Search Results (2,224)

Obesity is a multifactorial condition characterized by profound metabolic and inflammatory dysregulation that alters the adipose tissue-central nervous system (CNS) relationship. This paper critically summarizes the biochemical and cellular mechanisms governing this bidirectional crosstalk, moving beyond a descriptive perspective to propose an integrated model of peripheral-central interaction. White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), modulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), communicate with hypothalamic circuits (POMC and AgRP neurons) both through traditional endocrine signals (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, apelin) and through lipid mediators and extracellular vesicles (EVs) capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Under conditions of nutritional excess, the accumulation of lipotoxic lipid species (such as palmitate and ceramides) and the inflammatory polarization of brain macrophages (M1/BAMs) induce mitochondrial stress and central resistance to leptin and insulin, altering the adiposity set point. In parallel, we review emerging nutritional strategies based on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polyphenols, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and critically evaluate innovative technological platforms (nanoencapsulation, precision fermentation, and 3D food printing) designed to optimize nutrient bioaccessibility and restore adipose-CNS axis homeostasis, discussing current challenges for clinical translation. Full article

Camel milk (CM), which is produced by both Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus, is gaining increasing popularity as a value-added functional dairy product, but the science of managing its shelf life has progressed more slowly than its commercial expansion. Unlike bovine milk, CM lacks β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), has a unique casein (CN) micelle structure with a high β-CN-to-αs1-CN ratio, and low κ-CN protein content, and contains an unusually rich bioactive protein fraction including lactoferrin (LF), immunoglobulin G (IgG), lysozyme (LZ), and peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP). These compositional characteristics imbue CM with both significant inherent antimicrobial benefits and place it at risk of processing weaknesses that do not have direct analogs in bovine dairy science. The review discusses three key areas of CM shelf life science that have not been sufficiently addressed in the published literature. The first relates to physicochemical mechanisms of deterioration, including lipid oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), destabilization of CN micelles in the structural absence of β-LG, and Maillard browning during thermal treatment and storage of powder. The second addresses the fate of bioactive proteins, with the majority being lactoferrin (LF), immunoglobulin G (Igs), and heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAbs), under both thermal and non-thermal processing conditions. The third looks at new non-thermal preservation methods, such as high-pressure processing (HPP), pulsed electric field (PEF), ultrasonication, ultraviolet irradiation, cold plasma, and electromagnetic (EM) field treatment, and functional packaging innovations, which contribute to longer shelf life. Of the non-thermal options examined, HPP at 200–400 MPa today provides the most mechanistically proven evidence for camel-specific microbial deactivation with satisfactory quality preservation. The latest primary CM research also indicates that processing with EMs in the 850 mT range can potentially be as effective as conventional pasteurization in microbial control and may be more effective than pasteurization in retaining desirable bioactive markers, although this result needs to be independently replicated before more responsible conclusions can be drawn. The review ends with four priority research gaps: standardized kinetic shelf life modeling frameworks, systematic characterization of bioactive protein stability under commercial processing conditions, life cycle assessment of preservation chains across the camel dairy supply continuum, and the urgent validation of camel-specific pasteurization adequacy indicators to replace bovine alkaline phosphatase, which remains active in CM after conventional high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization. Full article

