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23,276 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
105 Citations
20,107 Views
16 Pages

Cinnamon: A Natural Feed Additive for Poultry Health and Production—A Review

  • Akhtar Ali,
  • Eric N. Ponnampalam,
  • Gamini Pushpakumara,
  • Jeremy J. Cottrell,
  • Hafiz A. R. Suleria and
  • Frank R. Dunshea

7 July 2021

The increased bacterial resistance to synthetic antibiotics and consumer awareness about the health and food safety concerns have triggered the ban on the use of antibiotic growth promotors (AGPs) in the poultry industry. This situation encouraged th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,348 Views
14 Pages

Lubricating Performance of Lanzhou Lily Crude Extract as Natural Additive

  • Min Xie,
  • Chenghua Lai,
  • Juanjuan Chen,
  • Feng Cao and
  • Ying Ma

Due to environmental concerns and multifunctional requirements, natural additives are a promising alternative to traditional enhancers like metal nanoparticles. Lanzhou lily crude extract (LLCE) was investigated as an additive in PEG400 base oil. Fir...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,477 Views
31 Pages

Glucose Metabolism-Modifying Natural Materials for Potential Feed Additive Development

  • Wei-Chih Lin,
  • Boon-Chin Hoe,
  • Xianming Li,
  • Daizheng Lian and
  • Xiaowei Zeng

Glucose, a primary energy source derived from animals’ feed ration, is crucial for their growth, production performance, and health. However, challenges such as metabolic stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut microbiota disruption dur...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,576 Views
18 Pages

Over the past 25 years, cannabis plants have gained major popularity in the research community. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and stabilization efficiency of cannabidiol (CBD) extract in two different polymers: polylactide (PL...

  • Review
  • Open Access
30 Citations
9,233 Views
30 Pages

Natural Fiber Composite Filaments for Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review

  • Irshad Ahamad Khilji,
  • Chaitanya Reddy Chilakamarry,
  • Athira Nair Surendran,
  • Kunal Kate and
  • Jagannadh Satyavolu

21 November 2023

This research explores the potential and significance of 3D printing natural fiber composite (NFC) materials. The primary objective is to investigate the mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties of NFC filaments, mainly focusing on biodegrad...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,429 Views
11 Pages

Valorization of Potato Peel Waste as Natural Additive for Use in Meat Products

  • Daniela Alejandra Espinoza-García,
  • Brisa del Mar Torres-Martínez,
  • Rey David Vargas-Sánchez,
  • Gastón Ramón Torrescano-Urrutia and
  • Armida Sánchez-Escalante

18 December 2023

Potato peel is a waste generated in large amounts in the food industry; however, it has been shown that these residues are an important source of antioxidant compounds. The effect of potato peel powder addition (2, 5, and 10%) on the physicochemical,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,309 Views
14 Pages

22 July 2024

The art of dyeing fabrics is one of the oldest human activities. In order to improve the fastness properties of dyeing products, various additives are added to optimize the uniformity of fibers and surfaces and improve dye distribution. Unfortunately...

  • Review
  • Open Access
122 Citations
10,707 Views
18 Pages

Potential for Natural Fiber Reinforcement in PLA Polymer Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additive Manufacturing: A Review

  • Ching Hao Lee,
  • Farah Nadia Binti Mohammad Padzil,
  • Seng Hua Lee,
  • Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’ari Ainun and
  • Luqman Chuah Abdullah

27 April 2021

In this review, the potential of natural fiber and kenaf fiber (KF) reinforced PLA composite filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printing technology is highlighted. Additive manufacturing is a material-processing method in which the addit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
3,485 Views
14 Pages

22 May 2023

Piezoresistive sensors for monitoring human motions are essential for the prevention and treatment of injury. Natural rubber is a material of renewable origin that can be used for the development of soft wearable sensors. In this study, natural rubbe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,509 Views
12 Pages

8 April 2024

Due to the growing global population and consequent increased demand for food, the global production of cereal crops has increased. Wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world, as its products, e.g., bread and crackers, have served as...

  • Review
  • Open Access
70 Citations
11,891 Views
19 Pages

Edible Mushrooms as a Natural Source of Food Ingredient/Additive Replacer

  • Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas,
  • Jose Antonio Rodriguez,
  • Rubén Domínguez,
  • José Manuel Lorenzo,
  • Maria Elena Sosa,
  • Silvina Cecilia Andrés,
  • Marcelo Rosmini,
  • José Angel Pérez-Alvarez,
  • Alfredo Teixeira and
  • Eva María Santos

3 November 2021

Although mushrooms have been exploited since ancient times because of their particular taste and therapeutic properties, the interest in edible species as a source of ingredients and bioactive compounds is recent. Their valuable nutritional contents...

