Search Results (2,038)

Background/Objectives: Differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian adnexal masses before surgery is a significant diagnostic challenge. This study examined a wide range of circulating plasma molecules (immune and inflammatory) to identify potential markers to classify tumors as benign or malignant. The goal was to develop a proof-of-concept tool for preoperative risk stratification. Methods: Twenty-three plasma molecules were evaluated in women with benign lesions (n = 68) and women with malignant ovarian tumors (n = 25). To evaluate the behavior of each marker in a normal population, women without adnexal pathology were also included (n = 11). The results were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn post hoc pairwise comparisons, the Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons, and ROC analysis. TGF-β isoforms and CA125 were measured in the complete cohort (n = 104), while the remaining molecules were assessed in a reduced cohort (n = 51). Two classification approaches were developed using TGF-β3 and IL-13: a sequential two-step algorithm and an ordinal logistic regression model. Apparent performance was corrected for optimism using Harrell’s bootstrap procedure. Results: Ten molecules reached statistical significance. Among the significant molecules, TGF-β3 identified ovarian lesions regardless of malignant status (AUC = 0.983), while IL-13 showed perfect malignancy-specific separation from benign cases (AUC = 1.000). Their combination in an ordinal logistic regression model produced three non-overlapping diagnostic strata across all three groups, significantly outperforming CA125, HE4, and ROMA at the malignancy-separation boundary (DeLong p < 0.05) in our exploratory cohort. Conclusions: TGF-β3 and IL-13 represent a biologically complementary marker pair whose combined ordinal regression model shows promising performance and warrants prospective validation in larger, multicenter independent cohorts as a preoperative risk-stratification tool for ovarian adnexal masses. Full article

Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuators have shown considerable potential for aerodynamic flow control over fixed wings and helicopter rotors. However, their application to small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) propellers operating at high rotational speeds remains largely unexplored. This study experimentally investigates the effectiveness of leading-edge AC-DBD plasma actuators in improving the aerodynamic performance of rotating UAV propellers under hovering conditions. A custom-built experimental test stand was developed to measure thrust, rotational speed, and motor power consumption while supplying high voltage to the rotating blades through high-speed slip rings. A series of 3D-printed propellers with different blade pitch angles was tested at rotational speeds up to 4000 rpm. The results showed negligible performance changes for low-pitch propellers, whereas significant improvements were observed under separated-flow conditions. At nearly constant rotational speed and thrust, plasma actuation reduced the propeller power coefficient by up to 7.66%, resulting in a maximum 9.42% increase in Figure of Merit (FoM). The greatest benefits were obtained for intermediate blade pitch angles, while no measurable improvement was observed under severe separation conditions. These findings demonstrate that plasma actuation is most effective within an intermediate separated-flow regime and highlight its potential as a lightweight active flow-control technology for electrically powered UAVs. Full article

(1) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits, linked to dysbiosis and inflammation. Currently available treatments, focused on symptom management, displayed limited efficacy. Recent research highlights microbiota modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy to restore intestinal barrier integrity; (2) A dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of post-colitis IBS-like symptoms was performed to evaluate the effect of a novel mixture of Enterococcus lactis SF68^®, butyrate, and folate. Disease activity index and spleen weight were assessed. Markers of gut inflammation, intestinal barrier alterations, and gut butyrate bioavailability were measured. The activity of colonic mitochondria was also analyzed; (3) Supplementation with the novel mixture significantly reduced spleen weight and cytokine levels. The intestinal epithelial barrier was restored through an increase in claudin-1, occludin, and defensin 1–3 and a reduction in LBP plasma level. Treatment with the mixture enhanced the expression of butyrate transporters in mice. Mitochondrial activity markers, including citrate synthase and Cytochrome c oxidase, were improved by treatment; (4) The novel mixture containing Enterococcus lactis, butyrate, and folate exerted a protective effect against post-inflammatory IBS by reducing local inflammation, restoring intestinal barrier integrity, and enhancing butyrate bioavailability, suggesting its potential for managing post-inflammatory IBS symptoms effectively. Full article

Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is an important concern in veterinary oncology, and early detection of myocardial injury remains clinically challenging. This exploratory pilot study described changes in cardiac fatty acid-binding protein (h-FABP), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), NT-proBNP, conventional echocardiographic variables, and 24-h Holter-derived heart rate variability parameters in dogs with hemangiosarcoma treated with doxorubicin. Fourteen dogs were prospectively evaluated before treatment initiation and one week after the third doxorubicin dose, corresponding to a cumulative dose of 90 mg/m². The study did not include a control group, a predefined cardiotoxicity endpoint, or diagnostic-performance analysis. Plasma biomarkers, echocardiographic parameters, ventricular arrhythmic events, and Holter-derived time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability variables were compared between both time points. Cardiac troponin I increased significantly after three doxorubicin doses, from a median of 0.05 ng/mL to 0.15 ng/mL (p = 0.002). In contrast, h-FABP did not change significantly, with median values of 2.43 ng/mL at baseline and 2.62 ng/mL after treatment (p = 0.27). NT-proBNP also showed no significant change (p = 0.87). Among echocardiographic variables, E-point septal separation, fractional shortening, ejection fraction, LA/Ao, and LVDd index did not change significantly. Ventricular arrhythmic events were infrequent and were described descriptively, whereas Holter-derived HRV variables did not show statistically significant differences between time points. In this exploratory cohort, cTnI increased after three doxorubicin doses, whereas h-FABP and NT-proBNP did not change significantly at the evaluated time point. Because h-FABP was measured one week after treatment, its potential short-term post-infusion release cannot be assessed. Larger studies with serial early sampling, predefined cardiotoxicity endpoints, appropriate control groups, and adjusted statistical analyses are required. Full article

Alcohol dependence or alcohol use disorder is a chronic mental disorder that imposes a heavy global burden. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a promising source of real-time information about brain status, yet existing studies are predominantly cross-sectional. We aimed to characterize longitudinal changes in EV properties and immunophenotype during alcohol withdrawal treatment. In our study plasma-derived EVs were analyzed and immunophenotyping via flow cytometry was performed to measure the concentrations of vesicle fractions carrying erythrocyte-, platelet-, endothelial-, and neuronal-associated markers in patients undergoing alcohol withdrawal and in healthy volunteers. Patient-derived EVs exhibited greater size heterogeneity, and microscopy images revealed vesicles with altered morphology. Concentrations of EVs bearing NLGN3 were lower in patients. CD62P+ and CD146+ EVs were also less represented in patients. Notably, CD31+ EVs separated into two distinct clusters; their concentrations were higher in patients with a binge drinking pattern but markedly lower in those with a steady pattern. The findings reveal dynamic phenotypic shifts in circulating EVs during alcohol withdrawal. The divergent patterns according to alcohol use history highlight the potential of EV profiling for personalized monitoring and underscore the necessity of longitudinal designs in vesicle-based biomarker research. Full article