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating brain tumor heavily reliant on metabolic reprogramming for survival. The DNA aptamer AS1411 specifically targets cell-surface nucleolin (NCL), a protein overexpressed in GBM; however, its precise metabolic consequences remain largely unexplored. This study investigated the direct impact of AS1411-mediated NCL inhibition on the lipidomic profile of U-87 glioblastoma cells. It was demonstrated that AS1411 treatment induced acute cytotoxicity within 24 h. Subsequently, high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) lipidomics was utilized to identify the lipidomic rewiring triggered by AS1411. Significant changes, such as the upregulation and/or exclusive emergence of specific long-chain and highly polyunsaturated diacylglycerol (DAG), triacylglycerol (TAG), and glycerophospholipid (GP) species, were determined in the species-level analyses. Additionally, our findings revealed that AS1411 treatment induced substantial alterations that profoundly affected membrane biophysics by modifying lipid saturation and acyl chain lengths. An increase in fully saturated sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesteryl ester (CE) levels was observed, leading to the formation of saturated lipid microdomains (lipid rafts) in endosomal and ER membranes, which causes membrane rigidification and decreased fluidity. Our results also demonstrate that PEs containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)—the primary substrates for ferroptosis—were upregulated. While AS1411 subjects cancer cells to methuotic vacuolization stress, it simultaneously reduces internal structural membrane fluidity and renders the cells metabolically vulnerable to ferroptosis. In conclusion, these detailed lipidomic results indicate that AS1411 treatment proceeds strictly through targeted remodeling and an adaptive scaffolding response. Full article

Fenugreek is a legume that has been used since ancient times to treat certain conditions. Numerous studies have examined the seed’s composition in terms of trigonelline, diosgenin and galactomannans, and their implications for nutrition and medicine. The oil content, fatty acid profile and antioxidant activity of fenugreek seeds have been less extensively studied, particularly in certain areas of the Mediterranean basin. The aim of this study was to examine the oil content and composition, as well as the antioxidant activity of the seeds, oil and meal from four genotypes originating from Algeria, France, Lebanon and Syria. The trials were conducted over two consecutive years with contrasting climatic conditions, in the open field, at the University of Tiaret (western Algeria). Climatic conditions significantly affected all studied traits. In 2023, a dry and hot year, the plants produced low grain yield and low oil content compared to 2024, a temperate year, regardless of the genotype. The fatty acid composition was dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, between 65.5 and 68.8%). The phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in 2023 than in 2024, resulting in greater antioxidant activity under hot and dry conditions of 2023. Genotypic differences were also statistically significant. A more varied responses in grain yield were observed for the French genotype. The highest oil content was recorded for the Algerian and Syrian genotypes. The antioxidant activities of the seed and the oil were similar and significantly higher than that of the oilcake. This activity correlated with the levels of phenols and flavonoids. The results observed in this study provide a better understanding of genotypic diversity and the impact of climatic conditions on yield and seeds quality. They also pave the way for the use of these genotypes in larger-scale breeding programs to improve specific traits. Full article

The quality of edible oils is determined not only by the raw material, but also by the applied processing technology. Rapeseed oil is widely valued for its favorable fatty acid profile, however, the effects of combined pressing conditions and low-temperature bleaching on its lipid profile and calculated nutritional quality indices remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oil production method and bleaching earth addition on the fatty acid profile, nutritional quality indices, and oxidizability-related indices of rapeseed oil from an applied food processing perspective. Rapeseed oil samples were obtained from a commercial producer using cold pressing, hot pressing, and mixed two-stage pressing. The oils were subjected to low-temperature bleaching with 1–5% bleaching earth. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography, and selected fatty acid-based indices were calculated and grouped into three categories: fatty acid class ratios, nutritional quality indices, and oxidizability-related indices. These included ratios describing the balance between omega-6 s omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Σ PUFA n-6/n-3), unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (Σ UFA/Σ SFA), and polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (Σ PUFA/Σ SFA). Health-oriented indices such as the Desirable Fatty Acids/Undesirable Fatty Acids ratio (Σ DFA/Σ OFA), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H), Nutritive Value Index (NVI), Atherogenic Index (AI), and Thrombogenic Index (TI), and oxidizability-related indices including the Unsaturation Index (UI), Peroxidizability Index (PI), Oxidizability Index (OI), calculated Oxidizability Value (Cox), and Oxidative Stability Index (OS). The results showed that the production method significantly influenced saturated fatty acid content and selected fatty acid-based nutritional quality indices. Cold-pressed oil was characterized by the lowest saturated fatty acid content and the most beneficial values of selected nutritional quality indices. Hot-pressed oil showed higher saturated fatty acid content and less favorable values for selected indices, whereas mixed oil generally showed values between those of cold-pressed and hot-pressed oils. However, differences in the main unsaturated fatty acid fractions were limited and, for most monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid parameters, were not statistically significant. Across all processing variants, the nutritional quality indices remained advantageous, with omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio values of 2.1–2.4, atherogenic index values of approximately 0.04–0.05, and thrombogenic index values of approximately 0.08–0.09. Although significant interactions between production method and bleaching earth addition were observed for selected oxidizability-related indices, the magnitude of bleaching-induced changes was limited. Overall, the findings indicate that low-temperature bleaching may be applied as a mild processing step without substantially compromising the fatty acid-based quality characteristics of rapeseed oil. The study provides practical insight into the relationship between pressing technology, bleaching conditions, and lipid quality assessment in industrial rapeseed oil production. Full article

Hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) is recognised as a valuable source of nutritionally important lipids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Despite growing interest in hempseed oil, the combined influence of extraction and derivatisation on fatty acid profiling remains poorly understood, limiting comparability and standardisation of lipidomic analyses, particularly for fibre-type hemp cultivars. This study evaluated the effects of microwave-assisted and Soxhlet extraction, combined with acidic and basic derivatisation, on fatty acid composition, lipid quality indices, and oxidative stability in Romanian fibre-type hempseed cultivars. The analysed oils were dominated by linoleic and α-linolenic acids, with favourable PUFA/SFA and ω-6/ω-3 ratios, low atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, and high hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratios, indicating excellent nutritional quality. Statistical analyses confirmed that extraction and derivatisation significantly influenced fatty acid composition and lipid quality indices, while principal component analysis identified extraction methodology as the main source of variability. Oxidative stability showed moderate correlations with fatty acid composition, suggesting that differences in lipid profiles may influence susceptibility to oxidation. Overall, the study demonstrates that Romanian fibre-type hemp cultivars are valuable sources of nutritionally favourable lipids and emphasises the need for standardised extraction and derivatisation protocols to improve the reliability and comparability of hempseed lipidomic analyses. Full article

Background/Objectives: Discrimination between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and anemia of inflammation (AI), the major causes of anemia, remains a challenge and novel biomarkers are needed. This prospective study characterizes metabolomic changes in patients with anemia, compares IDA and AI, and evaluates the ability of metabolomic profiling to categorize otherwise unclassifiable anemia (UA) cases. Methods: In the single-center cross-sectional study, patients with anemia were classified as IDA, AI, or their combination (IDA + AI) according to traditional iron biomarkers. Targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted with tandem mass spectrometry using the MxP^® Quant 500 kit, with 617 individual metabolites and 227 calculated parameters in the final analysis. Results: The final cohort included 70 patients with anemia and 27 controls. The concentrations of six metabolites and six calculated parameters were significantly different in patients with anemia compared to controls. Anemia was associated with decreased concentrations of several polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing triglycerides (n = 3) and phosphatidylcholines (n = 2), as well as with increased asparagine/aspartate and docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio. Multivariate analysis using only metabolomic data differentiated between IDA and AI with a general classification accuracy of 88%. Unclassifiable anemia samples were reclassified mostly as IDA (n = 11) or IDA + AI (n = 6), with one sample reclassified as AI. Conclusions: Metabolomic markers of PUFAs differ between patients with anemia and controls, indicating possible alterations in lipid metabolism. Our preliminary findings suggest that metabolomic data may be capable of distinguishing between IDA and AI. However, owing to several limitations of the current study, the potential utility of metabolome-based approaches should be confirmed in independent validation studies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Dietary changes or increased physical activity to promote health accompanies breast cancer treatment to improve outcomes and prevent cancer recurrence. However, primary breast cancer prevention studies are limited and while there is a growing benefit to diet and exercise, the combinatory benefits of diet and exercise are limited. Therefore, the objective of this exploratory study was to determine the effects of exposure to diets high in n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) combined with exercise on mammary tumour development in female MMTV-neu(ndl)YD5 mice. Methods: Animals were fed maternal diets containing 10% safflower oil (n-6 PUFA-enriched) or 3% menhaden oil + 7% safflower oil (n-3 PUFA enriched) for 20 weeks (wks). Within diets, mice were further divided into sedentary control or exercise groups (n = 8–12). Exercised mice were run on a treadmill from 8 to 12 wks of age before tumours developed. Once tumours were detected, volume and multiplicity were measured throughout the study. Results: Mice consuming n-3 PUFA had reduced tumour volume by 55% (p < 0.001) and weight by 42% (p = 0.02) compared to mice fed n-6 PUFA. Exercised n-3 PUFA-fed mice experienced 10% longer tumour-free status (TD50) than their sedentary counterparts and 24% longer TD50 than sedentary mice fed the n-6 PUFA enriched diet (p = 0.001). Exercised n-6 PUFA-fed mice established tumours 11% sooner than their sedentary counterparts and developed the largest and greatest number of tumours throughout the study (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Overall, diet quality plays a significant role in mammary tumour outcomes. The effect of exercise on tumour outcomes was not as clear, but this exploratory study highlights the need to consider the temporal trajectory of tumour development that impacts not only lifespan but healthspan. Full article

