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Keywords = quasi-Lagrangians

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24 pages, 5889 KiB  
Article
A Radar-Based Fast Code for Rainfall Nowcasting over the Tuscany Region
by Alessandro Mazza, Andrea Antonini, Samantha Melani and Alberto Ortolani
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(14), 2467; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142467 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 285
Abstract
Accurate short-term precipitation forecasting (nowcasting) based on weather radar data is essential for managing weather-related risks, particularly in applications such as airport operations, urban flood prevention, and public safety during outdoor events. This study proposes a computationally efficient nowcasting method based on a [...] Read more.
Accurate short-term precipitation forecasting (nowcasting) based on weather radar data is essential for managing weather-related risks, particularly in applications such as airport operations, urban flood prevention, and public safety during outdoor events. This study proposes a computationally efficient nowcasting method based on a Lagrangian advection scheme, estimating both the translation and rotation of radar-observed precipitation fields without relying on machine learning or resource-intensive computation. The method was tested on a two-year dataset (2022–2023) over Tuscany, using data collected from the Italian Civil Protection Department’s radar network. Forecast performance was evaluated using the Critical Success Index (CSI) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) across varying spatial domains (1° × 1° to 2° × 2°) and precipitation regimes. The results show that, for high-intensity events (average rate > 1 mm/h), the method achieved CSI scores exceeding 0.5 for lead times up to 2 h. In the case of low-intensity rainfall (average rate < 0.3 mm/h), its forecasting skill dropped after 20–30 min. Forecast accuracy was shown to be highly sensitive to the temporal stability of precipitation intensity. The method performed well under quasi-stationary stratiform conditions, whereas its skill declined during rapidly evolving convective events. The method has low computational requirements, with forecasts generated in under one minute on standard hardware, and it is well suited for real-time application in regional meteorological centres. Overall, the findings highlight the method’s effective balance between simplicity and performance, making it a practical and scalable option for operational nowcasting in settings with limited computational capacity. Its deployment is currently being planned at the LaMMA Consortium, the official meteorological service of Tuscany. Full article
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26 pages, 13145 KiB  
Article
Numerical Method for Aeroelastic Simulation of Flexible Aircraft in High Maneuver Flight Based on Rigid–Flexible Model
by Shuang Chen, Pengzhen He and Shuling Tian
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4333; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084333 - 14 Apr 2025
Viewed by 494
Abstract
Traditional elastic correction methods fail to address the significant aeroelastic interactions arising from unsteady flow fields and structural deformations during aggressive maneuvers. To resolve this, a numerical method is developed by solving unsteady aerodynamic equations coupled with a rigid–flexible dynamics equations derived from [...] Read more.
Traditional elastic correction methods fail to address the significant aeroelastic interactions arising from unsteady flow fields and structural deformations during aggressive maneuvers. To resolve this, a numerical method is developed by solving unsteady aerodynamic equations coupled with a rigid–flexible dynamics equations derived from Lagrangian mechanics in quasi-coordinates. Validation via a flexible pendulum test and AGARD445.6 wing flutter simulations demonstrates excellent agreement with experimental data, confirming the method’s accuracy. Application to a slender air-to-air missile reveals that reducing structural stiffness can destabilize the aircraft, transitioning it from stable to unstable states during forced pitching motions. Studies on longitudinal flight under preset rudder deflection control indicate that the aeroelastic effect increases both the amplitude and period of pitch angles, ultimately resulting in larger equilibrium angles compared to a rigid-body model. The free-flight simulations highlight trajectory deviations due to deformation-induced aerodynamic forces, which emphasizes the necessity of multidisciplinary coupling analysis. The numerical results show that the proposed CFD/CSD-based coupling methodology offers a robust aeroelastic effect analysis tool for flexible flight vehicles during aggressive maneuvers. Full article
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20 pages, 6345 KiB  
Article
Application of a Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach to the Shape and Force of Scientific Balloons
by Lingsen Kong, Yanchu Yang, Rong Cai, Hangyue Zhang and Weihao Lyu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031517 - 2 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 997
Abstract
Scientific balloons provide an inexpensive and reliable platform for near-space scientific experiments. The analysis of the balloon geometry and forces has always been a major concern for balloon designers. Most previous studies have focused solely on the fully inflated shapes and forces of [...] Read more.
