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Search Results (3,051)

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23 pages, 85184 KiB  
Article
MB-MSTFNet: A Multi-Band Spatio-Temporal Attention Network for EEG Sensor-Based Emotion Recognition
by Cheng Fang, Sitong Liu and Bing Gao
Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4819; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154819 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Emotion analysis based on electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors is pivotal for human–machine interaction yet faces key challenges in spatio-temporal feature fusion and cross-band and brain-region integration from multi-channel sensor-derived signals. This paper proposes MB-MSTFNet, a novel framework for EEG emotion recognition. The model constructs [...] Read more.
Emotion analysis based on electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors is pivotal for human–machine interaction yet faces key challenges in spatio-temporal feature fusion and cross-band and brain-region integration from multi-channel sensor-derived signals. This paper proposes MB-MSTFNet, a novel framework for EEG emotion recognition. The model constructs a 3D tensor to encode band–space–time correlations of sensor data, explicitly modeling frequency-domain dynamics and spatial distributions of EEG sensors across brain regions. A multi-scale CNN-Inception module extracts hierarchical spatial features via diverse convolutional kernels and pooling operations, capturing localized sensor activations and global brain network interactions. Bi-directional GRUs (BiGRUs) model temporal dependencies in sensor time-series, adept at capturing long-range dynamic patterns. Multi-head self-attention highlights critical time windows and brain regions by assigning adaptive weights to relevant sensor channels, suppressing noise from non-contributory electrodes. Experiments on the DEAP dataset, containing multi-channel EEG sensor recordings, show that MB-MSTFNet achieves 96.80 ± 0.92% valence accuracy, 98.02 ± 0.76% arousal accuracy for binary classification tasks, and 92.85 ± 1.45% accuracy for four-class classification. Ablation studies validate that feature fusion, bidirectional temporal modeling, and multi-scale mechanisms significantly enhance performance by improving feature complementarity. This sensor-driven framework advances affective computing by integrating spatio-temporal dynamics and multi-band interactions of EEG sensor signals, enabling efficient real-time emotion recognition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)
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15 pages, 1832 KiB  
Article
PyBEP: An Open-Source Tool for Electrode Potential Determination from Battery OCV Measurements
by Jon Pišek, Tomaž Katrašnik and Klemen Zelič
Batteries 2025, 11(8), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080295 - 4 Aug 2025
Viewed by 58
Abstract
This paper introduces PyBEP, a Python-based tool for the automated and optimized selection of open-circuit potential (OCP) curves and calculation of stoichiometric cycling ranges for lithium-ion battery electrodes based on open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurements. Thereby, it overcomes key challenges in traditional approaches, which [...] Read more.
This paper introduces PyBEP, a Python-based tool for the automated and optimized selection of open-circuit potential (OCP) curves and calculation of stoichiometric cycling ranges for lithium-ion battery electrodes based on open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurements. Thereby, it overcomes key challenges in traditional approaches, which are often time-intensive and susceptible to errors due to manual curve digitization, data inconsistency, and coding complexities. The originality of PyBEP arises from the systematic integration of automated electrode chemistry identification, quality-controlled database usage, refinement of the results using incremental capacity methodology, and simultaneous optimization of multiple electrode parameters. The PyBEP database leverages high-quality, curated OCP data and employs differential evolution optimization for precise OCP determination. Validation against literature data and experimental results confirms the robustness and accuracy of PyBEP, consistently achieving precision of 10 mV or better. PyBEP also offers features like electrode chemical composition identification and quality enhancement of measurement data, further extending the battery modeling functionalities without the need for battery disassembly. PyBEP is open-source and accessible on GitHub, providing a streamlined, accurate resource for the battery research community, making PyBEP a unique and directly applicable toolkit for electrochemical researchers and engineers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Battery Modelling, Simulation, Management and Application)
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16 pages, 1134 KiB  
Article
Neural Correlates of Loudness Coding in Two Types of Cochlear Implants—A Model Study
by Ilja M. Venema, Savine S. M. Martens, Randy K. Kalkman, Jeroen J. Briaire and Johan H. M. Frijns
Technologies 2025, 13(8), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13080331 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 183
Abstract
Many speech coding strategies have been developed over the years, but comparing them has been convoluted due to the difficulty in disentangling brand-specific and patient-specific factors from strategy-specific factors that contribute to speech understanding. Here, we present a comparison with a ‘virtual’ patient, [...] Read more.