Fruit seeds generated during fruit processing are promising sources of valuable oils and bioactive compounds, but extraction conditions can strongly affect the quality of the recovered lipid fraction. This study compared Soxhlet extraction, room-temperature hexane extraction, and the Folch method for extracting oils from rosehip, Japanese quince, grape, and strawberry seeds. The extracted oils were evaluated for extraction yield, physicochemical quality, fatty acid composition, nutritional lipid indices, pigment content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and oxidative stability measured by pressure differential scanning calorimetry. Oil extraction yield ranged from 4.34% to 10.76% and depended mainly on seed type. All oils were rich in unsaturated fatty acids, with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) predominating in rosehip, strawberry, and grape seed oils, whereas Japanese quince seed oils showed the highest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) fraction. The Folch method generally enhanced recovery of carotenoids, chlorophyll-related pigments, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity, but it also resulted in higher acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), para-anisidine value (p-AnV), Total Oxidation Value (TOTOX), and Integral Oxidation Value (INTOX). Japanese quince seed oils, especially those obtained by Soxhlet and room-temperature hexane extraction, showed the highest oxidative stability, whereas Folch-extracted grape and strawberry seed oils were the least stable. Overall, extraction method affected oil quality and bioactive compound recovery more strongly than fatty acid composition. Full article

Jasmonates are lipid-derived phytohormones that regulate plant development and defense across the green lineage. Thus, understanding the intricacies of jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling is of paramount importance to improve crop yields and food safety. For the last 40 years, the canonical jasmonate biosynthetic pathway has been thoroughly dissected in angiosperms; however, only recent efforts have started to decode the alternative jasmonate biosynthetic networks that operate in bryophytes. In the nonvascular model Marchantia polymorpha, a cis-to-iso isomerization constitutes a key step in the formation of dn-iso-OPDA and Δ⁴-dn-iso-OPDA, the bioactive jasmonates recognized by a conserved COI1/JAZ co-receptor complex. Their biosynthesis depends on a uniquely expanded fatty acid repertoire that includes, alongside the canonical C₁₆ and C₁₈ omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in angiosperms, substantial pools of eicosanoids such as arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, essentially absent from flowering plants. Here we trace the jasmonate biosynthetic pathway in bryophytes step-by-step, from PUFA precursors production through lipoxygenase oxygenation and downstream reactions to the processing and catabolic modifications of bioactive compounds. By integrating current knowledge across bryophyte lineages, we identify mechanistic parallels and divergences relative to angiosperms, highlight key unresolved questions, and propose future directions for the field. Deciphering jasmonate biosynthesis in bryophytes is essential for reconstructing the evolutionary origins of jasmonate signaling and understanding how this pathway contributed to the successful colonization of land by plants. Full article

