Search Results (167)

Poly(organo)phosphazenes (PPZs) are increasingly recognized as versatile biomaterials for drug delivery applications in nanomedicine. Their unique hybrid structure—featuring an inorganic backbone and highly tunable organic side chains—confers exceptional biocompatibility and adaptability. Through precise synthetic methodologies, PPZs can be engineered to exhibit a wide spectrum of functional properties, including the formation of multifunctional nanostructures tailored for specific therapeutic needs. These attributes enable PPZs to address several critical challenges associated with conventional drug delivery systems, such as poor pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. By modulating solubility profiles, enhancing drug stability, enabling targeted delivery, and supporting controlled release, PPZs offer a robust platform for improving therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes. This review explores the fundamental chemistry, biopharmaceutical characteristics, and biomedical applications of PPZs, particularly emphasizing their role in zero-dimensional nanotherapeutic systems, including various nanoparticle formulations. PPZ-based nanotherapeutics are further examined based on their drug-loading mechanisms, which include electrostatic complexation in polyelectrolytic systems, self-assembly in amphiphilic constructs, and covalent conjugation with active pharmaceutical agents. Together, these strategies underscore the potential of PPZs as a next-generation material for advanced drug delivery platforms. Full article

Laser desorption/ionization techniques, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI), are the basis of modern mass spectrometry, enabling the analysis of a wide range of chemical compounds, from small molecules to biopolymers. MALDI uses organic matrices to support ionization, while SALDI relies on inorganic surfaces or nanomaterials, which reduce background and improve measurement sensitivity. This review focuses on the potential of using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in LDI-MS, with particular emphasis on their synthesis from the gas phase (CVD, Chemical Vapor Deposition). The key role of nanostructures in increasing ionization efficiency and analytical selectivity is emphasized. The CVD technique enables precise control over the morphology, size, and distribution of nanoparticles, which translates into better repeatability and sensitivity of nanostructure-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (NALDI-MS) measurements. The latest achievements in this field are presented, as well as potential applications of CVD-produced AgNPs in analytical chemistry, environmental analysis, and the petrochemical industry. Full article

Photocatalytic hydrogen (H₂) production offers a promising solution to energy shortages and environmental challenges by converting solar energy into chemical energy. Hydrogen, as a versatile energy carrier, can be generated through photocatalysis under sunlight or via electrolysis powered by solar or wind energy. However, the advancement of photocatalysis is hindered by the limited availability of effective visible light-responsive semiconductors and the challenges of charge separation and transport. To address these issues, researchers are focusing on the development of novel nanostructured semiconductors and composite materials that can enhance photocatalytic performance. In this paper, we provide an overview of the advanced photocatalytic materials prepared so far that can be activated by sunlight, and their efficiency in H₂ production. One of the key strategies in this research area concerns improving the separation and transfer of electron–hole pairs generated by light, which can significantly boost H₂ production. Advanced hybrid materials, such as organic–inorganic hybrid composites consisting of a combination of polymers with metal oxide photocatalysts, and the creation of heterojunctions, are seen as effective methods to improve charge separation and interfacial interactions. The development of Schottky heterojunctions, Z-type heterojunctions, p–n heterojunctions from nanostructures, and the incorporation of nonmetallic atoms have proven to reduce photocorrosion and enhance photocatalytic efficiency. Despite these advancements, designing efficient semiconductor-based heterojunctions at the atomic scale remains a significant challenge for the realization of large-scale photocatalytic H₂ production. In this review, state-of-the-art advancements in photocatalytic hydrogen production are presented and discussed in detail, with a focus on photocatalytic nanostructures, heterojunctions and hybrid composites. Full article

