Search Results (24,611)

This paper proposes a safe and effective human–robot physical interaction control framework for exoskeleton robots that enhances system compliance and safety while enabling the robot to adapt to human motion. The framework is designed around two primary objectives: first, a model-free adaptive control method is employed for reference trajectory estimation to achieve real-time estimation of human motion intention; second, the Forgetting Factor Recursive Least Squares (FFRLS) method is utilized for online estimation and the learning of human impedance parameters, considering their time-varying nature. In addition, a model-free adaptive trajectory tracking control strategy is proposed to optimize control performance during human–robot physical interaction. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control framework outperforms conventional methods significantly in terms of safety and compliance. Full article

Natural circulation is a key passive heat removal mechanism in advanced reactor systems, including Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs). Owing to the high operating temperatures and material challenges associated with molten salts, surrogate fluids with Prandtl numbers comparable to those of molten salts have emerged as promising candidates for studying heat transfer phenomena in MSRs. The present study marks the first experimental and numerical investigation using Therminol-66 (Th-66) simulant oil as a surrogate fluid for molten salts in a natural circulation (NC) test loop setup at the University of Idaho Thermal-Hydraulics Laboratory. Experimental temperature measurements and energy-balance-based mass flow rate estimations were used to validate a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model developed in ANSYS FLUENT. Two numerical configurations were considered: an adiabatic-wall model and a model incorporating distributed heat losses. The inclusion of heat losses significantly improved predictive accuracy, reducing the maximum relative error in heater outlet temperature to 16.7%. The largest deviation of 35.5% was observed at the heater inlet, primarily due to differences in power distribution and hydraulic resistance between the experimental system and the simplified numerical model. The CFD model systematically overpredicted the mass flow rate, mainly as a result of geometric simplifications (e.g., omission of flanges and minor loss elements) and the assumption that the total heater power was applied directly to the immersed heater rods. On the experimental side, distributed heat losses and indirect mass flow rate estimation introduced additional uncertainty. Nevertheless, the CFD model successfully captured the overall thermal and hydraulic trends across all operating conditions. The validated simulations further provided detailed insight into local and global temperature and velocity distributions within the heater and cooler sections. The results highlight the importance of accurately representing thermal losses and hydraulic resistance to achieve reliable prediction of natural circulation behavior in surrogate MSR systems. Full article

The temporal course of neuronal electric activity within brain networks, or neurodynamics, reflects the structural and functional properties of the neuronal populations that generate it. Using intracranial stereo-electroencephalography (sEEG) recordings from the public Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) atlas, we investigated neurodynamics in the primary motor (M1), somatosensory (S1), and auditory (A1) cortices. We tested whether modifying the Higuchi fractal dimension (HFD) by replacing the Euclidean distance with the Fréchet distance could improve sensitivity to local neurodynamics by incorporating trajectory-based similarities in signal evolution. Using a conservative within-subject approach established in the previous literature, we compared signals recorded from different cortical areas within the same individuals (M1 vs. S1: # of people = 16; M1 vs. A1: # = 9; S1 vs. A1: # = 6). To delve deeper into the new measure’s meaning, it was tested on sequences with known fractal properties, the Brownian motion and the Weierstrass function. Results showed that the newly introduced Fréchet-based HFD (HFDf), similarly to standard HFD, consistently discriminated cortical areas at the intra-subject level, confirming the robustness of fractal dimension as a descriptor of region-specific neurodynamics. Contrary to our hypothesis, HFDf did not provide additional sensitivity across areas and notably, it displayed less evident reduction of values in sleep than awake. While cortical regions may share common governing principles across spatiotemporal scales, these do not necessarily translate into strict similarity in temporal signal morphology. We suggest that these findings support that the free-scale nature of neurodynamics is not a self-similar one. This refinement of quantitative tools for cortical neurodynamic mapping paves the way towards novel tools for neuroimaging-informed neuromodulation strategies. Full article