Cod liver oil is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) but is highly susceptible to oxidative degradation, limiting its use in topical formulations. This study aimed to develop stable cod liver oil nanoemulsions for topical application and to evaluated the influence of surfactant ratio (lecithin/PEG-15 hydroxystearate: 2.5:1 and 1:1, w/w), emulsification method (ultrasonication or high-pressure homogenization), and vitamin E acetate supplementation on their physicochemical properties and oxidative stability. Eight nanoemulsions were characterized in terms of droplet size, polydispersity, ζ-potential, vitamin E acetate encapsulation efficiency, oxidative stability, film-forming capacity and cytocompatibility. Among the investigated formulations, F4 (2.5:1 lecithin/PEG-15 hydroxystearate, high-pressure homogenization, with vitamin E acetate) exhibited the most favorable characteristics, including a mean droplet size of 67.95 nm, ζ-potential of −63.12 mV and vitamin E acetate encapsulation efficiency of 32.59%. The formulation demonstrated good physicochemical stability under thermal, mechanical and photostability testing, improved oxidative stability, transient film-forming behavior with an initial occlusive effect, and no cytotoxicity toward human dermal fibroblasts. These findings indicate that nanoemulsion performance depends on the combined influence of formulation composition and processing conditions, with F4 representing a promising topical carrier for cod liver oil intended for interaction with the stratum corneum. Full article

Introduction: Breast milk is the best food for a growing infant during the first 6 months of life. The presence of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in breast milk can interfere with the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), increasing the risk of developing, among other issues, asthma or atopic dermatitis. TFAs are not synthesised de novo in the human body. Their content in breast milk may be a good marker of short-term dietary intake of these compounds by breastfeeding mothers. However, the literature shows differences in the assessment of the relationship between dietary TFAs intake and TFAs content in breast milk. Furthermore, the decrease in the TFAs content in food observed recently seems to make it impossible to use Craig-Schmidt’s formula to estimate the TFAs content in the diet or in breast milk. The aim of this study was to confirm the possibility of using TFAs content in breast milk as a marker of their short-term intake within the breastfeeding mother’s diet, together with an attempt at preliminary quantitative determination of the relationship between these parameters. Materials: The study material was collected from a single breastfeeding mother and included 10 breast milk samples and 10 samples of daily food rations reconstructed based on the 24 h food consumption survey. Methods: The content of fatty acids, including TFAs, was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The TFAs content in the whole-day mother’s diet and in 100 mL of breast milk ranged from 0.11 to 0.54 g/day and from 0.02 to 0.07 g, respectively. A strong statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between these parameters was found. Equations for an exploratory linear relationship between the TFAs content in a breastfeeding mother’s diet and the concentration of these fatty acids in breast milk have been developed. Due to the small number of samples, these data should be interpreted very cautiously and validated in a larger cohort. Conclusions: This single-participant pilot study suggests that TFAs content in breast milk may be a marker of the dietary intake of these compounds from the previous day. It seems that the dietary habits of breastfeeding mothers of twins are a significant factor influencing the composition of breast milk and, consequently, the nutritional quality of breastfed infants. Full article

Agronomic practices and interannual climate variability significantly modulate the bioactive composition of agricultural by-products. This study evaluated the effects of farming systems (organic vs. conventional) and geographic locality across two harvest seasons (2022–2023) on the fatty acid (FA) profiles of peel and seeds from the “Mollar de Elche” pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). Gas chromatography (GC-FID) analyses demonstrated that the harvest year, characterized by significantly reduced extreme temperature days in 2023, exerted a dominant, overriding effect on lipid biosynthesis compared to agronomic management. In the seeds, punicic acid was the unequivocal predominant FA, increasing dramatically from an average of ~75,700 mg/kg dry matter (DM) under severe heat stress (2022) to ~150,000 mg/kg DM under milder conditions (2023) (p < 0.001). In the peel, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) accumulation was strictly dependent on the interaction between localized geographic micro-conditions and climate, rendering the farming system a secondary factor. Crucially, the milder 2023 season significantly enhanced the unsaturated-to-saturated (U/S) ratio in both tissues and markedly improved cardiovascular lipid quality, lowering both the Atherogenic (AI) and Thrombogenic (TI) indices. These findings demonstrate that while organic farming can optimize lipid unsaturation under favorable climatic conditions, severe environmental stress nullifies these agronomic benefits, highlighting the need for climate-resilient strategies to valorize pomegranate by-products. Full article