The widespread phase-out of long-chain per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has created an urgent need for durable, fluorine-free water-repellent finishes that match the performance of legacy chemistries while minimising environmental impact. Here, the performance of an eco-friendly hybrid organic–inorganic treatment obtained by the in situ hydrolysis–condensation of triethoxy(octyl)silane (OS) in an amino-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (APT-PDMS) aqueous dispersion was investigated. The sol was applied to plain-weave cotton and polyester by a pad-dry-cure process and benchmarked against a commercial fluorinated finish. Morphology and chemistry were characterised by SEM–EDS, ATR-FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy; wettability was assessed by static contact angle, ISO 4920 spray ratings, and AATCC 193 water/alcohol repellence; and durability, handle, and breathability were evaluated through repeated laundering, bending stiffness, and water-vapour transmission rate measurements. The silica/PDMS coating formed a uniform, strongly adherent nanostructured layer conferring static contact angles of 130° on cotton and 145° on polyester. After five ISO 105-C10 wash cycles, the treated fabrics still displayed a spray rating of 5/5 and AATCC 193 grade 7, outperforming or equalling the fluorinated control, while causing ≤5% loss of water-vapour permeability and only a marginal increase in bending stiffness. These results demonstrate that the proposed one-step, water-borne sol–gel process affords a sustainable, industrially scalable route to high-performance, durable, water-repellent finishes for both natural and synthetic textiles, offering a viable alternative to PFAS-based chemistry for outdoor apparel and technical applications. Full article

Nanotopography refers to the intricate surface characteristics of materials at the sub-micron (<1000 nm) and nanometer (<100 nm) scales. These topographical surface features significantly influence the physical, chemical, and biological properties of biomaterials, affecting their interactions with cells and surrounding tissues. The development of nanostructured surfaces of polymeric nanocomposites has garnered increasing attention in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their ability to modulate cellular responses and enhance tissue regeneration. Various top-down and bottom-up techniques, including nanolithography, etching, deposition, laser ablation, template-assisted synthesis, and nanografting techniques, are employed to create structured surfaces on biomaterials. Additionally, nanotopographies can be fabricated using polymeric nanocomposites, with or without the integration of organic and inorganic nanomaterials, through advanced methods such as using electrospinning, layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, sol–gel processing, in situ polymerization, 3D printing, template-assisted methods, and spin coating. The surface topography of polymeric nanocomposite scaffolds can be tailored through the incorporation of organic nanomaterials (e.g., chitosan, dextran, alginate, collagen, polydopamine, cellulose, polypyrrole) and inorganic nanomaterials (e.g., silver, gold, titania, silica, zirconia, iron oxide). The choice of fabrication technique depends on the desired surface features, material properties, and specific biomedical applications. Nanotopographical modifications on biomaterials’ surface play a crucial role in regulating cell behavior, including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, which are critical for tissue engineering and repair. For effective tissue regeneration, it is imperative that scaffolds closely mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM), providing a mechanical framework and topographical cues that replicate matrix elasticity and nanoscale surface features. This ECM biomimicry is vital for responding to biochemical signaling cues, orchestrating cellular functions, metabolic processes, and subsequent tissue organization. The integration of nanotopography within scaffold matrices has emerged as a pivotal regulator in the development of next-generation biomaterials designed to regulate cellular responses for enhanced tissue repair and organization. Additionally, these scaffolds with specific surface topographies, such as grooves (linear channels that guide cell alignment), pillars (protrusions), holes/pits/dots (depressions), fibrous structures (mimicking ECM fibers), and tubular arrays (array of tubular structures), are crucial for regulating cell behavior and promoting tissue repair. This review presents recent advances in the fabrication methodologies used to engineer nanotopographical microenvironments in polymeric nanocomposite tissue scaffolds through the incorporation of nanomaterials and biomolecular functionalization. Furthermore, it discusses how these modifications influence cellular interactions and tissue regeneration. Finally, the review highlights the challenges and future perspectives in nanomaterial-mediated fabrication of nanotopographical polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Full article