Objective: Vitamin D has been reported to act as a tissue-protective regulator by suppressing Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and upregulating Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs), though changes may be body mass index (BMI)-dependent; however, the relationship between vitamin D metabolism and matrix remodeling pathways in Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) remains poorly understood. Methods: In women with PMOS (n = 28) and controls (n = 28), 12 MMPs and 3 TIMPs were determined by Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamer (SOMA)-scan plasma protein measurement and correlated to 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25(OH)D₃) and its metabolites (active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃) and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (24,25(OH)₂D₃)) measured by gold standard isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Insulin resistance and systemic inflammation (normal C-reactive protein) were comparable between PMOS and control women, though PMOS had higher free androgen index and anti-Mullerian hormone levels. Vitamin D and its metabolites did not differ between groups. Only MMP16 was lower in PMOS than controls (549.6 ± 58.3 vs. 678.0 ± 304.1 Relative Fluorescent Units, p = 0.037) but did not pass the false discovery rate. In women with PMOS, 25(OH)D₃ and 24,25(OH)₂D₃ demonstrated significant inverse correlations with TIMP3 (r = −0.60, p = 0.005 and r = −0.58, p = 0.007, respectively). Multivariable regression confirmed independent inverse associations between TIMP3 and both 25(OH)D₃ (β = −51.1, p = 0.031) and 24,25(OH)₂D₃ (β = −858.7, p = 0.028) after adjustment for age, body mass index and Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance, and the association remained stable following bootstrap internal validation. Additional moderate associations were observed between vitamin D metabolites and membrane-type MMPs (MMP14, MMP16, MMP17). Conclusions: Exploratory analyses suggested potential inverse associations between vitamin D metabolites and TIMP3, together with weaker associations involving MMP14, MMP16 and MMP17, suggesting the novel hypothesis that vitamin D may influence extracellular matrix remodeling and ovarian stromal biology through regulation of TIMP3-dependent pathways independently of obesity and insulin resistance, rather than through MMPs directly. Full article

Background/Objectives: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays are used in routine diagnostics to detect myocardial injury. However, a fraction of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) enclosed within extracellular vesicles (EVs) goes widely undetected. This study introduces a combined lysis- and sonication-based protocol to release and quantify EV-bound cTnT in a time-efficient manner using a state-of-the-art hs-cTnT immunoassay. Methods: Plasma samples from patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), unstable angina, pulmonary embolism, decompensated aortic stenosis, atrial fibrillation, myocarditis, and healthy controls were treated with a lysis buffer and subsequently sonicated. Treated and untreated samples were assessed and compared to a conventional EV isolation method. Results: Following combined lysis and sonication, cTnT levels were significantly higher compared to native, unprocessed samples across all cohorts. The median increase post-processing ranged from ~10% in decompensated aortic stenosis to ~34% in young healthy controls. In NSTEMI, the EV-bound cTnT accounted for ~15% of plasma cTnT and remained stable over 72 h. The EV cTnT/plasma cTnT ratios were comparable between the combined lysis and sonication approach and the EV isolation method. Processing time prior to cTnT measurement was reduced from ~2.5 h to ~10 min using the lysis and sonication protocol. Conclusions: Our method allows for the rapid liberation of a previously inaccessible EV-bound fraction of cTnT without the need for time-consuming and resource-intensive EV isolation workflows and is therefore readily implementable alongside standard hs-cTnT testing. The observed EV-cTnT patterns suggest differential compartmentation of cTnT, potentially reflecting the myocardial pathophysiology underlying troponin elevation. Full article

Chronic inflammation and immune remodeling are key features of colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression, particularly because of the high level of microbiome presence. Among inflammatory mediators, CCL2 has been implicated in the recruitment of monocytes and tumor-associated macrophages, supporting its potential role as a marker of CRC-associated inflammatory remodeling. Therefore, we evaluated nine circulating inflammatory mediators, including CCL2, to assess their potential diagnostic value in patients with CRC. The study included 96 individuals, comprising 52 CRC patients and 44 healthy controls. Plasma cytokine levels were measured using the ProteinSimple Ella microfluidic immunoassay platform, and analyses were also stratified according to sex and BMI category (BMI < 25 vs. ≥25 kg/m²). Patients with CRC had significantly higher levels of CCL2 and IL-6 than healthy controls (p-value < 0.001), regardless of gender or overweight or obesity, confirming a chronic pro-tumor inflammatory profile. Among all markers, CCL2 showed strong exploratory diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.918, 90.4% sensitivity, and 90.9% specificity (cut-off 436.5 pg/mL). This study highlights the central role of CCL2 as a candidate marker of systemic chronic inflammation associated with colorectal cancer. Full article

GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, widely used for diabetes and obesity management, have shown preclinical and clinical promise as potential therapeutics for neurological conditions. Until 2026, all U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved GLP-1 drugs were peptide-based, with most requiring daily or weekly subcutaneous injections. Despite their large size and low brain penetrance, several peptide-based GLP-1 drugs are in clinical trials for neurologic indications. Recently, the FDA approved orforglipron as the first small-molecule, non-peptide, orally bioavailable human GLP-1 receptor agonist, and it may offer advantages over peptide-based counterparts. We hence evaluated whether it possesses similar neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory attributes. Herein, we utilized human-derived neuronal and microglial cell lines to investigate these properties. Orforglipron activated cAMP signaling and shielded neuronal cells from excitotoxic glutamate and oxidative stress, which are common in neurodegenerative diseases and injuries. Additionally, orforglipron effectively mitigated LPS- and glutamate-induced proinflammatory protein secretion (IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1) from a human microglial cell line. Actions were replicated under insulin resistance—a potential cause of neurodegenerative conditions—in which orforglipron significantly upregulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), providing an additional neuroprotective mechanism. Measured orforglipron brain uptake in rat was low (brain/plasma and CSF/plasma ratios: 0.0078), and in the ballpark of peptide-based GLP-1 drugs. Nevertheless, orforglipron may provide potential value in specific neurological conditions. Full article

The objective of this research is the development of a copper-based optical sensor for the detection of ovarian cancer marker CA 125 synthesized using low-temperature plasma. Optical materials produced with metals show unique advantages due to their ability to interact with light. There are different methods currently used for the synthesis of optical materials that can be associated with longer processing times and low material yield. The novelty of this study is the development of copper-based optical material (CuPy) using low-temperature plasma and subsequent modification for the detection of CA 125. Introduction: Plasma consists of a mixture of fully and partially ionized gas. It comprises diverse, highly energized species of atoms, ions, electrons, excited molecules, and charged species. These energized species are used to create new materials, for surface modifications, and in medical applications. Plasma can create a controlled environment for the creation of novel materials. Using low-temperature plasma, it will be possible to have precise control of the chemical composition and structure due to the creation of excited molecules, ions, and free radicals. Method: The CuPy material was synthesized using radio-frequency-assisted low-temperature plasma. Prior to synthesis, the plasma chamber was cleaned using radio frequency (RF) plasma without any reagents or gases. RF plasma was used for the synthesis of CuPy for 10 min and subsequent hydrogen plasma (50 sccm) for another 10 min. Two types of products were extracted from the chamber (one in water and another in methanol). These two products were analyzed using UV–visible absorbance spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The methanol extracted samples were further modified with CA 125 antibody. Zeta potential measurements were performed to confirm the binding of the CA 125 antibody to the sensor. The sensing efficacy of the sensor towards CA 125 antigen was monitored using fluorescence spectroscopy. Results: The absorbance spectrum of methanol extracted CuPy shows absorbances around 251 nm, 282 nm, and 339 nm. The extracted product exhibited a red edge excitation emission in the visible region. The elemental composition and oxidation state of the sample were evaluated using XPS. CA 125 antibody conjugation with CuPy was confirmed using UV–visible absorbance spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The antibody binding resulted in the fluorescence shifts towards higher wavelengths with an increase in the emission intensity compared with CuPy. Zeta potential measurements also confirmed the binding of the CA 125 antibody to the sensor. Different concentrations of CA 125 antigen resulted in the quenching of fluorescence. This change in the fluorescence intensity was used for the detection of CA 125. Conclusions: A copper-based optical material was developed using low-temperature plasma, and it was found to be effective for the detection of CA 125 ovarian cancer marker. Full article