Scientific balloons provide an inexpensive and reliable platform for near-space scientific experiments. The analysis of the balloon geometry and forces has always been a major concern for balloon designers. Most previous studies have focused solely on the fully inflated shapes and forces of balloons, analyzing only the membrane structure and simplifying the effects of internal and external gases into a gradient pressure difference. This approach lacks consideration of the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) of scientific balloons. This paper utilizes the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) method in the Abaqus/Explicit simulation environment to analyze the FSI effects of scientific balloons under the influence of internal helium and external air. Three typical working conditions of scientific balloons are selected for simulation analysis. First, a three-dimensional spherical balloon is simulated during the ascent process to verify the correctness of the CEL simulation framework. This also demonstrates the membrane folding characteristics during balloon ascent, which could not be calculated in previous two-dimensional axisymmetric simulations. Next, the study explores balloon shapes that deviate from quasi-static pressure distributions due to the motion of internal helium. These include the “mushroom” shape observed during the dynamic launching of the balloon on the ground and the “sail” shape caused by lateral airflow. The mushroom shape arises from the sudden loss of the bottom constraint, causing the internal helium to move upward while being resisted by the air at the balloon’s top. The simulation successfully replicates the rapid waist transition and the downward concavity at the top due to air resistance, while also providing the corresponding force distribution. For the sail-shaped condition, the simulation analyzes the balloon’s tilt angle and the characteristic upturn of its windward surface. By a comparison with no-wind conditions, this study quantifies the impact of wind on the forces acting on the balloon, offering practical guidance for balloon launching. The CEL simulation framework established in this study not only provides a new tool for the FSI analysis of scientific balloons but also enriches the mechanical analysis results of these balloons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Science and Engineering)
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31 pages, 8127 KiB  
Article
Data-Driven Kinematic Model for the End-Effector Pose Control of a Manipulator Robot
by Josué Goméz-Casas, Carlos A. Toro-Arcila, Nelly Abigaíl Rodríguez-Rosales, Jonathan Obregón-Flores, Daniela E. Ortíz-Ramos, Jesús Fernando Martínez-Villafañe and Oziel Gómez-Casas
Processes 2024, 12(12), 2831; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122831 - 10 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
This paper presents a data-driven kinematic model for the end-effector pose control applied to a variety of manipulator robots, focusing on the entire end-effector’s pose (position and orientation). The measured signals of the full pose and their computed derivatives, along with a linear [...] Read more.
This paper presents a data-driven kinematic model for the end-effector pose control applied to a variety of manipulator robots, focusing on the entire end-effector’s pose (position and orientation). The measured signals of the full pose and their computed derivatives, along with a linear combination of an estimated Jacobian matrix and a vector of joint velocities, generate a model estimation error. The Jacobian matrix is estimated using the Pseudo Jacobian Matrix (PJM) algorithm, which requires tuning only the step and weight parameters that scale the convergence of the model estimation error. The proposed control law is derived in two stages: the first one is part of an objective function minimization, and the second one is a constraint in a quasi-Lagrangian function. The control design parameters guarantee the control error convergence in a closed-loop configuration with adaptive behavior in terms of the dynamics of the estimated Jacobian matrix. The novelty of the approach lies in its ability to achieve superior tracking performance across different manipulator robots, validated through simulations. Quantitative results show that, compared to a classical inverse-kinematics approach, the proposed method achieves rapid convergence of performance indices (e.g., Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) reduced to near-zero in two cycles vs. a steady-state RMSE of 20 in the classical approach). Additionally, the proposed method minimizes joint drift, maintaining an RMSE of approximately 0.3 compared to 1.5 under the classical scheme. The control was validated by means of simulations featuring an UR5e manipulator with six Degrees of Freedom (DOF), a KUKA Youbot with eight DOF, and a KUKA Youbot Dual with thirteen DOF. The stability analysis of the closed-loop controller is demonstrated by means of the Lyapunov stability conditions. Full article
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13 pages, 344 KiB  
Article
The Two-Thirds Power Law Derived from a Higher-Derivative Action
by Nicolas Boulanger, Fabien Buisseret, Frédéric Dierick and Olivier White
Physics 2024, 6(4), 1251-1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics6040077 - 11 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1829
Abstract
The two-thirds power law is a link between angular speed ω and curvature κ observed in voluntary human movements: ω is proportional to κ2/3. Squared jerk is known to be a Lagrangian leading to the latter law. However, it [...] Read more.