The increasing use of nanostructured silver-containing inorganic materials raises concerns about their impact on aquatic organisms. This study assessed the toxicity of silver-modified bentonite composites on Chlamydomonas sp. Two materials were tested: silver-exchanged bentonite (Ben-Ag) and its reduced form (Ben-Ag (H₂)).Microalgae were exposed to 0.5 IC₅₀, 1.5 IC₅₀, and 2 IC₅₀. Ben-Ag showed higher toxicity than Ben-Ag (H₂), which even promoted algal growth at low doses. Fluorescence microscopy revealed morphological shrinkage in treated cells. Increased phenol content, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and altered antioxidant enzyme activities further confirmed Ben-Ag toxicity, along with reduced growth and photosynthetic pigments. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression under Ben-Ag exposure. Genes involved in photosynthesis (petB, psbL), caspase activity (casp), and carotenoid metabolism (Q2CHY) were down-regulated, indicating stress-induced damage. In contrast, genes encoding stress response enzymes (SOD, peroxidase), carbon metabolism enzymes (rbcL, PGQ1), and β-carotene biosynthesis (Q2BKT) were up-regulated, reflecting cellular defense mechanisms. Overall, the study highlights the high toxicity of Ben-Ag to Chlamydomonas sp., emphasizing the importance of evaluating environmental risks before using such materials in aquatic environments. Full article

Theranostic nanoparticles integrate diagnostic and therapeutic potential, representing a promising approach in precision medicine. Accordingly, numerous inventions have been patented to protect novel formulations and methods. This review examines the evolution of patented theranostic nanoparticles, focusing on organic nanosystems, particularly polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, to assess their development, technological advances, and patentability. A scoping review approach was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and European Patent Office (EPO) database. The search included patents filed within the last ten years (2014–2024) that specifically claimed organic and/or hybrid theranostic nanoparticles. Data extraction focused on nanoparticle composition, synthesis methods, functionalization strategies, and theranostic applications. The search identified 130 patents, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. These patents were primarily filed by inventors from the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Italy, and China. Polymeric nanoparticles were frequently engineered for targeted drug delivery and imaging, utilizing hyperbranched polyesters, sulfated polymers, or chitosan-based formulations. Lipid nanoparticles were often hybridized with inorganic nanomaterials or magnetic nanostructures to enhance their theranostic potential. While most patents detailed synthesis methods and physicochemical characterizations, only a few provided comprehensive preclinical validation, limiting their demonstrated efficacy. The analysis of recent patents highlights significant advances in the design and application of theranostic nanoparticles. However, a notable gap remains in validating these nanosystems for clinical translation. Future efforts should emphasize robust preclinical data, including in vitro and in vivo assessments, to enhance patent quality and applicability to substantiate the claimed theranostic capabilities. Full article

Today, flexible and lightweight electronics are regarded as a viable alternative to conventional rigid and heavy devices in various application fields. In the optoelectronic area, organic semiconductors offer advantages such as high absorption coefficients, low processing temperatures, mechanical flexibility and compatibility with plastic substrates, while inorganic nanostructures provide good electronic properties and high thermal stability. Thus, composite films with enhanced properties can be achieved by inserting inorganic nanostructures within organic layers. In this research work, CuS nanoparticles were prepared by wet chemical precipitation and then added to an organic mixture containing poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and N,N-bis-(1-dodecyl)perylene-3,4,9,10 tetracarboxylic diimide (AMC14), a chemically synthesized semiconductor, for fabricating hybrid composite films by matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) on indium tin oxide/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (ITO/PET) flexible substrates. A comparative assessment of the morphological, compositional, optical and electrical properties of the composite (P3HT:AMC14:CuS) and organic (P3HT:AMC14) layers was performed to evaluate their applicability in the photovoltaic cells. The transmission and emission spectra of the composite films are dominated by the optical features of AMC14, a perylene diimide derivative compound used as acceptor. In the case of devices based on MAPLE deposited composite layer fabricated on ITO/PET substrates, the electrical measurements carried under illumination revealed an improvement in the open circuit voltage parameter emphasizing their potential applications in the flexible device area. Full article

