditional recipe with 37.5% rye flour and water (Control—CTR); the same recipe using whey instead of water (Rye Whey—RW); and a formulation with 100% local rye and whey replacing water (Full Rye Whey—FRW). Nutritional composition was assessed, including moisture, ash, protein, dietary fiber, sodium, potassium, lipids, and carbohydrates. Sensory analysis included both quantitative descriptive analysis and consumer acceptance testing. Microbiological quality was also evaluated. Whey-containing samples showed lower moisture and increased levels of ash, lipids, carbohydrates, and potassium. RW had the highest protein content (6.54 ± 0.28 g/100 g, p < 0.05), while FRW exhibited the highest dietary fiber (6.96 ± 0.15 g/100 g, p < 0.05). RW demonstrated a balanced nutritional and sensory profile, with high consumer acceptance. Overall, the combination of local rye and whey presents a promising strategy for producing nutritious bread while valorizing local agricultural resources and dairy by-products. These findings support sustainable food production practices and contribute to circular economy approaches. Full article

The growing imperative to mitigate climate change and accelerate the shift toward energy sustainability has called for a critical evaluation of heat and electricity generation methods. This article presents a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of solar and biogas energy systems on a common basis of 1 kWh of useful energy using SimaPro, the ReCiPe 2016 methodology (both midpoint and endpoint indicators), and cumulative energy demand (CED) analysis. This study is the first to evaluate co-located solar PV, solar thermal compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) and biogas combined heat and power (CHP) systems with in situ data collected under identical climatic and operational conditions. The project costs yield levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) of INR 2.4/kWh for PV, 3.3/kWh for the solar thermal dish and 4.1/kWh for biogas. However, the collaborated findings indicate that neither solar-based systems nor biogas technology uniformly outperform the others; rather, their effectiveness hinges on contextual factors, including resource availability and local policy incentives. These insights will prove critical for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and local communities seeking to develop effective, context-sensitive strategies for sustainable energy deployment, emissions reduction, and robust resource management. Full article

Background/Objective: Previous research has measured the impact of interventions on food purchases and food waste separately. Moreover, food waste studies have rarely included food insecurity measurements, which could help develop more comprehensive interventions. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effect of educational videos on food and fruit and vegetable purchases, waste and food insecurity in low-income households. Methods: This study uses an experimental design involving low-income households in Chile to evaluate the effects of three educational videos: videos of (T0) recipes using regular fruits, (T1) refrigerator cleaning instructions, and (T2) recipes using overripe fruits. Results: The videos featuring fruit-based recipes (T0 and T2) increased fruit purchases and reduced fruit waste. In contrast, vegetable purchases and waste increased, especially under the recipe-based interventions. All interventions led to a decrease in food insecurity. Conclusions: An intervention that leads to a reduction in fruit waste can also hide an increase on vegetable waste, as well as changes on purchases and a decrease of prevalence of food insecurity. These findings highlight the importance of measuring fruit and vegetable purchases and food insecurity as complementary outcomes in food waste studies. Full article

This technical report presents a compelling case for the use of very-high-power, very-short-duration (VHPSD) radiofrequency ablation as a promising and efficient strategy for treating symptomatic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). The patient with frequent, symptomatic PVCs and a 24% burden underwent successful ablation using a 90 W/4 s recipe via the QDOT MICRO™ catheter. The procedure resulted in immediate and sustained elimination of PVCs, with only 4 s of ablation time, near-zero fluoroscopy, no complications, and no PVC recurrence at 6 months. VHPSD ablation, though originally developed for atrial fibrillation, demonstrated remarkable procedural efficiency, precision, and lesion efficacy in this case. Compared to standard power, long-duration (SPLD) ablation, VHPSD offers the potential to significantly reduce procedural time, minimize tissue edema, and lower complication risk, particularly advantageous in anatomically challenging areas or in situations where maintaining stable catheter contact for extended periods is difficult or unfeasible. This technical report suggests the transformative potential of VHPSD as a first-line ablation strategy for RVOT-PVCs, provided careful mapping and appropriate technique are used. It underscores the need for further prospective studies to validate its broader safety, efficacy, and role in PVC management, particularly in cases involving intramural origins. Full article

Additive manufacturing has recently become popular and more cost-effective for building construction. This study presents a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) of 3D-printed foamed geopolymer composites (3D-FOAM materials) incorporating construction and demolition waste. The materials were developed using fly ash, slag, sand, and a foaming agent, with recycled clay brick waste (CBW) and autoclaved aerated concrete waste (AACW) added as alternative raw materials. The material formulations were evaluated for their compressive strength and thermal conductivity to define two functional units that reflect structural and thermal performance. A prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted under laboratory-scale conditions using the ReCiPe 2016 method. Results show that adding CBW and AACW reduces environmental impacts across several categories, including global warming potential and ecotoxicity, without compromising material performance. Compared to conventional wall systems, the 3D-FOAM materials offer a viable low-impact alternative when assessed on a functional basis. These findings highlight the potential of integrating recycled materials into additive manufacturing to support circular economy goals in the construction sector. Full article