The two-thirds power law is a link between angular speed ω and curvature κ observed in voluntary human movements: ω is proportional to κ2/3. Squared jerk is known to be a Lagrangian leading to the latter law. However, it leads to unbounded movements and is therefore incompatible with quasi-periodic dynamics, such as the movement of the tip of a pen drawing ellipses. To solve this drawback, we give a class of higher-derivative Lagrangians that allow for both quasi-periodic and unbounded movements, and at the same time lead to the two-thirds power law. The current study extends this framework and investigates a wider class of Lagrangians admitting generalised conservation laws. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Classical Physics)
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20 pages, 15528 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Lofoten Vortex Merging Based on Altimeter Data
by Jing Meng, Yu Liu, Guoqing Han, Xiayan Lin and Juncheng Xie
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(20), 3796; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203796 - 12 Oct 2024
Viewed by 984
Abstract
The Lofoten Vortex (LV), which is identified as a quasi-permanent anticyclonic eddy, strengthens through continuous merging with external anticyclonic eddies. Our investigation used the Lagrangian method to monitor the LV on a daily basis. Utilizing satellite altimeter data, we conducted multi-year tracking and [...] Read more.
The Lofoten Vortex (LV), which is identified as a quasi-permanent anticyclonic eddy, strengthens through continuous merging with external anticyclonic eddies. Our investigation used the Lagrangian method to monitor the LV on a daily basis. Utilizing satellite altimeter data, we conducted multi-year tracking and statistical analysis of merging events involving the LV. The results indicate a characteristic radius of approximately 42.72 km and a mean vorticity at the eddy center of approximately −2.23 × 10−5 s−1. The eddy exhibits oscillatory motion within the sea basin depression, centered at 70°N, 3°E, characterized by counterclockwise trajectories between 0.5°E and 6°E and between 69°N and 70.5°N. There are two types of merging events: fusion events (55%), in which eddies of similar strengths interact within a closed flow line and then merge to form a new eddy; and absorption events (45%), in which the stronger LV absorbs the weaker anticyclonic eddies without destroying the structure of the LV itself. The nodes where strong vorticity advection occurs correspond to the nodes where merging occurs, suggesting that their effect on merging can be well characterized by the vorticity advection time series. We also observe occasional fluctuations and substitution events involving the LV and external anticyclonic eddies, suggesting a dynamic succession rather than a single vortex entity. Full article
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12 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
A DDVV Conjecture for Riemannian Maps
by Aliya Naaz Siddiqui and Fatemah Mofarreh
Symmetry 2024, 16(8), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16081029 - 12 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1202
Abstract
The Wintgen inequality is a significant result in the field of differential geometry, specifically related to the study of submanifolds in Riemannian manifolds. It was discovered by Pierre Wintgen. In the present work, we deal with the Riemannian maps between Riemannian manifolds that [...] Read more.