Many speech coding strategies have been developed over the years, but comparing them has been convoluted due to the difficulty in disentangling brand-specific and patient-specific factors from strategy-specific factors that contribute to speech understanding. Here, we present a comparison with a ‘virtual’ patient, by comparing two strategies from two different manufacturers, Advanced Combination Encoder (ACE) versus HiResolution Fidelity 120 (F120), running on two different implant systems in a computational model with the same anatomy and neural properties. We fitted both strategies to an expected T-level and C- or M-level based on the spike rate for each electrode contact’s allocated frequency (center electrode frequency) of the respective array. This paper highlights neural and electrical differences due to brand-specific characteristics such as pulse rate/channel, recruitment of adjacent electrodes, and presence of subthreshold pulses or interphase gaps. These differences lead to considerably different recruitment patterns of nerve fibers, while achieving the same total spike rates, i.e., loudness percepts. Also, loudness growth curves differ significantly between brands. The model is able to demonstrate considerable electrical and neural differences in the way loudness growth is achieved in CIs from different manufacturers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Challenges and Prospects in Cochlear Implantation)
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16 pages, 4770 KiB  
Article
Developing a CeS2/ZnS Quantum Dot Composite Nanomaterial as a High-Performance Cathode Material for Supercapacitor
by Shan-Diao Xu, Li-Cheng Wu, Muhammad Adil, Lin-Feng Sheng, Zi-Yue Zhao, Kui Xu and Xin Chen
Batteries 2025, 11(8), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080289 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 200
Abstract
To develop high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors, in this paper, a heterostructured composite material of cerium sulfide and zinc sulfide quantum dots (CeS2/ZnS QD) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method. Characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission [...] Read more.
To develop high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors, in this paper, a heterostructured composite material of cerium sulfide and zinc sulfide quantum dots (CeS2/ZnS QD) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method. Characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that ZnS QD nanoparticles were uniformly composited with CeS2, effectively increasing the active sites surface area and shortening the ion diffusion path. Electrochemical tests show that the specific capacitance of this composite material reaches 2054 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g (specific capacity of about 256 mAh/g), significantly outperforming the specific capacitance of pure CeS2 787 F/g at 1 A/g (specific capacity 98 mAh/g). The asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) assembled with CeS2/ZnS QD and activated carbon (AC) retained 84% capacitance after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. Benefited from the synergistic effect between CeS2 and ZnS QDs, the significantly improved electrochemical performance of the composite material suggests a promising strategy for designing rare-earth and QD-based advanced energy storage materials. Full article
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18 pages, 4643 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Non-Transferred Plasma Torch Electrodes on Plasma Jet: A Computational Study
by Sai Likitha Siddanathi, Lars-Göran Westerberg, Hans O. Åkerstedt, Henrik Wiinikka and Alexey Sepman
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8367; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158367 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 189
Abstract
This study explores how different electrode shapes affect plasma flow in a non-transferred plasma torch. Various cathode geometries—including conical, tapered, flat, and cylindrical—were examined alongside stepped anode designs. A 2D axisymmetric computational model was employed to assess the impact of these shapes on [...] Read more.
This study explores how different electrode shapes affect plasma flow in a non-transferred plasma torch. Various cathode geometries—including conical, tapered, flat, and cylindrical—were examined alongside stepped anode designs. A 2D axisymmetric computational model was employed to assess the impact of these shapes on plasma behavior. The results reveal that different cathode designs require varying current levels to maintain a consistent power output. This paper presents the changes in electric conductivity and electric potential for different input currents across the arc formation path (from the cathode tip to the anode beginning) and relating to Ohm’s law. Significant variations in plasma jet velocity and temperature were observed, especially near the cathode tip. The study concludes by evaluating thermal efficiency across geometry configurations. Flat cathodes demonstrated the highest efficiency, while the anode shape had minimal impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)
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30 pages, 7897 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress of 2D Pt-Group Metallic Electrocatalysts for Energy-Conversion Applications
by Ziyue Chen, Yuerong Wang, Haiyan He and Huajie Huang
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080716 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 487
Abstract
With the rapid growth of energy demand, the development of efficient energy-conversion technologies (e.g., water splitting, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, etc.) becomes an important way to circumvent the problems of fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution, which motivates the pursuit of high-performance electrocatalysts [...] Read more.