Sustaining human presence on the Moon depends on access to strategic metals, which can be achieved by directly utilizing extraterrestrial resources through in situ resource utilization (ISRU). This study presents novel insights and preliminary results into a previously unexplored strategy for metals extraction from the lunar regolith simulant Lunar Mare Soil (LMS-1) using deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Based on inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurements, the solubility of major oxide components of the regolith, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, Cr₂O₃, MgO and FeO_T, was investigated in ethaline (choline chloride:ethylene glycol, ChCl:EG) as well as reline (ChCl:Urea). Although both DESs enabled oxide dissolution, reline exhibited significantly higher dissolution efficiency, due to the additional hydrogen-bond donor sites, NH and CO groups from urea, as well as high chloride activity in the reline. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) revealed that dissolved metal species in the reline–regolith system undergo complex multivalent redox transitions. The equilibrium potentials of the metals were determined and correlated with the order in which the metals should be electrodeposited on the cathode from an electrolyte containing dissolved lunar regolith. Based on the data from electrochemical measurements, parameters for electrolysis were selected. At less negative overpotentials, the deposit consisted mainly of Si, while Al, Cr, and Fe, along with Si, were electrodeposited at more negative potentials. The results highlight the importance of considering the selective electrochemical extraction of metals from DESs using lunar regolith as the source. Full article

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of intraovarian platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment on ovarian reserve markers, hormonal profiles, oocyte yield, fertilization potential, and pregnancy outcomes in infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve. Methods: This retrospective single-center study was conducted at a tertiary referral center between January 2021 and December 2024 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IVF Clinic, Private Diyarlife Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey. A total of 78 infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) were included. DOR was defined in the present study as an AMH level < 1.1 ng/mL and/or an antral follicle count (AFC) < 5 follicles. Pre-PRP and post-PRP measurements were compared in the same patients. Hormonal and clinical parameters, including prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), estradiol, endometrial thickness, gonadotropin dosage, antral follicle count (AFC), mature metaphase II (MII) oocyte count, and two-pronuclear (2PN) zygote count, were evaluated before and after PRP treatment. Results: Significant increases were observed in AMH and prolactin levels, whereas FSH levels significantly decreased following PRP treatment (all p < 0.001). Post-PRP AFC, MII oocyte count, and 2PN zygote count were significantly higher than pre-PRP values (all p < 0.001). A total of 21 pregnancies (26.9%) were achieved, including 17 clinical pregnancies (81.0% of pregnancies; 21.8% of all patients), 4 biochemical pregnancies (19.0% of pregnancies; 5.1% of all patients), 11 miscarriages (52.4% of pregnancies; 14.1% of all patients), and 6 live births (28.6% of pregnancies; 7.7% of all patients). Significant positive correlations were identified between post-PRP AFC and MII oocyte count (r = 0.803, p < 0.001), post-PRP AFC and 2PN zygote count (r = 0.624, p < 0.001), and MII oocyte count and 2PN zygote count (r = 0.728, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Intraovarian PRP administration was associated with improvements in ovarian reserve markers, oocyte maturation, and fertilization-related outcomes in women with DOR. Significant increases in AFC, MII oocyte count, and 2PN zygote count were observed after PRP treatment. However, these improvements in ovarian reserve markers were not associated with significant differences between women who achieved pregnancy and those who did not. Because of the retrospective design and the absence of a control group, these findings should be interpreted as associations rather than evidence of a causal treatment effect. Although clinical pregnancies and live births were observed during follow-up, larger, multicenter randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these findings and to further evaluate the effect of PRP on reproductive outcomes. Full article