The Wintgen inequality is a significant result in the field of differential geometry, specifically related to the study of submanifolds in Riemannian manifolds. It was discovered by Pierre Wintgen. In the present work, we deal with the Riemannian maps between Riemannian manifolds that serve as a superb method for comparing the geometric structures of the source and target manifolds. This article is the first to explore a well-known conjecture, called DDVV inequality (a conjecture for Wintgen inequality on Riemannian submanifolds in real space forms proven by P.J. De Smet, F. Dillen, L. Verstraelen and L. Vrancken), for Riemannian maps, where we consider different space forms as target manifolds. There are numerous research problems related to such inequality in various ambient manifolds. These problems can all be explored within the general framework of Riemannian maps between various Riemannian manifolds equipped with notable geometric structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
15 pages, 2897 KiB  
Article
Application of Effective Conversion Rates between NO and NO2 in a Standard Airport Dispersion Model System
by Ulf Janicke
Atmosphere 2024, 15(5), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15050574 - 8 May 2024
Viewed by 1441
Abstract
The NO/NO2/O3 reaction mechanism of the standard VDI 3783 Part 19 was coupled to the Lagrangian particle model LASAT and quasi-stationary, individual plumes were calculated for a point source under various conditions. First-order conversion rates between NO and NO2 [...] Read more.
The NO/NO2/O3 reaction mechanism of the standard VDI 3783 Part 19 was coupled to the Lagrangian particle model LASAT and quasi-stationary, individual plumes were calculated for a point source under various conditions. First-order conversion rates between NO and NO2 were derived by fitting to these plumes and further simplified to sets of categorized conversion rates which depend on background NO2 concentration, atmospheric stability and time of the day. The rates were applied in the standard airport dispersion model system LASPORT and compared to measured NO2 concentrations at Los Angeles International Airport. The agreement between modelled and measured NO2 concentrations (weekly averages) and ratios NO2 over NOx at monitor stations dominated by airport emissions was in most cases better than a factor of 2 with a Pearson correlation coefficient of about 0.9 or above. Full article
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14 pages, 283 KiB  
Article
Noether Symmetry of Multi-Time-Delay Non-Conservative Mechanical System and Its Conserved Quantity
by Xingyu Ji, Zhengwei Yang and Xianghua Zhai
Symmetry 2024, 16(4), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040475 - 14 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1127
Abstract
The study of multi-time-delay dynamical systems has highlighted many challenges, especially regarding the solution and analysis of multi-time-delay equations. The symmetry and conserved quantity are two important and effective essential properties for understanding complex dynamical behavior. In this study, a multi-time-delay non-conservative mechanical [...] Read more.
The study of multi-time-delay dynamical systems has highlighted many challenges, especially regarding the solution and analysis of multi-time-delay equations. The symmetry and conserved quantity are two important and effective essential properties for understanding complex dynamical behavior. In this study, a multi-time-delay non-conservative mechanical system is investigated. Firstly, the multi-time-delay Hamilton principle is proposed. Then, multi-time-delay non-conservative dynamical equations are deduced. Secondly, depending on the infinitesimal group transformations, the invariance of the multi-time-delay Hamilton action is studied, and Noether symmetry, Noether quasi-symmetry, and generalized Noether quasi-symmetry are discussed. Finally, Noether-type conserved quantities for a multi-time-delay Lagrangian system and a multi-time-delay non-conservative mechanical system are obtained. Two examples in terms of a multi-time-delay non-conservative mechanical system and a multi-time-delay Lagrangian system are given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
19 pages, 1329 KiB  
Article
Study on Rotor-Bearing System Vibration of Downhole Turbine Generator under Drill-String Excitation
by Benchun Yao, Zhen Tian, Xu Zhan, Changyun Li and Hualong Yu
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051176 - 1 Mar 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
Downhole turbine generators (DHTG) installed within drill-string are susceptible to internal and external excitation during the drilling process, causing significant dynamic loads on bearings, and thereby reducing the bearing’s service life. In this study, a finite element model of an unbalanced rotor-bearing system [...] Read more.