With the rapid growth of energy demand, the development of efficient energy-conversion technologies (e.g., water splitting, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, etc.) becomes an important way to circumvent the problems of fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution, which motivates the pursuit of high-performance electrocatalysts with controllable compositions and morphologies. Among them, two-dimensional (2D) Pt-group metallic electrocatalysts show a series of distinctive architectural merits, including a high surface-to-volume ratio, numerous unsaturated metal atoms, an ameliorative electronic structure, and abundant electron/ion transfers channels, thus holding great potential in realizing good selectivity, rapid kinetics, and high efficiency for various energy-conversion devices. Considering that great progress on this topic has been made in recent years, here we present a panoramic review of recent advancements in 2D Pt-group metallic nanocrystals, which covers diverse synthetic methods, structural analysis, and their applications as electrode catalysts for various energy-conversion technologies. At the end, the paper also outlines the research challenges and future opportunities in this emerging area. Full article
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17 pages, 3561 KiB  
Article
A Novel Adaptive Flexible Capacitive Sensor for Accurate Intravenous Fluid Monitoring in Clinical Settings
by Yang He, Fangfang Yang, Pengxuan Wei, Zongmin Lv and Yinghong Zhang
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4524; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144524 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 251
Abstract
Intravenous infusion is an important clinical medical intervention, and its safety is critical to patient recovery. To mitigate the elevated risk of complications (e.g., air embolism) arising from delayed response to infusion endpoints, this paper designs a flexible double pole capacitive (FPB) sensor, [...] Read more.
Intravenous infusion is an important clinical medical intervention, and its safety is critical to patient recovery. To mitigate the elevated risk of complications (e.g., air embolism) arising from delayed response to infusion endpoints, this paper designs a flexible double pole capacitive (FPB) sensor, which includes a main pole plate, an adaptive pole plate, and a back shielding electrode. The sensor establishes a mapping between residual liquid volume in the infusion bottle and its equivalent capacitance, enabling a non-contact adaptive monitoring system. The system enables precise quantification of residual liquid levels, suppressing baseline drift induced by environmental temperature/humidity fluctuations and container variations via an adaptive algorithm, without requiring manual calibration, and overcomes the limitations of traditional rigid sensors when adapting to curved containers. Experimental results showed that the system achieved an overall sensitivity of 753.5 fF/mm, main pole plate linearity of 1.99%, and adaptive pole plate linearity of 0.53% across different test subjects, linearity of 0.53% across different test subjects, with liquid level resolution accuracy reaching 1 mm. These results validate the system’s ultra-high resolution (1 mm) and robust adaptability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)
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11 pages, 3598 KiB  
Article
NMR Spectroelectrochemistry in Studies of Procarbazine Oxidation by Laser-Induced Graphene Thin Films
by Zhe Wang, Xiaoping Zhang, Shihui Xu, Lin Yang, Lina Wang, Yijing Wang, Ahmad Mansoor and Wei Sun
C 2025, 11(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030052 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 313
Abstract
In this paper, nanoscale graphene film electrodes were prepared using laser-induced technology, and an in situ electrochemical cell was constructed. The normalized peak areas at 2.82 ppm for the samples without the in situ electrochemical cell and with an in situ electrochemical cell [...] Read more.
