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Search Results (1,396)

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14 pages, 2138 KiB  
Article
Comparison Between Bond Strengths of a Resin Cement on Traditional Prosthetic Substrates and a 3D-Printed Resin for Permanent Restorations
by Alessandro Vichi, Hanan Al-Johani, Dario Balestra and Chris Louca
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080896 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 230
Abstract
Recently, 3D-printed resins have been introduced as materials for definitive indirect restorations. Herein, a comparative assessment of the bond strengths of 3D-printed resins to a resin cement was performed. Methods: four definitive restorative materials were selected, i.e., a Feldspar ceramic (VITA Mark II, [...] Read more.
Recently, 3D-printed resins have been introduced as materials for definitive indirect restorations. Herein, a comparative assessment of the bond strengths of 3D-printed resins to a resin cement was performed. Methods: four definitive restorative materials were selected, i.e., a Feldspar ceramic (VITA Mark II, VM), a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (VITA Enamic, VE), a nanohybrid resin composite (Grandio Bloc, GB), and one 3D-printed resin (Crown Permanent, CP). VM and VE were etched and silanized, GB was sandblasted, and CP was glass bead blasted; for one further experimental group, this was followed by sandblasting (CPs). A resin cement (RelyX Unicem) was then used for bonding, and then a notched shear bond strength test (nSBS) was performed. Failure modes were observed and classified as adhesive, cohesive, or mixed, and SEM representative images were taken. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Tukey, and Chi-square tests. Significant differences were detected in nSBS among materials (p < 0.001). The highest nSBS was found in VM (30.3 ± 1.8 MPa) a, followed by CPb, GBbc, CPbc, and VEc. Failure modes were significantly different (p < 0.001), and with different prevalent failure modes. The bond strength for 3D-printed permanent resin materials was shown to be lower than that of the felspathic ceramic but comparable to that of the resin block and PICN substrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Coatings: Materials, Methods, and Applications)
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30 pages, 7223 KiB  
Article
Smart Wildlife Monitoring: Real-Time Hybrid Tracking Using Kalman Filter and Local Binary Similarity Matching on Edge Network
by Md. Auhidur Rahman, Stefano Giordano and Michele Pagano
Computers 2025, 14(8), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14080307 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 131
Abstract
Real-time wildlife monitoring on edge devices poses significant challenges due to limited power, constrained bandwidth, and unreliable connectivity, especially in remote natural habitats. Conventional object detection systems often transmit redundant data of the same animals detected across multiple consecutive frames as a part [...] Read more.
Real-time wildlife monitoring on edge devices poses significant challenges due to limited power, constrained bandwidth, and unreliable connectivity, especially in remote natural habitats. Conventional object detection systems often transmit redundant data of the same animals detected across multiple consecutive frames as a part of a single event, resulting in increased power consumption and inefficient bandwidth usage. Furthermore, maintaining consistent animal identities in the wild is difficult due to occlusions, variable lighting, and complex environments. In this study, we propose a lightweight hybrid tracking framework built on the YOLOv8m deep neural network, combining motion-based Kalman filtering with Local Binary Pattern (LBP) similarity for appearance-based re-identification using texture and color features. To handle ambiguous cases, we further incorporate Hue-Saturation-Value (HSV) color space similarity. This approach enhances identity consistency across frames while reducing redundant transmissions. The framework is optimized for real-time deployment on edge platforms such as NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano and Raspberry Pi 5. We evaluate our method against state-of-the-art trackers using event-based metrics such as MOTA, HOTA, and IDF1, with a focus on detected animals occlusion handling, trajectory analysis, and counting during both day and night. Our approach significantly enhances tracking robustness, reduces ID switches, and provides more accurate detection and counting compared to existing methods. When transmitting time-series data and detected frames, it achieves up to 99.87% bandwidth savings and 99.67% power reduction, making it highly suitable for edge-based wildlife monitoring in resource-constrained environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Edge: When AI Meets Edge Computing)
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19 pages, 1716 KiB  
Review
Combination Therapy Using Phytochemicals and PARP Inhibitors in Hybrid Nanocarriers: An Optimistic Approach for the Management of Colon Cancer
by Mohammad Javed Qureshi, Gurpreet Kaur Narde, Alka Ahuja, Dhanalekshmi Unnikrishnan Meenakshi and Khalid Al Balushi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7350; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157350 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 309
Abstract
DNA damage repair is a hallmark of any cancer growth, eventually leading to drug resistance and death. The poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) enzyme is vital in repairing damaged DNA in normal and cancer cells with mutated DNA damage response (DDR) genes. [...] Read more.