Downhole turbine generators (DHTG) installed within drill-string are susceptible to internal and external excitation during the drilling process, causing significant dynamic loads on bearings, and thereby reducing the bearing’s service life. In this study, a finite element model of an unbalanced rotor-bearing system (RBS) of DHTG with multi-frequency excitations, based on the Lagrangian motion differential equation, is established. The responses of the RBS under different drill-string excitations in terms of time-domain response, whirl orbit, and spectrum are analyzed. For a constant rotor speed, lateral harmonic translational and lateral oscillation both transform the whirl orbit to quasi-periodic, while axial rotation only changes the response amplitude. Changing the duration of pulse excitation leads to different response forms. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the RBS supported by a squeeze film damper (SFD) are investigated. The results indicate that SFD effectively reduces the displacement response amplitude and bearing force near the critical speed. As the axial rotation angular velocity of the drill-string increases, the first critical speed and displacement response decrease, while the variation of lateral oscillation frequency and amplitude has limited impact on them. The established model provides a means for analyzing the dynamic characteristics of DHTG’s RBS under drill-string excitations during the design stage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section H1: Petroleum Engineering)
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45 pages, 6606 KiB  
Article
Spline Model: A Hydrostatic/Non-Hydrostatic Dynamic Core with Space-Time Second-Order Precision and Its Exact Tests
by Xuzan Gu, Zhibin Wang and Yinglian Guo
Atmosphere 2024, 15(3), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030259 - 21 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1534
Abstract
We present a new explicit quasi-Lagrangian integration scheme with the three-dimensional cubic spline function transform (transform = fitting + interpolation, referred to as the “spline format”) on a spherical quasi-uniform longitude–latitude grid. It is a consistent longitude–latitude grid, and to verify the feasibility, [...] Read more.
We present a new explicit quasi-Lagrangian integration scheme with the three-dimensional cubic spline function transform (transform = fitting + interpolation, referred to as the “spline format”) on a spherical quasi-uniform longitude–latitude grid. It is a consistent longitude–latitude grid, and to verify the feasibility, accuracy, convergence, and stability of the spline format interpolation scheme for the upstream point on the longitude–latitude grid, which may map a quasi-uniform longitude–latitude grid, a set of ideal, exact test schemes is adopted, which are recognized and proven to be effective internationally. The equilibrium flow test, cross-polar flow test, and Rossby–Haurwitz wave test are used to illustrate the spline scheme uniformity to the linear scheme and to overcome the over-dense grid in the polar region and the non-singularity of the poles. The cross-polar flow test demonstrates that the geostrophic wind crosses the polar area correctly, including the South Pole and North Pole. A non-hydrostatic, fully compressible dynamic core is used to complete the density flow test, demonstrating the existence of a time-varying reference atmosphere and that the spline format can simulate highly nonlinear fine-scale transient flows. It can be compared for the two results of the density flow test between the solution with the spline format and the benchmark reference solution with the linear format. Based on the findings, the non-hydrostatic dynamic core with the spline format is recommended for adoption. When simulated for the flow over an ideal mountain, through the “topographic gravity wave test”, the bicubic surface terrain and terrain-following height coordinates, time-split integration, and vector discrete decomposition can be derived successfully. These may serve as the foundations for a global, unified spline-format numerical model in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)
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18 pages, 9241 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Dynamics of Flux Footprint for a Measuring Tower in Southern Taiga via Modeling and Experimental Data Analysis
by Andrey Sogachev and Andrej Varlagin
Forests 2023, 14(10), 1968; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14101968 - 28 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1997
Abstract
This paper reports on the location of sources contributing to a point flux measurement in the southern taiga, Russia. The measurement tower is surrounded by a coniferous forest with a mean aerodynamically active height of 27 m (h). Aerodynamical parameters of [...] Read more.