Hybrid polymers combine the benefits of inorganic and organic material properties, offering superior thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability, making them ideal for optical applications. This study focuses on the fabrication and characterization of antireflective (AR) structures within hybrid polymers using reactive ion etching (RIE). The etching process produces nanopillars with controlled heights, achieving excellent AR performance across a broad spectral range from 450 nm to 2 µm. Optical characterization, including angle-resolved transmission and reflection measurements, shows that the structured samples maintain high transmission efficiency and reduced reflectance at varying incidence angles. Thermal stability tests reveal that the AR structures preserve their optical properties after exposure to temperatures up to 250 °C. Higher temperatures cause significant material yellowing, which is attributed to changes in the bulk material rather than damage to the structured surface. Hydrophobicity measurements show significant water repellency in structured samples, with contact angles more than twice those of unstructured layers. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid polymers with moth-eye-inspired nanostructures for high-performance, durable optical components in demanding environments. Full article

The preparation of so-called hybrid nanomaterials has been widely developed in terms of functional and morphological complexity. However, the specific control of the arrangement of organic and inorganic species, which determines the properties of the final material, still remains a challenge. This article offers a review of the strategies that have been used for the preparation of polymer–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles and nanocapsules via processes involving miniemulsions. Different polymer–inorganic nanostructures are classified into four main groups according to the sequential order followed between the synthesis of the polymer and the inorganic species, and the presence or not of their counterpart precursors. The minimization of the energy of the system governs the self-assembly of the different material components and can be addressed by the miniemulsion formulation to reduce the interfacial tensions between the phases involved. The state of the art in the preparation of hybrid nanoparticles is reviewed, offering insight into the structural possibilities allowed by miniemulsion as a versatile synthetic technique. Full article

Improving the physico-mechanical characteristics of bitumen is a constant and pressing problem in road construction. The issue is solved by modifying bitumen with various additives, one of which is a nanostructured modifier. This paper examines the effect of adding a natural mineral, shungite, to bitumen from the Koksu deposit (Kazakhstan) after grinding under different conditions. The mechanochemical activation of shungite made it possible to obtain samples with an average particle diameter of up to 3 μm. Using scanning electron microscopy, nanostructured particles with sizes of up to 100 nm were discovered in their structure. The effect of nanostructured shungite on the rheological characteristics of bitumen—elasticity and loss moduli, and loss tangent at high and low temperatures—was studied. The transition temperatures of bitumen from the viscoelastic to the liquid state were established, and their shift to the region of elevated temperatures when modified with ground shungite are shown. The presence of organic and inorganic components in the composition of shungite—carbon, silica, and metal oxides—has a beneficial effect on the rheological properties of bitumen by forming bonds with resinous asphaltene components of bitumen. The use of bitumen modified with nanostructured shungite makes it possible to replace the polymer modifier with a natural mineral to improve the quality of the road surface. Full article

The microstructure of bone consists of nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) crystals aligned within the interspaces of collagen fibrils. To emulate this unique microstructure of bone, this work applied two biomimetic techniques to obtain bone-like microstructures in vitro, that is, combining the construction of collagen liquid crystal hydrogel (CLCH) with the application of a polymer-induced liquid precursor (PILP) mineralization process. Upon the elevation of pH, the collagen macromolecules within the collagen liquid crystal (CLC) were activated to self-assemble into CLCH, whose fibrils packed into a long and dense fiber bundle in high orientation, emulating the dense-packed matrix of bone. We demonstrated that the fibrillar mineralization of CLCH, leading to a bone-like nanostructured inorganic material part, can be achieved using the PILP crystallization process to pre-mineralize the dense collagen substrates of CLCH with CaCO₃, immediately followed by the in situ mineral phase transformation of CaCO₃ into weak-crystalline nano-HA. The combination of CLCH with the biomineralization process of PILP, together with the mineral phase transformation, achieved the in vitro simulation of the nanostructures of both the organic extracellular matrix (ECM) and inorganic ECM of bone. This design would constitute a novel idea for the design of three-dimension biomimetic bone-like material blocks for clinical needs. Full article