This study systematically compares the environmental and economic performance of three wastewater treatment systems: constructed wetlands (CWs), microbial fuel cells (MFCs), and their integration (CW–MFC). Lab-scale units of each system were constructed using a multi-media matrix (gravel, zeolite, and granular activated carbon), composite native wetland species (Juncus effusus, Iris sp., and Typha angustifolia), carbon-based electrodes (graphite), and standard inoculum for CW and CW–MFC. The MFC system employed carbon-based electrodes and proton-exchange membrane. The experimental design included a parallel operation of all systems treating domestic wastewater under identical hydraulic and organic loading rates. Environmental impacts were quantified across construction and operational phases using life cycle assessment (LCA) with GaBi software 9.2, employing TRACI 2021 and ReCiPe 2016 methods, while techno-economic analysis (TEA) evaluated capital and operational costs. The key results indicate that CW demonstrates the lowest global warming potential (142.26 kg CO₂-eq) due to its reliance on natural biological processes. The integrated CW–MFC system achieved enhanced pollutant removal (82.8%, 87.13%, 78.13%, and 90.3% for COD, NO₃, TN, and TP) and bioenergy generation of 2.68 kWh, balancing environmental benefits with superior treatment efficiency. In contrast, the stand-alone MFC shows higher environmental burdens, primarily due to energy-intensive material requirements and fabrication processes. TEA results highlight CW as the most cost-effective solution (USD 627/m³), with CW–MFC emerging as a competitive alternative when considering environmental benefits and operational efficiencies (USD 718/m³). This study highlights the potential of hybrid systems, such as CW–MFC, to advance sustainable wastewater treatment technologies by minimizing environmental impacts and enhancing resource recovery, supporting their broader adoption in future water management strategies. Future research should focus on optimizing materials and energy use to improve scalability and feasibility. Full article

EU accession countries, including the Republic of Serbia, are under growing pressure to align their plastic waste management systems with EU environmental directives. Despite this, significant challenges remain, including inadequate infrastructure, a limited recycling capacity, and weak enforcement mechanisms. This study employs life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging waste in Serbia, focusing on three end-of-life scenarios (EoL): landfilling, recycling, and incineration. Using GaBi Professional v6.0 software and the ReCiPe 2016 methodology, the results indicate that mismanaged PET waste contributes notably to terrestrial ecotoxicity (3.69 kg 1.4-DB eq.) and human toxicity (non-cancer) (2.36 kg 1.4-DB eq.). In 2023, 14,967.8 tons of PET were collected by authorized operators; however, unreported quantities likely end up in landfills or the natural environment. Beyond the quantified LCA results, this study highlights microplastic pollution as an emerging environmental concern. It advocates for the development of Serbia-specific characterization factors (CFs) for PET microplastics, incorporating localized fate, exposure, and effect data. Tailored CFs would enhance the precision of impact assessments for Serbian terrestrial ecosystems, contributing to more effective, evidence-based environmental policies. These insights are crucial for supporting Serbia’s transition to sustainable waste management and for meeting EU environmental standards. Full article

The growing demand for healthy and sensorially pleasing foods is accompanied by increasing sustainability concerns among consumers and industry. Therefore, exploring native and underutilized resources for traditional preparations is important. This study evaluated the incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaves and baru almonds (Dipteryx alata) in pesto sauce, comparing them to the traditional recipe regarding composition, color, total phenolics, volatiles, sensory characteristics, and acceptability. The following four formulations were developed: basil with cashew nuts (B/CN); basil with baru almonds (B/BA); and two versions with 50% basil replaced by moringa, combined with cashew (BM/CN) or baru (BM/BA). BM/BA presented the highest protein content (9.0%), compared to B/CN (7.9%). BM/CN showed a greener color. BM/CN and BM/BA showed total phenolics and antioxidant capacities similar to B/CN. BM/BA showed elevated condensed tannins (113.28 mg CE/100 g). All samples contained 1,8-Cineole and linalool, key to the aroma of basil. Pesto with moringa and/or baru showed good sensory acceptance, rated as “liked moderately”, with no difference from the conventional version (p > 0.05). There were no differences in the basil aroma, nutty flavor, or greasiness. Pesto sauce is a promising matrix for incorporating regional, underused ingredients such as moringa leaves and baru almonds, expanding their potential in new food development. Full article

Background/Objectives: Wannachawee recipe (WCR) has been listed in the Hospital Traditional Medicine Formulary and has been used as a Thai medicine to treat psoriasis in the Thai Traditional Medicine Clinic of Prapokklao Hospital since 2006. Previous reports have found that WCR demonstrates good results for the treatment of patients with psoriasis. Among 136 Thai psoriasis patients who received WCR, 92.80% responded well. Although WCR is effective, there is still a lack of scientific data, especially relating to the bioactive compound in WCR. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the phytochemicals in WCR via bioassay-guided isolation. Methods: In this study, the WCR was extracted via decoction with water, in a process based on traditional Thai medicine. The water extract was concentrated and dried using a spray dryer. The crude water extract was isolated using the partition technique with organic solvents, namely petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. These fractions were then separated and tested for anti-inflammatory activity using the bioassay-guided fractionation method. Results: Two particular types of pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in inflammation and are among the factors that cause psoriasis—TNF-α and IL-6. Thus, we evaluated the isolated samples in terms of anti-inflammatory activity. The isolation resulted in two pure compounds—p-coumaryl aldehyde and trans-p-coumaryl alcohol. In the efficacy test of the isolated compounds, compared to the standard indomethacin at the same concentration of 12.5 ug/mL, trans-p-coumaryl alcohol was found to have the best efficacy, inhibiting TNF-α by 29.28% and IL-6 by 36.75%, with the standard compound showing inhibitions rates of 15.80% for TNF-α and 27.44% for IL-6. Conclusions: This study is the first report to identify the bioactive compound of WCR as trans-p-coumaryl alcohol or 4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol. Full article