Cervical dystonia (CD) is a focal dystonia typically treated with botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), but objective biomarkers of disease state and treatment response are limited. In a prospective controlled observational study with within-subject phase comparison, we evaluated clinical, neurophysiological, and biochemical markers at two time points (waning and peak response phases) within the BoNT-A injection interval in 30 CD individuals (with caput, collis and mixed patterns) and 25 healthy controls. We measured clinical status (TWSTRS and VAS pain), neurophysiology (F-wave minimal latency (F-min) and cutaneous silent period (CSP) indices) and plasma biochemical markers (neurofilament light chain (NfL) and zonulin). Compared with controls, CD patients showed lower NfL levels, higher zonulin, shorter CSP end duration and shorter CSP-derived central conduction time (CSP-CCT); nerve conduction velocity and CSP onset were similar. From waning to peak, TWSTRS (all subscales) and VAS improved, zonulin decreased, NfL increased, CSP end duration and CSP-CCT increased, and Fmin slightly prolonged. Changes in CSP measures correlated with pain (VAS and TWSTRS pain), while zonulin changes showed no significant correlations and NfL changes correlated weakly/negatively with CSP end time. Phase-dependent changes in biochemical and neurophysiological markers were observed alongside clinical measures across the BoNT-A treatment cycle in CD, suggesting potential associations between peripheral biochemical markers, central inhibitory measures, and treatment phase. These findings may warrant further investigation of multimodal biomarker approaches in CD. Full article

Objectives: AC02, a novel synthetic peptide derived from ACTH, is being developed as a potential therapeutic alternative to porcine ACTH_1-39 for use in infantile spasms. Methods: The study comprised single-ascending dose cohorts (0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 mg/kg AC02) and multiple-ascending dose cohorts (0.04, 0.08 mg/kg AC02 daily for 5 days). A separate positive-control arm received porcine ACTH_1-39 (25 U/day for 5 days). PD effects (free and total cortisol) were compared head-to-head with the positive control. Plasma concentrations of AC02, porcine ACTH_1-39, free and total cortisol were quantified by validated LC-MS/MS methods, and anti-drug antibody responses were measured using a validated electrochemiluminescence bridging immunoassay. Population PK/PD modeling characterized the concentration–response relationships for free cortisol. Results: Across the 0.02–0.16 mg/kg dose range, AC02 exhibited approximately dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and no accumulation after multiple doses. At 0.04 and 0.08 mg/kg, the baseline-corrected effects on free cortisol were generally consistent with those of porcine ACTH_1-39. Dynamic monitoring of the free cortisol fraction revealed a biphasic pattern across all groups: an early peak followed by a later rise. Total cortisol, by contrast, showed only a monophasic decline, indicating the limitations of total cortisol as a sole PD biomarker. No unexpected safety signals were observed. At 0.04 mg/kg, AC02 demonstrated pharmacodynamic responses comparable to those of marketed ACTH product based on the biologically active component of free cortisol, with favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. Conclusions: This first-in-human study demonstrates that AC02 has favorable pharmacokinetic properties, and an acceptable safety profile. Full article

Synthetic azo dyes may be fraudulently added to paprika powder to intensify color, creating a need for rapid, at-line screening before confirmatory chromatographic analysis. This study evaluated handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the screening of sodium-salt azo dye adulteration represented by Allura Red (E129), Ponceau 4R (E124), and Orange II in paprika powder. Paprika was spiked at 17 levels (0–6% w/w) in three independent batches, mixed with Al₂O₃ binder, dried, pelletized, and measured with a portable SciAps Z-903 under argon in the broad 190–950 nm region. The calibration models were developed using SNV-pretreated spectra and partial least squares regression with test-set validation based on a 70/30 split by concentration level. The main concentration-related response was increased Na emission, consistent with the sodium-salt form of the dyes, while Al emission showed an inverse matrix-/plasma-coupled trend despite the constant binder fraction. Full-spectrum models gave R²_TSV values of 0.845–0.875 and RMSETSV values of 0.638–0.716% (w/w), using 4–5 latent variables. Outlier trimming improved prediction for Allura Red and Orange II, while regression coefficient-uncertainty variable selection reduced model complexity to 2–3 latent variables with dye-dependent effects. Since sodium-salt azo dyes are commonly used as adulterants in paprika powder, the Na-dominated LIBS response demonstrates good potential for rapid at-line screening. Nevertheless, as LIBS does not directly confirm dye identity, complementary confirmatory analysis using spectroscopic or chromatographic methods remains necessary. Full article