This study aims to build a spatial model for selecting the optimal site for a radio astronomy observatory in southern Jordan. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)-based methodology were used in this study to develop a spatial model for choosing the best location for a radio astronomy observatory in southern Jordan. The criteria were weighted using a hybrid framework that combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the entropy method to account for the actual spatial diversity of the data, in addition to expert judgment. The study assesses site suitability by considering several environmental and logistical factors that mitigate radio frequency interference (RFI), including elevation, cloud cover, artificial light pollution, and accessibility. A final map highlighting the optimal areas for radio astronomy observatories in southern Jordan has been created. The study methodology started with MCDA, and was followed by several stages, including visual evaluation, overlay analysis, establishment of 500 m buffer zones, extraction of the “Very High Suitability” class, and conversion to a transparent vector layer that is free from urban overlap and electromagnetic interference. The results show that the majority of large observatories (10 km²; equivalent to ≥10,000,000 m²) are located in Aqaba and Ma’an, which offer natural isolation and wide expanses ideal for global projects. Medium observatories (0.5–10 km²; equivalent to 500,000–10,000,000 m²) were generally identified at a reasonable cost in Ma’an and Aqaba, with the possibility of radio surveillance and infrastructure expansion. Many small observatories (0.01–0.5 km²; equivalent to 10,000–500,000 m²) were constructed near academic institutions, providing viable, easily accessible places for university research with little regulatory restraints. This research contributes to national astronomy infrastructure planning and serves as a model for other countries experiencing dry or semi-arid climates. It also offers decision-makers a useful spatial database. Full article

Coaxial magnetic gears (CMGs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional mechanical gear systems due to their contactless torque transmission, low maintenance requirements, and high reliability. However, under high-speed operation, conductivity-induced eddy current losses become dominant and significantly limit thermal performance. This study comparatively investigates the coupled electromagnetic and thermal behavior of two compact CMGs with identical torque capacity using M400-50A electrical steel and cobalt-based Hiperco 50A. Coupled electromagnetic–thermal finite element analyses are performed from 1000 to 12,000 rpm under worst-case natural convection conditions. The results demonstrate that the use of Hiperco 50A reduces core losses by up to 71% at high speeds and enables approximately 7.3% greater volumetric compactness owing to its higher saturation capability. Eddy-current-related losses remain the dominant loss mechanism at elevated speeds, causing inner-rotor permanent-magnet temperatures to exceed the allowable limits of NdFeB materials. Under natural convection, the outer permanent-magnet temperature remains below the critical threshold of 200 °C up to approximately 5800 rpm for the M400-50A design. With Hiperco 50A, this limit increases to approximately 6000 rpm under identical operating conditions, corresponding to an improvement of about 3%. These findings demonstrate the thermal benefits of high-saturation magnetic alloys; however, additional cooling strategies are required for operation at higher speeds. Full article

The inherent brittleness of cementitious materials presents a fundamental limitation for advanced structural applications. While bio-inspired Bouligand architectures have demonstrated remarkable damage tolerance in natural composites, their systematic translation to brittle inorganic binders via 3D concrete printing (3DCP)—and the development of high-fidelity meso-scale models to quantitatively map the resulting strength–toughness design space—remains underexplored. This study aims to decouple the intrinsic topological toughening potential of helicoidal Bouligand architectures from the stochastic defects inherent to additive manufacturing, through a meso-scale finite element (FE) framework. To physically validate the model, a nano-clay-assisted rheological strategy was utilized to enable the support-free fabrication of these helicoidal prototypes. Computationally, a meso-scale FE framework integrating the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model with three-dimensional cohesive zone elements was developed to explicitly resolve inter- and intra-layer interfacial crack kinematics. Coupled physical compression tests and numerical simulations indicate that the 15° Bouligand architecture achieves a computationally predicted 16.3-fold increase in volumetric energy absorption (experimentally: 13.7-fold) compared to the 0° unidirectional baseline, with a modest ~11% reduction in compressive strength (from ~33.0 MPa to ~29.5 MPa in simulations; ~12% experimentally). Furthermore, numerical parametric studies across the complete pitch-angle design space reveal an optimal topological window at 15–30°, wherein the competing effects of crack deflection and structural integrity are balanced. Imperfection sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the topological toughening mechanism is relatively robust: even with a 30% reduction in inter-filament bonding strength, the work of fracture remains 12.4 times higher than that of the 0° control. These findings suggest that spatial toolpath programming offers a viable, geometry-driven strategy for developing damage-tolerant cementitious composites, complementing conventional material-level reinforcement approaches. Full article