  • Review
  • Open Access
37 Citations
7,491 Views
16 Pages

Immunomodulatory Effects of Natural Feed Additives for Meat Chickens

  • Clive J. C. Phillips,
  • Babak Hosseintabar-Ghasemabad,
  • Ivan F. Gorlov,
  • Marina I. Slozhenkina,
  • Aleksandr A. Mosolov and
  • Alireza Seidavi

30 May 2023

Broiler chickens are increasingly kept in large numbers in intensive housing conditions that are stressful, potentially depleting the immune system. With the prohibition of the use of antibiotics in poultry feed spreading worldwide, it is necessary t...

  • Review
  • Open Access
22 Citations
6,090 Views
23 Pages

Potential Additives in Natural Rubber-Modified Bitumen: A Review

  • Nurul Farhana Rohayzi,
  • Herda Yati Binti Katman,
  • Mohd Rasdan Ibrahim,
  • Shuhairy Norhisham and
  • Noorhazlinda Abd Rahman

20 April 2023

Conventional bitumen pavement is no longer suitable for handling increasing loads and weather variations, which cause road deterioration, Thus, the modification of bitumen has been suggested to counter this issue. This study provides a detailed asses...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,650 Views
18 Pages

Effect of Additional Mass on Natural Frequencies of Weight-Sensing Structures

  • Guiyong Guo,
  • Shuncong Zhong,
  • Qiukun Zhang,
  • Jianfeng Zhong and
  • Dongming Liu

1 September 2023

The phenomena of variability and interference in the natural frequencies of weight-sensing structures applied in complex working conditions must solve the problem of reducing or eliminating resonance under low-frequency vibrations to maximize stabili...

  • Review
  • Open Access
23 Citations
4,457 Views
12 Pages

3 December 2024

The holistic sensory experience creates a unified perception that influences consumer memory. Consumer interest in clean label products underlines an accelerated trend towards products without artificial additives. From a sensory point of view, food...

  • Review
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,565 Views
22 Pages

21 June 2022

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using polymers with antibacterial and antifungal properties; therefore, the present review is focused on the effect of natural compounds on the antibacterial and antifungal properties of polyureth...

  • Review
  • Open Access
156 Citations
12,174 Views
22 Pages

Tomato as Potential Source of Natural Additives for Meat Industry. A Review

  • Rubén Domínguez,
  • Patricia Gullón,
  • Mirian Pateiro,
  • Paulo E. S. Munekata,
  • Wangang Zhang and
  • José Manuel Lorenzo

15 January 2020

Tomato industry produces huge amounts of by-products that represent an environmental and economic problem. However, these by-products contain multiple bioactive compounds, which would make them a renewable source for obtaining natural antioxidants an...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Citations
7,308 Views
28 Pages

Application of Natural Antioxidants as Feed Additives in Aquaculture: A Review

  • Xiaodan Hu,
  • Wenjing Ma,
  • Disen Zhang,
  • Zikun Tian,
  • Yuanqiang Yang,
  • Yi Huang and
  • Yuhang Hong

17 January 2025

Oxidative stress, a critical factor affecting the health and productivity of aquatic organisms, arises from the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses. In aquaculture, natural antioxidants have gained incr...

  • Review
  • Open Access
66 Citations
13,154 Views
22 Pages

Red Beetroot. A Potential Source of Natural Additives for the Meat Industry

  • Rubén Domínguez,
  • Paulo E. S. Munekata,
  • Mirian Pateiro,
  • Aristide Maggiolino,
  • Benjamin Bohrer and
  • José M. Lorenzo

24 November 2020

Currently, the food industry is looking for alternatives to synthetic additives in processed food products, so research investigating new sources of compounds with high biological activity is worthwhile and becoming more common. There are many differ...

  • Review
  • Open Access
28 Citations
6,380 Views
33 Pages

Recent Advances in Using Natural Antibacterial Additives in Bioactive Wound Dressings

  • Meysam Firoozbahr,
  • Peter Kingshott,
  • Enzo A. Palombo and
  • Bita Zaferanloo

Wound care is a global health issue with a financial burden of up to US $96.8 billion annually in the USA alone. Chronic non-healing wounds which show delayed and incomplete healing are especially problematic. Although there are more than 3000 dressi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,753 Views
10 Pages

31 January 2023

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is biodegradable and non-toxic, making it an eco-friendly polymer with various medical applications. In order to increase the stability of PCL used in the field of medical applications, it is necessary to be able to produce fib...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
10,296 Views
11 Pages