In this paper, nanoscale graphene film electrodes were prepared using laser-induced technology, and an in situ electrochemical cell was constructed. The normalized peak areas at 2.82 ppm for the samples without the in situ electrochemical cell and with an in situ electrochemical cell are 4.02 and 4.41, respectively. Tests showed that this in situ electrochemical cell has minimal interference from the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnetic field, allowing for high-resolution in situ spectra. Using this in situ electrochemical cell and employing in situ electrochemistry combined with NMR techniques, we investigated the oxidation reaction of 0.01 M procarbazine (PCZ) in real-time. We elucidated the following oxidation mechanism for procarbazine: the oxidation of PCZ first generates azo-procarbazine, which then undergoes a double bond shift to hydrazo-procarbazine. hydrazo-procarbazine undergoes hydrolysis to yield benzaldehyde-procarbazine, and then finally oxidizes to produce N-isopropylterephthalic acid. This confirms that the combination of in situ electrochemistry and nuclear magnetic resonance technology provides chemists with an effective tool for in situ studying the reaction mechanisms of drug molecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials and Carbon Allotropes)
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17 pages, 5663 KiB  
Article
Ultra-Stable, Conductive, and Porous P-Phenylenediamine-Aldehyde-Ferrocene Micro/Nano Polymer Spheres for High-Performance Supercapacitors with Positive Electrodes
by Xin Wang, Qingning Li, Zhiruo Bian, Da Wang, Cong Liu, Zhaoxu Yu, Xuewen Li and Qijun Li
Polymers 2025, 17(14), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141964 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 303
Abstract
Supercapacitors, with their remarkable attributes such as including a high power density, an extended cycle life, and inherent safety, have emerged as a major research area for electrochemical energy storage. In this paper, phenylenediamine and glyoxal were used as raw material to prepare [...] Read more.
Supercapacitors, with their remarkable attributes such as including a high power density, an extended cycle life, and inherent safety, have emerged as a major research area for electrochemical energy storage. In this paper, phenylenediamine and glyoxal were used as raw material to prepare p-phenylenediamine glyoxal (PGo) with one single step. p-phenylenediamine glyoxal-ferrocene (PGo-Fcx, x = 1, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1) composites were synthesized based on a poly-Schiff base. FTIR and XRD results indicated that ferrocene doping preserves the intrinsic PGo framework while inducing grain refinement, as evidenced by the narrowing of the XRD diffraction peaks. SEM observations further revealed distinct morphological evolution. CV (cyclic voltammetry), EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), and GCD (galvanostatic charge–discharge) were conducted on PGo-Fcx in order to examine its electrochemical performance. The PGo-Fc0.3 in PGo-Fcx electrode material had a specific capacitance of 59.6 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g and 36 F/g at a current density of 10 A/g. Notably, even after undergoing 5000 charging–discharging cycles at 10 A/g, the material retained 76.2% of its specific capacitance compared to the initial cycle. Therefore, taking conductive polymers and metal oxide materials for modification can improve the stability and electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Characterization of Polymer-Based Electrode Materials)
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18 pages, 4231 KiB  
Article
Effect Mechanism of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants with Different Phosphorus Valence States on the Safety and Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Peng Xi, Fengling Sun, Xiaoyu Tang, Xiaoping Fan, Guangpei Cong, Ziyang Lu and Qiming Zhuo
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2248; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072248 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
With the widespread application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), safety performance has become a critical factor limiting the commercialization of large-scale, high-capacity LIBs. The main reason for the safety problem is that the electrolytes of LIBs are extremely flammable. Adding flame retardants to conventional [...] Read more.
With the widespread application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), safety performance has become a critical factor limiting the commercialization of large-scale, high-capacity LIBs. The main reason for the safety problem is that the electrolytes of LIBs are extremely flammable. Adding flame retardants to conventional electrolytes is an effective method to improve battery safety. In this paper, trimethyl phosphate (TMP) and trimethyl phosphite (TMPi) were used as research objects, and the flame-retardant test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the electrolytes configured by them were first carried out. The self-extinguishing time of the electrolyte with 5% TMP and TMPi is significantly reduced, achieving a flame-retardant effect. Secondly, the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4|Li half-cells after adding different volume ratios of TMP and TMPi was studied. Compared with TMPi5, the peak potential difference between the oxidation peak and the reduction peak of the LiFePO4|Li half-cell with TMP5 added is reduced, the battery polarization is reduced, the discharge specific capacity after 300 cycles is large, the capacity retention rate is as high as 99.6%, the discharge specific capacity is larger at different current rates, and the electrode resistance is smaller. TMPi5 causes the discharge-specific capacity to attenuate, which is more obvious at high current rates. LiFePO4|Li half-cells with 5% volume ratio of flame retardant have the best electrochemical performance. Finally, the influence mechanism of the phosphorus valence state on battery safety and electrochemical performance was compared and studied. After 300 cycles, the surface of the LiFePO4 electrode with 5% TMP added had a smoother and more uniform CEI film and higher phosphorus (P) and fluorine (F) content, which was beneficial to the improvement of electrochemical performance. The cross-section of the LiFePO4 electrode showed slight collapse and cracks, which slowed down the attenuation of battery capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
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37 pages, 5333 KiB  
Review
The Potential of Microbial Fuel Cells as a Dual Solution for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Energy Generation: A Case Study
by Shajjadur Rahman Shajid, Monjur Mourshed, Md. Golam Kibria and Bahman Shabani
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3725; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143725 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical systems that harness microorganisms to convert organic pollutants in wastewater directly into electricity, offering a dual solution for sustainable wastewater treatment and renewable energy generation. This paper presents a holistic techno-economic and environmental feasibility assessment of large-scale [...] Read more.