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a material-extrusion additive manufacturing technology that is widely used in rapid prototyping, complex product modeling, and functional part fabrication. However, process-parameter drift and environmental disturbances may induce underfilling, overfilling, warping, delamination, and other defects, thereby reducing part quality or interrupting the manufacturing process. Since FDM is characterized by point-wise extrusion and layer-by-layer deposition, layer-surface images naturally contain both spatial morphology and temporal evolution information. Existing image-based diagnostic methods often treat layer images as independent samples, and the selection of the image-stream length is still insufficiently supported by experimental evidence. Moreover, spatial compression in spatiotemporal neural networks may remove local defect information that is important for distinguishing similar process-parameter drifts. This study provides a deployment-oriented analysis of FDM image-stream diagnosis by systematically examining how layer-window length, spatial feature preservation, and strict data partitioning influence process-parameter drift recognition. To address these issues, this paper studies ConvLSTM-based FDM image-stream process-parameter drift diagnosis. Continuous region-of-interest image streams are constructed for one nominal condition and six process-parameter drift conditions. In this paper, the time step T denotes the number of consecutive layer-surface images, or, equivalently, the number of consecutive printed layers, contained in one diagnostic image stream. A ConvLSTM-Flatten baseline is first developed to preserve complete spatial feature maps and to evaluate the effect of different time-step lengths. Then, a ConvLSTM model with adaptive spatial pooling and temporal attention (ASP-TA) is constructed to analyze the influence of spatial pooling granularity and temporal feature fusion. The experiments show that the ConvLSTM-Flatten model achieves the highest average test accuracy of 0.7288 at $T=9$, whereas $T=3$ is identified as a practical optimal time step when test accuracy, image-frame computation, diagnosis latency, and convergence behavior are considered together. The paired trial-wise accuracy difference between $T=9$ and $T=3$ is small and not statistically significant over ten repeated trials. Thus, the diagnostic window corresponding to $T=3$ covers three consecutive deposited layers; after the initial window is available, stride-one stream construction allows the diagnosis to be updated with each newly acquired layer image. ASP-TA with a pooling size of eight consistently outperforms ASP-TA with a pooling size of four, but both are lower than the Flatten baseline, indicating that preserving sufficient spatial information is essential for distinguishing FDM process-parameter drift states. The results reveal the non-monotonic influence of time-step length and clarify the tradeoff between spatial feature preservation and model compactness in FDM image-stream process-parameter drift diagnosis. Full article

Dog parks are widely used recreational spaces for human–dog interaction, yet there is little empirical data about how surface materials influence dogs’ behavior and welfare. This study evaluated dogs’ behavior on three surfaces commonly used in outdoor dog recreation areas. Ten dogs (N = 10) participated in ten structured play sessions in an experimental area with unrestricted access to all surfaces. The testing area consisted of a 12.2 m² playground divided into nine plots of equal size. Each plot was randomly assigned a surface material (i.e., natural grass, stabilized grass, or artificial turf) in a 3 × 3 block design. Environmental and surface temperatures were recorded in each session. Dog behavior was recorded during a pre- and post-play period and measured using a 10 s scan sampling technique. In addition, surface characteristic measures were collected throughout the study to evaluate differences in their tolerance to weather conditions and usage. Artificial turf consistently reached a higher temperature (25.2 °C; 95% CI: 24.5–25.8 °C) than natural (19.4 °C; 95% CI: 18.7–20.1 °C) and stabilized (20.0 °C; 95% CI: 19.3–20.6 °C). In this study, the artificial turf reached temperatures as high as 63.8 °C while, under the same environmental conditions, the surface temperature of both natural turfgrass treatments remained below 40 °C. During the pre-play period, dogs showed more active than passive behaviors on the stabilized surface (35.03%; 95% CI: 30.58–39.80%) compared to the natural (27.86%; 95% CI: 23.94–32.10%) and artificial turf (23.31%; 95% CI: 19.81–27.20%). During the post-play period, activity levels decreased across all surfaces, while the occurrence of passive behaviors increased and was observed more frequently on the natural turfgrass surfaces (27.30% on stabilized and 15.52% on natural) than on artificial turf (2.41%). Artificial turf was less affected by dog traffic and seasonal changes; however, its surface was harder than both natural turfgrass treatments. The addition of the stabilizing grid failed to reduce soil compaction as anticipated. Overall, dogs spent more time on both natural turfgrass surfaces than artificial turf. However, a potential confounding effect of location could have influenced dog behavior. Nonetheless, our findings show that dog owners should be cautious when using artificial turf areas when environmental temperatures are above 25 °C when the turf temperature is above the safety threshold for burn injuries. These findings highlight the importance of carefully selecting surface materials for outdoor dog spaces to ensure dogs’ safety and comfort. Full article