This paper reports on the location of sources contributing to a point flux measurement in the southern taiga, Russia. The measurement tower is surrounded by a coniferous forest with a mean aerodynamically active height of 27 m (h). Aerodynamical parameters of the forest, such as displacement height d and aerodynamic roughness z0, derived from wind speed profile measurements for 2017–2019, were used to estimate the seasonal and daily behavior of the flux footprint. Two analytical footprint models driven by d and z0 were used to estimate the footprint for canopy sources. The Lagrangian simulation (LS) approach driven by flow statistics from measurements and modeling was used to estimate the footprint for ground-located sources. The Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP) tool for assessing canopy flux footprint applied as the option in the EddyPro v.7 software was inspected against analytical and LS methods. For model comparisons, two parameters from estimated footprint functions were used: the upwind distance (fetch) of the peak contribution in the measured flux (Xmax) and the fetch that contributed to 80% of the total flux (CF80). The study shows that Xmax varies slightly with season but relies on wind direction and time of day. All methods yield different Xmax values but fall in the same range (60–130 m, around 2–5 h); thus, they can estimate the maximum influence distance with similar confidence. The CF80 values provided by the FFP tool are significantly lower than the CF80 values from other methods. For instance, the FFP tool estimates a CF80 of about 200 m (7 h), whereas other methods estimate a range of 600–1100 m (25–40 h). The study emphasizes that estimating the ground source footprint requires either the LS method or more complex approaches based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques. These findings have essential implications in interpreting eddy-flux measurements over the quasi-homogeneous forest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon, Water and Energy Fluxes in Forest Ecosystems)
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13 pages, 5125 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Water Vapor Transport and Trigger Mechanisms for Severe Rainstorms Associated with a Northeast China Cold Vortex in 2022
by Pengyu Hu, Zuowei Xie, Tianjiao Zhou and Cholaw Bueh
Atmosphere 2023, 14(9), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091363 - 29 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1562
Abstract
Rainstorms always occur in the southeast and northeast quadrants of the Northeast China Cold Vortex (NCCV), resulting in significant flooding. This study investigated water vapor and trigger mechanisms for rainstorms within these two regions of an NCCV event during 11–14 June 2022 in [...] Read more.
Rainstorms always occur in the southeast and northeast quadrants of the Northeast China Cold Vortex (NCCV), resulting in significant flooding. This study investigated water vapor and trigger mechanisms for rainstorms within these two regions of an NCCV event during 11–14 June 2022 in terms of Lagrangian backward tracking, stratification stability, and upward motion using the ERA5 reanalysis. In the mid-troposphere, a quasi-stationary “ridge-NCCV-ridge” pattern resided over northeastern China, with an “anticyclonic-cyclonic-anticyclonic” airflow in the lower troposphere. As a result, water vapor originated from the Yellow Sea and was transported in an “L” shape toward both two regions. The southeast region was influenced by southwesterly and northwesterly airflows, resulting in the convergence of moist air from the Yangtze River and Lake Baikal and significant vertical shear of positive vorticity advection. This dynamic created deep and pronounced upward currents in the southeast of the NCCV, leading to the development of intensive and extensive rainstorms in situ. In contrast, the northeast region of the NCCV was dominated by southerly airflow. The moist air converged against the lee side of the Great Khingan Mountains and generated shallow, unstable stratification. The upward motion in this area was relatively weaker and thus induced regional rainstorms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Extremes in China)
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6 pages, 1551 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Characteristics of Long-Lived Coherent Vortices in a Simple Model of Quasi-Geostrophic Turbulence
by Nikolaos A. Bakas
Environ. Sci. Proc. 2023, 26(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2023026087 - 28 Aug 2023
Viewed by 958
Abstract
Macroscale turbulence in the atmosphere is observed to be self-organized into large-scale structures such as zonal jets and robust waves and vortices. A simple model containing the relevant dynamics of turbulence self-organization is quasi-geostrophic turbulence in a stably stratified atmosphere approximated with a [...] Read more.