The development of environmentally friendly technology is vital to effectively address the issues related to environmental deterioration. This work integrates ZnO-decorated MoS₂ (MZ) to create a high-performing PVDF-based PVDF/MoS₂-ZnO (PMZ) hybrid polymer composite film for sonocatalytic organic pollutant degradation. An efficient synergistic combination of MZ was identified by altering the ratio, and its influence on PVDF was assessed using diverse structural, morphological, and sonocatalytic performances. The PMZ film demonstrated very effective sonocatalytic characteristics by degrading rhodamine B (RhB) dye with a degradation efficiency of 97.23%, whereas PVDF only degraded 17.7%. Combining MoS₂ and ZnO reduces electron–hole recombination and increases the sonocatalytic degradation performance. Moreover, an ideal piezoelectric PVDF polymer with MZ enhances polarization to improve redox processes and dye degradation, ultimately increasing the degradation efficiency. The degradation efficiency of RhB was seen to decrease while employing isopropanol (IPA) and p-benzoquinone (BQ) due to the presence of reactive oxygen species. This suggests that the active species •O₂⁻ and •OH are primarily responsible for the degradation of RhB utilizing PMZ2 film. The PMZ film exhibited improved reusability without substantially decreasing its catalytic activity. The superior embellishment of ZnO onto MoS₂ and effective integration of MZ into the PVDF polymer film results in improved degrading performance. Full article

Photoresists are fundamental materials in photolithography and are crucial for precise patterning in microelectronic devices, MEMS, and nanostructures. This paper provides an in-depth review of recent advancements in positive photoresist research and development, focusing on discussion regarding the underlying mechanisms governing their behavior, exploring innovative fabrication techniques, and highlighting the advantages of the photoresist classes discussed. The paper begins by discussing the need for the development of new photoresist technologies, highlighting issues associated with adopting extreme ultraviolet photolithography and addressing these challenges through the development of advanced positive-tone resist materials with improved patterning features, resolution, and sensitivity. Subsequently, it discusses the working mechanisms and synthesis methods of different types and subtypes of photoresists, starting from non-chemically amplified, organic, and inorganic–organic hybrid photoresists and progressing to dry film resists, with an emphasis on the upsides of each. The paper concludes by discussing how future research in the field of lithography—prioritizing concerns related to environmental impacts, improved photoresist material and properties, and utilization of advanced quantum technology—can assist with revolutionizing lithography techniques. Full article

Nowadays, nanotechnology represents a well-established approach, suitable for designing, producing, and applying materials to a broad range of advanced sectors. In this context, the use of well-suited “nano” approaches accounted for a big step forward in conferring optimized flame-retardant features to such a cellulosic textile material as cotton, considering its high ease of flammability, yearly production, and extended use. Being a surface-localized phenomenon, the flammability of cotton can be quite simply and effectively controlled by tailoring its surface through the deposition of nano-objects, capable of slowing down the heat and mass transfer from and to the textile surroundings, which accounts for flame fueling and possibly interacting with the propagating radicals in the gas phase. In this context, the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach has definitively demonstrated its reliability and effectiveness in providing cotton with enhanced flame-retardant features, through the formation of fully inorganic or hybrid organic/inorganic nanostructured assemblies on the fabric surface. Therefore, the present work aims to summarize the current state of the art related to the use of nanostructured LbL architectures for cotton flame retardancy, offering an overview of the latest research outcomes that often highlight the multifunctional character of the deposited assemblies and discussing the current limitations and some perspectives. Full article