Oxide systems with the nominal composition LaCaCuVMnO_7.5 and composites modified with the YBa₂Cu₃O_x phase were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. The phase composition and structural features were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). The parent oxide was found to form a two-phase system, consisting of an orthorhombic perovskite-like phase and a cubic manganite–vanadate phase, whereas the introduction of 10 wt.% YBa₂Cu₃O_x resulted in the formation of a three-phase composite containing an additional cuprate phase. Thermophysical investigations in the 298–673 K range revealed λ-type-like anomalies in the heat capacity, which may be associated with possible structural or interphase transformations in the investigated oxide systems. The incorporation of YBa₂Cu₃O_x significantly modified the temperature dependence of heat capacity and increased its values over both low- and high-temperature regions. Electrophysical measurements in the 293–483 K range confirmed the semiconducting nature of conductivity, while the addition of YBa₂Cu₃O_x reduced electrical resistance and enhanced dielectric permittivity. These findings demonstrate that YBa₂Cu₃O_x modification provides an effective route for tuning the thermophysical and electrophysical properties of LaCaCuVMnO_7.5-based oxide systems, suggesting their potential as promising candidates for multifunctional oxide materials with possible electronic and sensor-related applications. Full article

Anthropogenic CO₂ emissions have perturbed the global carbon cycle and increased atmospheric carbon concentrations to critical levels, making carbon capture and storage (CCS) a key strategy for mitigating climate warming. Natural carbon sequestration has operated continuously in marine environments throughout Earth history. Here, we investigate the growth mechanisms and carbon-sink significance of calcite concretions in the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation from the Zhaojiashan section and the Zhenzhuquan section in the North China Craton, using petrographic, elemental geochemical and C-O-Re-Os isotopic evidence. The presence of erosional surfaces and local truncation of host-rock laminae suggests that these concretions formed synsedimentarily or during early diagenesis near the sediment-water interface. The δ¹³C values (−5.05‰ to 1.54‰) of samples, together with δ¹⁸O-δ¹³C relationships, indicate a marine carbonate affinity and suggest that dissolved inorganic carbon was the dominant carbon source. In addition, the concretions display initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios as low as 0.136, close to the mantle Os end-member, implying a contribution from mantle-derived material during concretion formation. The middle rare earth element and yttrium (MREYs)-enriched patterns and slight positive Ce anomalies further indicate that concretion growth occurred mainly within the Mn- and Fe-reduction zones. We estimate that the calcite-concretion-bearing interval of the Xiamaling Formation sequestered 70.24 Gt C, equivalent to 257.56 Gt CO₂, serving as an archive of marine carbon burial in the Mesoproterozoic ocean. Microbially mediated carbonate precipitation may represent an effective carbon immobilization mechanism in marine sediments and has potential implications for the development of subseafloor carbon storage strategies, especially where biocatalysts and/or brine could accelerate seawater CO₂ mineral trapping to industrially relevant rates. Full article