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical systems that harness microorganisms to convert organic pollutants in wastewater directly into electricity, offering a dual solution for sustainable wastewater treatment and renewable energy generation. This paper presents a holistic techno-economic and environmental feasibility assessment of large-scale MFC deployment in Dhaka’s industrial zone, Bangladesh, as a relevant case study. Here, treating 100,000 cubic meters of wastewater daily would require a capital investment of approximately USD 500 million, with a total project cost ranging between USD 307.38 million and 1.711 billion, depending on system configurations. This setup has an estimated theoretical energy recovery of 478.4 MWh/day and a realistic output of 382 MWh/day, translating to a per-unit energy cost of USD 0.2–1/kWh. MFCs show great potential for treating wastewater and addressing energy challenges. However, this paper explores remaining challenges, including high capital costs, electrode and membrane inefficiencies, and scalability issues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Circular Economy Perspective: From Waste to Energy)
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41 pages, 6887 KiB  
Review
Charging the Future with Pioneering MXenes: Scalable 2D Materials for Next-Generation Batteries
by William Coley, Amir-Ali Akhavi, Pedro Pena, Ruoxu Shang, Yi Ma, Kevin Moseni, Mihrimah Ozkan and Cengiz S. Ozkan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141089 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 495
Abstract
MXenes, a family of two-dimensional carbide and nitride nanomaterials, have demonstrated significant promise across various technological domains, particularly in energy storage applications. This review critically examines scalable synthesis techniques for MXenes and their potential integration into next-generation rechargeable battery systems. We highlight both [...] Read more.
MXenes, a family of two-dimensional carbide and nitride nanomaterials, have demonstrated significant promise across various technological domains, particularly in energy storage applications. This review critically examines scalable synthesis techniques for MXenes and their potential integration into next-generation rechargeable battery systems. We highlight both top-down and emerging bottom-up approaches, exploring their respective efficiencies, environmental impacts, and industrial feasibility. The paper further discusses the electrochemical behavior of MXenes in lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and aluminum-ion batteries, as well as their multifunctional roles in solid-state batteries—including as electrodes, additives, and solid electrolytes. Special emphasis is placed on surface functionalization, interlayer engineering, and ion transport properties. We also compare MXenes with conventional graphite anodes, analyzing their gravimetric and volumetric performance potential. Finally, challenges such as diffusion kinetics, power density limitations, and scalability are addressed, providing a comprehensive outlook on the future of MXenes in sustainable energy storage technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pioneering Nanomaterials: Revolutionizing Energy and Catalysis)
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16 pages, 1807 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on Aptamer Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Signal Amplification Strategy
by Jiangrong Yang and Yan Zhang
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4367; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144367 - 12 Jul 2025
Viewed by 416
Abstract
Aptamers have high specificity and affinity to target analytes, along with good stability and low cost, making them widely used in the detection of target substances, especially in the increasingly popular aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors. Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors are composed of aptamers as the [...] Read more.