22 October 2024

Garlic consumption is a well-known cause of unpleasant breath and body odour, with volatile organosulfur compounds, such as diallyl disulfide (DADS) and allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) responsible for the characteristic odour. Certain foods that are rich...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,345 Views
24 Pages

Further Studies into the Growth of Small Naturally Occurring Three-Dimensional Cracks in Additively Manufactured and Conventionally Built Materials

  • Shareen Chan,
  • Daren Peng,
  • Andrew S. M. Ang,
  • Michael B. Nicholas,
  • Victor K. Champagne,
  • Aron Birt,
  • Alex Michelson,
  • Sean Langan,
  • Jarrod Watts and
  • Rhys Jones

6 June 2025

MIL-STD-1530D and the United States Air Force (USAF) Structures Bulletin EZ-SB-19-01 require an ability to predict the growth of naturally occurring three-dimensional cracks with crack depths equal to what they term an equivalent initial damage size...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,379 Views
13 Pages

Antioxidant Potential of Santowhite as Synthetic and Ascorbic Acid as Natural Polymer Additives

  • Dalal K. Thbayh,
  • Edina Reizer,
  • Mousumi U. Kahaly,
  • Béla Viskolcz and
  • Béla Fiser

27 August 2022

A wide variety of additives are used to improve specific characteristics of the final polymeric product. Antioxidant additives (AAs) can prevent oxidative stress and thus the damage of polymeric materials. In this work, the antioxidant potential and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,152 Views
19 Pages

Effects of Different Natural Additives Alternative to Chemical Ones on Artisanal Bologna-Type Sausages Shelf Life

  • Marica Egidio,
  • Marika Di Paolo,
  • Loriana Casalino,
  • Valeria Vuoso,
  • Sophia Alesio,
  • Alma Sardo and
  • Raffaele Marrone

25 March 2025

This study aims to evaluate the effects of mandarin peel (Citrus reticulata L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) powders as natural additives on the shelf lives of artisanal Bologna-type sausages by comparing t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
12,137 Views
13 Pages

26 May 2007

Four fluorescent non-natural aromatic amino acids have been synthesized based on a key stereoselective Michael addition reaction. S-1-Phenylethylamine was employed as both the source of amine and the stereoselectivity controller. The overall yields w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,379 Views
14 Pages

13 October 2023

Soil extracellular enzymes play a key role in mediating the degradation of soil organic matter, but little is understood as to how the pattern of soil extracellular enzymes could be altered by nitrogen (N) addition. In this study, the effects of N ad...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,607 Views
15 Pages

Application of Tamarind Shell as a Green Additive in Natural Rubber

  • Weenusarin Intiya,
  • Kannika Hatthapanit,
  • Puchong Thaptong and
  • Pongdhorn Sae-oui

9 February 2024

The feasibility of using tamarind shell as an eco-friendly additive in natural rubber (NR) was studied. Tamarind shell powder (TSP) was prepared with different particle size ranges before being characterized by various techniques such as Fourier tran...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,151 Views
16 Pages

Opuntia Ficus-Indica Peel By-Product as a Natural Antioxidant Food Additive and Natural Anticoccidial Drug

  • Meriem Amrane-Abider,
  • Mirela Imre,
  • Viorel Herman,
  • Nedjima Debbou-Iouknane,
  • Fairouz Saci,
  • Hafid Boudries,
  • Khodir Madani,
  • Hafida Merzouk and
  • Abdelhanine Ayad

7 December 2023

The present study was carried out to valorize the Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) by-products by extracting and identifying their biochemical compounds and evaluating their antioxidant potential by in vitro activities (DPPH radical and FRAP), as well as t...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,702 Views
37 Pages

Caffeic Acid as a Promising Natural Feed Additive: Advancing Sustainable Aquaculture

  • Nguyen Dinh-Hung,
  • Luu Tang Phuc Khang,
  • Suwanna Wisetkaeo,
  • Ngoc Tuan Tran,
  • Lee Po-Tsang,
  • Christopher L. Brown,
  • Papungkorn Sangsawad,
  • Sefti Heza Dwinanti,
  • Patima Permpoonpattana and
  • Nguyen Vu Linh

1 September 2025

Caffeic acid (CA), a plant-derived phenolic compound, is emerging as a promising natural feed additive for sustainable aquaculture. Its growth-promoting, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial activities suggest utility as an alternative that diminishes...