Background: The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the use of the Zipf–Mandelbrot (ZM) law to mathematically model the percentage occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), as a function of rank, reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Monitoring System (US FDA AEMS). Methods: Six commonly used but pharmacologically different hospital-based medications were examined. Nonlinear curve fitting of the two ZM coefficients was utilized to model the percentage occurrence of ADRs in a hierarchical or rank order for each drug examined. Results: The reported complications and their associated occurrence rates for all six medications were accurately modeled using the ZM law. Those medications that have a greater percentage of reported ADRs within their first ten ranks were also found to have a greater negative slope. Furthermore, a natural logarithmic transformation of both the reported FDA data and the ZM law-derived predicted values demonstrated a consistent near-linear relationship, which was statistically significant. The ratio of the coefficients of the ZM law, $a·b^{-1}$, was also found to be a potentially useful index that allows for describing and comparing the overall shape of the medication-specific distributions. Conclusions: Based upon this preliminary examination, the ZM law appears to be applicable to the mathematical modeling of US FDA-reported ADRs. Additional research to assess and utilize this law for the analysis, economic management, and possible improvement in patient outcomes may be warranted. Full article

This study investigated vegetation frontline dynamics, fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and community succession in the tidal-flat wetlands of the Liaohe Estuary. The eastern bank of the Liaohe River within the Shuangtaihe National Nature Reserve was selected as the study area, and six periods of Landsat and Gaofen-1 (GF-1) imagery from 2000 to 2025 were used. Remote-sensing preprocessing, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)-based FVC inversion, vegetation frontline extraction, Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS)-based rate calculation, land-cover classification, and spatial correlation analysis were integrated to characterize wetland spatiotemporal dynamics and succession patterns. The results showed that the linear regression rate (LRR) and end point rate (EPR) effectively captured the long-term trend and five short-term fluctuations in vegetation frontline migration. FVC fluctuated markedly over the 25-year period, whereas the weighted average (WA) of the five FVC classes remained generally stable and effectively summarized overall vegetation growth. Vegetation frontline migration was spatially associated with annual FVC change (ΔFVC); both LRR and ΔFVC showed significant positive spatial autocorrelation and evident spatial clustering. In addition, the conversion among mudflats, Suaeda salsa, Phragmites australis, and water bodies was closely coupled with frontline migration. These findings provide a scientific basis for quantifying coastal wetland sustainability and for designing spatially targeted restoration strategies in the Liaohe Estuary. The proposed coupling analysis framework also offers a transferable remote sensing approach for monitoring wetland sustainability under changing environmental conditions. Full article

The influence of natural and synthetic blue food colorants on the human body, including the cardiovascular system, is a complex and not fully understood topic. Considering that various papers have demonstrated that oxidative stress is a crucial step in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), our experiments on the pro- or antioxidant action of three blue food colorants (one natural colorant—genipin—and two synthetic colorants—brilliant blue FCF and patent blue V) focused on two aspects that are important for the development of CVDs: the level of biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ (the donor of hydroxyl radicals—one of the most aggressive reactive oxygen species produced in humans) in human blood platelets and human plasma, as well as the arachidonic acid cascade in blood platelets stimulated by thrombin (in vitro). Our results demonstrated that two tested blue colorants—genipin and brilliant blue FCF (at four used concentrations: 2, 10, 20, and 200 µM)—reduced plasma lipid peroxidation induced by H₂O₂/Fe²⁺. Moreover, all tested blue colorants (genipin, brilliant blue FCF, and patent blue V; at the concentrations 2, 10, 20, and 200 µM) inhibited lipid peroxidation in blood platelets treated with H₂O₂/Fe²⁺. In contrast, only genipin (at the highest used concentration—200 µM) statistically significantly reduced plasma protein carbonylation induced by H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ (inhibition of this process: about 25%). However, all tested food colorants decreased blood platelet protein carbonylation stimulated by H₂O₂/Fe²⁺, but their action was not always statistically significant. In addition, we noted that all used blue food colorants (1–200 µM) have protector effects on the change in the level of thiol groups in plasma proteins stimulated by H₂O₂/Fe²⁺, but these tested colorants change the level of thiol groups in blood platelets treated with H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ only at the highest used concentration—200 µM. In conclusion, the present study provides the first data on the antioxidant potential of genipin, brilliant blue FCF, and patent blue V in selected elements of blood treated with H₂O₂/Fe²⁺. Earlier and current studies have indicated the promising potential of these blue food colorants, especially genipin (without cytotoxicity toward human blood platelets), which can modify the oxidative stress of platelets and plasma in vitro at concentrations (1–200 µM) which can be obtained in blood during its administration. However, the presented results have limitations, especially concerning the mechanistic clarity surrounding the antioxidant properties of the tested blue food colorants. Therefore, further in vivo experiments are needed to provide a better understanding of their antioxidant potential. Full article