Aptamers have high specificity and affinity to target analytes, along with good stability and low cost, making them widely used in the detection of target substances, especially in the increasingly popular aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors. Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors are composed of aptamers as the biorecognition elements and sensors that convert the biological interactions into electrical signals for the quantitative detection of targets. To detect low-abundance target substances, the improvement of the sensitivity of biosensors is a pursuit of researchers. Therefore, different amplification strategies for significantly enhancing the detection sensitivity of biosensors have been explored. Thus, this paper reviews the different amplification strategies with various functional materials to amplify the detection signals. Currently, such strategies commonly use gold nanoparticles to construct electrodes that facilitate the transfer of biological reactions or to obtain enhanced signals through nucleic acid amplification. Some strategies use nucleases for target recycling to further enhance the signals. This review discusses the recent progress in signal amplification methods and their applications, and proposes future directions of study to guide subsequent researchers in overcoming the limitations of previous approaches and to produce reproducible biosensors for clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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15 pages, 2527 KiB  
Article
A Disposable SWCNTs/AuNPs-Based Screen-Printed ISE at Different Temperatures to Monitor Ca2+ for Hypocalcemia Diagnosis
by Zhixue Yu, Hui Wang, Yue He, Ruipeng Chen, Xiangfang Tang and Benhai Xiong
Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070252 - 12 Jul 2025
Viewed by 383
Abstract
In this paper, screen-printed ion-selective electrodes combined with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used to rapidly and accurately measure serum Ca2+ concentration. Due to the susceptibility of cows to hypocalcemia after delivery, this disease can affect the health [...] Read more.
In this paper, screen-printed ion-selective electrodes combined with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used to rapidly and accurately measure serum Ca2+ concentration. Due to the susceptibility of cows to hypocalcemia after delivery, this disease can affect the health of cows and reduce milk production. Therefore, the development of an economical and swift detection method holds paramount importance for facilitating early diagnosis and subsequent treatment. In this study, by combining the high electrical conductivity and large surface area of SWCNTs with the strong catalytic activity of AuNPs, a SWCNTs/AuNPs composite with high sensitivity and good stability was prepared, achieving efficient selective recognition and signal conversion of Ca2+. The experimental results indicate that the screen-printed electrode modified with SWCNTs/AuNPs exhibited excellent performance in the determination of Ca2+ concentration. Its linear response range is 10−5.5–10−1 M, covering the normal and pathological concentration range of Ca2+ in cow blood, and the detection limit is far below the clinical detection requirements. In addition, the electrode also has good anti-interference ability and fast response time (about 15 s), showing good performance in the range of 5–45 °C. In practical applications, the combination of the electrode and portable detection equipment can realize the field rapid determination of cow blood Ca2+ concentration. This method is easy to operate, cost-effective, and easy to promote, providing strong technical support for the health management of dairy farms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrochemical Devices and Sensors)
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19 pages, 26396 KiB  
Article
Development of a Networked Multi-Participant Driving Simulator with Synchronized EEG and Telemetry for Traffic Research
by Poorendra Ramlall, Ethan Jones and Subhradeep Roy
Systems 2025, 13(7), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070564 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 454
Abstract
This paper presents a multi-participant driving simulation framework designed to support traffic experiments involving the simultaneous collection of vehicle telemetry and cognitive data. The system integrates motion-enabled driving cockpits, high-fidelity steering and pedal systems, immersive visual displays (monitor or virtual reality), and the [...] Read more.
This paper presents a multi-participant driving simulation framework designed to support traffic experiments involving the simultaneous collection of vehicle telemetry and cognitive data. The system integrates motion-enabled driving cockpits, high-fidelity steering and pedal systems, immersive visual displays (monitor or virtual reality), and the Assetto Corsa simulation engine. To capture cognitive states, dry-electrode EEG headsets are used alongside a custom-built software tool that synchronizes EEG signals with vehicle telemetry across multiple drivers. The primary contribution of this work is the development of a modular, scalable, and customizable experimental platform with robust data synchronization, enabling the coordinated collection of neural and telemetry data in multi-driver scenarios. The synchronization software developed through this study is freely available to the research community. This architecture supports the study of human–human interactions by linking driver actions with corresponding neural activity across a range of driving contexts. It provides researchers with a powerful tool to investigate perception, decision-making, and coordination in dynamic, multi-participant traffic environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Simulation of Transportation Systems)
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