  • Review
  • Open Access
622 Views
28 Pages

Valorization of Natural Byproducts Through Additive Manufacturing for Ecologically Sustainable Composite Materials: A Literature Review

  • Ioannis Filippos Kyriakidis,
  • Anargiros Karelis,
  • Nikolaos Kladovasilakis,
  • Eleftheria Maria Pechlivani and
  • Konstantinos Tsongas

24 November 2025

This review paper explores the influence of natural byproducts on polymer matrices via additive manufacturing (AM), focusing specifically on the development of eco-friendly composite materials. A broad range of lignocellulosic residues—such as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,977 Views
12 Pages

Concentrated Pre-Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex Without Additives for Fabricating High Mechanical Performance Rubber Specimens via Direct Ink Write 3D Printing

  • Lin Liu,
  • Jizhen Zhang,
  • Zirong Luo,
  • Na Kong,
  • Xu Zhao,
  • Xu Ji,
  • Jihua Li,
  • Shenbo Huang,
  • Pengfei Zhao and
  • Jinlong Tao
  • + 2 authors

28 January 2025

Direct ink writing (DIW) is an economical, straightforward, and relatively energy-efficient 3D printing technique that has been used in various domains. However, the utilization of rubber latex for DIW remains limited due to its high fluidity and ina...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,839 Views
22 Pages

Effect of Infill Density on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Peek Processed by Additive Manufacturing

  • Efrén Vázquez-Silva,
  • Jonnathan Andrés Pintado-Pintado,
  • Freddy Patricio Moncayo-Matute,
  • Paúl Bolívar Torres-Jara and
  • Diana Patricia Moya-Loaiza

27 January 2025

In the present investigation, the mechanical properties of natural polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), processed by additive manufacturing applying fused deposition modeling (FDM) with three different infill densities, are investigated. Mechanical charact...

  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
4,911 Views
15 Pages

Promising New Material for Food Packaging: An Active and Intelligent Carrageenan Film with Natural Jaboticaba Additive

  • Luisa Bataglin Avila,
  • Elis Regina Correa Barreto,
  • Caroline Costa Moraes,
  • Marcilio Machado Morais and
  • Gabriela Silveira da Rosa

9 March 2022

This research focused on the development of active and intelligent films based on a carrageenan biopolymer incorporated with jaboticaba peels extract (JPE). The bioactive extract was obtained by maceration extraction and showed high concentrations of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,552 Views
11 Pages

Dioctyl Phthalate-Modified Graphene Nanoplatelets: An Effective Additive for Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber

  • Linh Nguyen Pham Duy,
  • Chuong Bui,
  • Liem Thanh Nguyen,
  • Tung Huy Nguyen,
  • Nguyen Thanh Tung and
  • Duong Duc La

22 June 2022

Graphene has been extensively considered an ideal additive to improve the mechanical properties of many composite materials, including rubbers, because of its novel strength, high surface area, and remarkable thermal and electron conductivity. Howeve...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1,057 Views
6 Pages

Immature Opuntia ficus-indica Peel By-Product as Mayonnaise Additive and Natural Anticoccidial Drug

  • Meriem Amrane-Abider,
  • Salima Zemouri-Alioui,
  • Souad Khaled and
  • Ouarda Djaoudene

In recent years, the valorization of food by-products has attracted increased interest in the scientific community for ecological and economic reasons. Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) peels are the primary by-products of prickly pears. Several studies cla...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
3,813 Views
34 Pages

Straw/Nano-Additive Hybrids as Functional Fillers for Natural Rubber Biocomposites

  • Justyna Miedzianowska,
  • Marcin Masłowski,
  • Przemysław Rybiński and
  • Krzysztof Strzelec

9 January 2021

Currently, up to 215 million metric tons of harvestable straw are available in Europe, 50% of the crops come from wheat, 25% from barley and 25% from maize. More than half of the production remains undeveloped. The overproduction of straw in the worl...

  • Review
  • Open Access
101 Citations
12,596 Views
24 Pages

Natural Antimicrobials as Additives for Edible Food Packaging Applications: A Review

  • Sneh Punia Bangar,
  • Vandana Chaudhary,
  • Neha Thakur,
  • Priyanka Kajla,
  • Manoj Kumar and
  • Monica Trif

26 September 2021

Edible packaging is a swiftly emerging art of science in which edible biopolymers like lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, resins, etc., and other consumable constituents extracted from various non-conventional sources are used alone or imbibed togeth...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
3,617 Views
17 Pages

A Novel Ascorbic Acid Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Drilling Mud Additive for Shale Stabilization

  • Muhammad Hammad Rasool,
  • Maqsood Ahmad,
  • Muhammad Ayoub and
  • Muhammad Adeem Abbas

7 April 2023

During drilling, almost 70% of wellbore instability issues result from the encountering of shale formations. Various additives such as salts, silicates, and polymers are used in water-based mud to enhance its shale-inhibition capability; however, suc...