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding white mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit to extruded corn snacks on their polyphenol profile, antioxidant properties, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and the preservation of phenolic compounds in an in vitro digestion model. Mixtures of corn grits with 0, 10, 15 and 20% dried mulberry fruit were extruded at temperatures of 100, 120 and 140 °C, and then the total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ for DPPH) were determined. For selected samples (0%, 140—3E; 15% mulberry, 140—9E; mulberry—13E), further antioxidant tests (FRAP, CUPRAC, Fe²⁺ chelation) were performed, the phenolic compound profile (UHPLC) and AChE inhibition were assessed, and a two-step in vitro digestion was conducted. The addition of mulberry significantly increased TPC- and free-radical-scavenging capacity compared to the control sample, with snacks containing 15% mulberry extruded at 140 °C showing approximately a 3.5-fold higher TPC than the control, while dried mulberry fruit itself exhibited about a five-fold higher TPC than this enriched snack. Among the snacks, the most favorable DPPH-radical-scavenging effect was obtained for the variant with 20% mulberry at 120 °C (IC₅₀ = 0.176 mg/mL), whereas the mulberry fruit extract reached an IC₅₀ of 0.0926 mg/mL. In a two-step in vitro digestion model, the mulberry-enriched snack with 15% fruit retained 69.3% of its initial TPC after the gastric phase and 33.3% after the intestinal phase, compared with 55.0% and 20.0%, respectively, for the control snack, confirming a partial but meaningful preservation of phenolic compounds under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. UHPLC analysis confirmed that mulberry and the enriched snacks are a rich source of chlorogenic acids and their isomers, as well as quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, which largely survived the two-step in vitro digestion, despite an observed decrease in TPC after the gastric stage and a further reduction after the intestinal stage. At the same time, mulberry extract and mulberry-enriched snacks exhibited high antioxidant activity in all tests conducted and in vitro AChE inhibitory activity, suggesting that Morus alba L. fruit has the potential to be used as a natural functional ingredient in the production of gluten-free snacks with antioxidant and potentially neuroprotective properties. Full article

Polymer/Silica aerogel (SA) composites improve mechanical properties strategically, but the mixing process disrupts the aerogel’s structure, reducing its efficiency due to polymer chains filling the pores. Pre-vulcanized natural rubber latex (PVNRL) with a higher crosslink density can strain the moving chains, thereby preserving the SA-porous structure in the bulk composite for thermal insulation materials. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PVNRL pre-vulcanization time and SA-immersion time in PVNRL. For PVNRL/SA composite preparation, various PVNRL, from 0 days to 8 days of pre-vulcanization time, were mixed with a fixed SA content of 20 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) using a latex compounding method. Subsequently, the PVNRL/SA slurries were cast on glass plates with 0, 3, and 6 days to obtain the PVNRL/SA composite. Considering the effect of pre-vulcanization time, the crosslink density of the composite increased and revealed a peak at PVNRL/SA with 8-day PVNRL by 7.277 ± 0.881 μmol , corresponding to the closest percentage of pore area in the SA’s structure to the pristine SA, and eventually a 42.41% lower thermal conductivity than the PVNRL/SA with 0-day PVNRL exhibited. In addition, the thermal conductivity increased more slowly over immersion time with the presence of 8-day PVNRL. The proposed correlation states that increasing the pre-vulcanization improves the thermal insulation performance of PVNRL/SA composites, emphasizing the reduction of filled SA’s pore with unvulcanized NR chains. Furthermore, the PVNRL/SA composite with 8-day PVNRL maintains thermal stability at 387.3 °C, and can be flexed at room temperature. These fascinating discoveries may be advantageous for further applications related to thin-film and flexible thermal insulation materials. Full article