Macroscale turbulence in the atmosphere is observed to be self-organized into large-scale structures such as zonal jets and robust waves and vortices. A simple model containing the relevant dynamics of turbulence self-organization is quasi-geostrophic turbulence in a stably stratified atmosphere approximated with a single-layer fluid on a beta-plane. Numerical simulations of this model have shown the dominance of Rossby waves, zonal jets and robust vortices in different regions of the parameter space. In this work, we perform numerical integrations of this model and focus on the regime in which robust large-scale vortices dominate the flow. The goal is to identify the Lagrangian coherent vortices that trap the same air masses in their core throughout their life cycle and to obtain their characteristics. The vortices are identified using an objective algorithm based on the Lagrangian-averaged vorticity deviation calculated using the advection of Lagrangian particles by the flow. Long-lived vortices with scales comparable to the deformation scale are found with a symmetry between cyclones and anti-cyclones as expected from the simplified dynamics of the model. The scale as well as the life span of the vortices are also found to increase alongside an increase in the strength of turbulence. Full article
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34 pages, 7302 KiB  
Article
Jovian Periodicities (~10 h, ~40, 20, 15 min) at ACE, Upstream from the Earth’s Bow Shock, on 25–27 November 2003
by Georgios C. Anagnostopoulos, Panagiotis K. Marhavilas, Efthymios Vassiliadis and Emmanuel T. Sarris
Universe 2023, 9(8), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9080357 - 30 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1632
Abstract
It is known that Jovian radio and high energy electron emissions are observed near Earth. The question we address in this study is whether the quasi-periodic ~10 h and ~40/15–20 min (QP-10 h, QP-40/15–20 min) energetic particle and magnetic field periodicities observed by [...] Read more.
It is known that Jovian radio and high energy electron emissions are observed near Earth. The question we address in this study is whether the quasi-periodic ~10 h and ~40/15–20 min (QP-10 h, QP-40/15–20 min) energetic particle and magnetic field periodicities observed by Ulysses during its distant encounter with Jupiter in 2003 were also detectable as far as the Earth’s orbit. Surprisingly, we found that at the end of the extreme 2003 Halloween events, during times of a highly disturbed Jovian magnetosphere, as inferred from strong bKOM radio emissions observed by Ulysses, and a magnetic connection of Earth with the Jovian magnetosphere, as suggested by simulation results of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the ACE satellite observed, between at least 25–27 November 2013 at the Lagrangian Point L1 (LPL1), all the characteristic Jovian periodicities. In particular, by using high-time resolution data (1/5 min), we found, for the first time, quasi-permanent electron, and magnetic field QP-10/5 h, QP-40 min and QP-15/20 data variations at LPL1 for at least three days. These observations reasonably suggest that low energy (~50–~300 keV) Jovian electrons reached the Earth’s environment; the observations examined extend the lowest energy limit of the Jovian electron spectrum from 200 keV to ~50 keV. In addition, the ACE satellite observed an impressive series of QP-10/5 h energetic (≤0.05 MeV) ion bursts (EIBs) with strong cross-field intensity gradients at the onset/decay phase of the events and energy-dependent field aligned anisotropy suggesting ion streaming in the anti-sunward direction during their main phase. A comparison of simultaneously obtained measurements by ACE at the LPL1 and by Geotail upstream from the bow shock and in the magnetosphere suggests that the QP-10/5 h EIBs are inconsistent with the concept of a terrestrial origin. On the contrary, the observations indicate that the series of QP-10/5 h EIBs on 25–27 November 2003 was a spatial effect caused by the ~10/5 h quasi-periodic approach of a large-scale sheet to the Earth’s environment. The source of the ion population forming the QP-10/5 h sharp EIBs seems most probably Jovian ions accumulated in the interplanetary space, although a solar ion contribution is possible. Based on the above results, it is reasonable to suggest that the observed QP-10 h, QP-40 min and QP-15/20 periodicities are due to Jovian influence. Further research is needed to study the cause of the QP-10/5 h EIBs. This study presents new data which extend our view on the influence of the QP-10 h/QP-40/QP-15/20 min Jovian emissions from the outer to the inner heliosphere at 1 AU. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Energetic Particles)
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