Production system may affect meat quality and muscle metabolic characteristics in Tibetan sheep. In this study, the biceps femoris muscles of twelve 3-year-old Tibetan sheep with similar body weights were used as experimental materials during a 6-month experimental period. The housed group (n = 6) was defined as the control group (C group), whereas the grazing group (n = 6) was defined as the L group. Meat quality measurement, nutritional composition analysis, untargeted lipidomics, and amino acid metabolomics (AAM) were integrated to investigate the effects of contrasting grazing and house-feeding production systems on meat quality and metabolic characteristics in Tibetan sheep. The results showed that cooking loss and drip loss were significantly decreased, whereas water-holding capacity (WHC) was significantly increased in the L group. However, shear force was also increased, indicating that grazing and house-feeding systems were associated with differences in muscle WHC and shear force. The L group exhibited significant alterations in lipid composition and increased concentrations of several n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and increased levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), including α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), suggesting that grazing and house-feeding systems were associated with differences in the lipid nutritional profile of muscle. Lipidomic analysis showed that the differential lipids were mainly enriched in triacylglycerols (TGs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and phosphatidylcholines (PCs), and several PUFA-containing TGs and membrane lipid molecules were closely associated with meat quality traits. AAM analysis showed that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), including L-leucine and L-valine, as well as N,N-dimethylglycine, were upregulated in the L group, whereas kynurenine and 1-methyl-L-histidine were downregulated. These findings suggest that BCAA metabolism and tryptophan–kynurenine metabolism were associated with metabolic differences observed between production systems in muscle metabolic adaptation. However, amino acid metabolomics analysis revealed that no amino acid metabolites remained significant after FDR correction, and thus the observed pathway-level changes (e.g., BCAA metabolism and tryptophan–kynurenine pathway) should be interpreted as nominal and exploratory findings. Overall, the results indicate that feeding systems were associated with alterations in the lipid and amino acid metabolic profiles of the biceps femoris muscle in Tibetan sheep, which were further associated with differences in muscle WHC, shear force, lipid nutritional composition, and the profile of flavor precursors. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing plateau meat sheep production systems and developing high-quality Tibetan sheep meat products. Full article

Oocyte quality determines fertilization success during the reproductive period of fish and is affected by a key intrinsic factor: the level of lipid deposition in the yolk. In this study, lipidomics was used to characterize lipid profiles of adipose tissue, liver, serum and ovary to clarify divergent hepatic lipid allocation to fat depots versus ovary in Sichuan taimen (Hucho bleekeri). The results showed that glycerophospholipids (GPs) constituted the most diverse lipid class across all four tissues, with phosphatidylcholine (PC) being the most abundant in each tissue. Relative to adipose tissue, liver, and serum, the ovary exhibited significant enrichment of PC and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and higher accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)- and arachidonic acid (ARA)-containing GPs and triacylglycerols (TGs), as well as enrichment in TGs, diacylglycerols (DGs), and cardiolipin (CL), compared to adipose tissue. The expression levels of fads6, elovl2, elovl5, dgat1b, dgat2, pparα, nfyb, and fabp7 were higher in the liver, while lpcat1 was highly expressed specifically in the ovary. The results of this study demonstrate that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) exhibited selective enrichment in the ovary, which facilitates yolk lipid deposition and provides structural and energetic support for oocyte development and early embryonic development. From a lipidomic perspective, this study reveals the regulatory characteristics underlying ovarian yolk deposition in H. bleekeri, providing important evidence for understanding the mechanisms of egg quality formation as well as a theoretical basis for broodstock management, artificial propagation, and the improvement of egg and larval quality. Full article