  • Review
  • Open Access
40 Citations
5,182 Views
19 Pages

24 August 2023

In recent years, plastics recycling has become one of the leading environmental and waste management issues. Along with the main advantage of plastics, which is undoubtedly their long life, the problem of managing their waste has arisen. Recycling is...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,917 Views
14 Pages

6 February 2023

Built nature spaces have been increasingly integrated into our urban environments in recent years with the aim of reaping their psychological benefits. However, despite numerous works of research on the relationship between nature exposure and well-b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,371 Views
9 Pages

Toxicity of Plastic Additive 1-Hydroxycyclohexyl Phenyl Ketone (1-HCHPK) to Freshwater Microcrustaceans in Natural Water

  • Irina Blinova,
  • Aljona Lukjanova,
  • Heiki Vija,
  • Monika Mortimer and
  • Margit Heinlaan

9 September 2023

Various potentially toxic compounds associated with plastic (e.g., plastic additives) can enter the environment during plastic fragmentation and/or weathering. 1-Hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (1-HCHPK) is a widely used photoinitiator, e.g., in UV-r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
6,528 Views
30 Pages

Biomimicking Nature-Inspired Design Structures—An Experimental and Simulation Approach Using Additive Manufacturing

  • Arun Y. Patil,
  • Chandrashekhar Hegde,
  • Guruprasad Savanur,
  • Sayed Mohammed Kanakmood,
  • Abhishek M. Contractor,
  • Vinay B. Shirashyad,
  • Rahul M. Chivate,
  • Basavaraj B. Kotturshettar,
  • Shridhar N. Mathad and
  • Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah
  • + 2 authors

Whether it is a plant- or animal-based bio-inspiration design, it has always been able to address one or more product/component optimisation issues. Today’s scientists or engineers look to nature for an optimal, economically viable, long-term s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,224 Views
14 Pages

20 June 2025

For over five decades, blending hydrogen into existing natural gas pipelines has been explored as a potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Despite its promise, implementing this approach has been slow due to concerns about hydrogen em...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,653 Views
13 Pages

29 January 2020

There are currently various technologies for the manufacture of warm mix asphalts (WMA). This paper presents the possibility of using a natural zeolite to manufacture WMA as an alternative to existing synthetic products for the manufacture of this ty...

  • Review
  • Open Access
33 Citations
8,140 Views
16 Pages

Potential Use of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) as Natural Colorant and Antioxidant in the Food Industry. A Review

  • Rubén Domínguez,
  • Mirian Pateiro,
  • Paulo E. S. Munekata,
  • Eva María Santos López,
  • José Antonio Rodríguez,
  • Lillian Barros and
  • José M. Lorenzo

5 November 2021

The food industry, in response to current consumer demand for natural and functional foods, is constantly evolving and reformulating traditional products formulations. Thus, during the last decades, multiple natural sources have been investigated to...

  • Review
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,154 Views
20 Pages

16 November 2023

Natural fiber composites attract attention owing to their environmentally friendly attributes. Many techniques, including fiber treatment, coatings, and fiber orientations, are used to improve the strength of natural fiber-reinforced composites. Stil...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,663 Views
17 Pages

Study of Aquilaria crassna Wood as an Antifungal Additive to Improve the Properties of Natural Rubber as Air-Dried Sheets

  • Phattarawadee Nun-Anan,
  • Sunisa Suchat,
  • Narissara Mahathaninwong,
  • Narong Chueangchayaphan,
  • Seppo Karrila and
  • Suphatchakorn Limhengha

29 November 2021

Fungal growth on rubber sheets confers inferior properties and an unpleasant odor to raw natural rubber (NR) and products made from it, and it causes environmental concerns. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the effects of Aquilaria...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,567 Views
13 Pages

20 September 2023

Due to the high impact of the building sector on the environment, a growing interest focuses on insulating materials able to ensure good thermo-acoustic performance for the building envelope from a sustainable and circular economy perspective. In thi...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,451 Views
17 Pages

Eco-Friendly Drilling Fluid: Calcium Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) as an All-Rounder Additive

  • Muhammad Hammad Rasool,
  • Maqsood Ahmad,
  • Numair Ahmed Siddiqui and
  • Aisha Zahid Junejo

21 July 2023

Designing an effective drilling mud is a critical aspect of the drilling process. A well-designed drilling mud should not only provide efficient mud hydraulics but also fulfill three important functions: enhancing mud rheology, inhibiting hydrate for...

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