DNA damage repair is a hallmark of any cancer growth, eventually leading to drug resistance and death. The poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) enzyme is vital in repairing damaged DNA in normal and cancer cells with mutated DNA damage response (DDR) genes. Inhibitors of the PARP enzyme aid in chemotherapy, as shown by drug combinations such as Olaparib and Irinotecan in breast cancer treatment. However, the effect of Olaparib in colon cancer has not been studied extensively. Synthetic drugs have a significant limitation in cancer treatment due to drug resistance, leading to colon cancer relapse. Bioavailability of Olaparib and other PARP inhibitors is limited due to their hydrophobicity, which poses a significant challenge. These limitations and challenges can be addressed by encapsulating Olaparib in nanoparticles that could possibly increase the bioavailability of the drug at the site of action. New age nanoparticles, such as hybrid nanoparticles, provide superior quality in terms of design and circulatory time of the drug in the plasma. The side effects of Olaparib as a chemotherapeutic pave the way for exploring phytochemicals that may have similar effects. The combined impact of Olaparib and phytochemicals such as genistein, resveratrol and others in nano-encapsulated form can be explored in the treatment of colon cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Drug Discovery Based on Natural Products)
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49 pages, 3170 KiB  
Review
Nano-Phytomedicine: Harnessing Plant-Derived Phytochemicals in Nanocarriers for Targeted Human Health Applications
by Nargish Parvin, Mohammad Aslam, Sang Woo Joo and Tapas Kumar Mandal
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3177; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153177 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 259
Abstract
Phytochemicals from medicinal plants offer significant therapeutic benefits, yet their clinical utility is often limited by poor solubility, instability, and low bioavailability. Nanotechnology presents a transformative approach to overcome these challenges by encapsulating phytochemicals in nanocarriers that enhance stability, targeted delivery, and controlled [...] Read more.
Phytochemicals from medicinal plants offer significant therapeutic benefits, yet their clinical utility is often limited by poor solubility, instability, and low bioavailability. Nanotechnology presents a transformative approach to overcome these challenges by encapsulating phytochemicals in nanocarriers that enhance stability, targeted delivery, and controlled release. This review highlights major classes of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids and explores various nanocarrier systems including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and hybrid platforms. It also discusses their mechanisms of action, improved pharmacokinetics, and disease-specific targeting. Further, the review examines clinical advancements, regulatory considerations, and emerging innovations such as smart nanocarriers, AI-driven formulation, and sustainable manufacturing. Nano-phytomedicine offers a promising path toward safer, more effective, and personalized therapies, bridging traditional herbal knowledge with modern biomedical technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry, Human Health and Molecular Mechanisms)
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16 pages, 1870 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Development and Industrial Applications of Wax Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of Nano, Green, and Classic Materials Approaches
by Parham Joolaei Ahranjani, Hamed Sadatfaraji, Kamine Dehghan, Vaibhav A. Edlabadkar, Prasant Khadka, Ifeanyi Nwobodo, VN Ramachander Turaga, Justin Disney and Hamid Rashidi Nodeh
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080395 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 327
Abstract
Wax deposition, driven by the crystallization of long-chain n-alkanes, poses severe challenges across industries such as petroleum, oil and natural gas, food processing, and chemical manufacturing. This phenomenon compromises flow efficiency, increases energy demands, and necessitates costly maintenance interventions. Wax inhibitors, designed to [...] Read more.
Wax deposition, driven by the crystallization of long-chain n-alkanes, poses severe challenges across industries such as petroleum, oil and natural gas, food processing, and chemical manufacturing. This phenomenon compromises flow efficiency, increases energy demands, and necessitates costly maintenance interventions. Wax inhibitors, designed to mitigate these issues, operate by altering wax crystallization, aggregation, and adhesion over the pipelines. Classic wax inhibitors, comprising synthetic polymers and natural compounds, have been widely utilized due to their established efficiency and scalability. However, synthetic inhibitors face environmental concerns, while natural inhibitors exhibit reduced performance under extreme conditions. The advent of nano-based wax inhibitors has revolutionized wax management strategies. These advanced materials, including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocomposites, leverage their high surface area and tunable interfacial properties to enhance efficiency, particularly in harsh environments. While offering superior performance, nano-based inhibitors are constrained by high production costs, scalability challenges, and potential environmental risks. In parallel, the development of “green” wax inhibitors derived from renewable resources such as vegetable oils addresses sustainability demands. These eco-friendly formulations introduce functionalities that reinforce inhibitory interactions with wax crystals, enabling effective deposition control while reducing reliance on synthetic components. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms, applications, and comparative performance of classic and nano-based wax inhibitors. It highlights the growing integration of sustainable and hybrid approaches that combine the reliability of classic inhibitors with the advanced capabilities of nano-based systems. Future directions emphasize the need for cost-effective, eco-friendly solutions through innovations in material science, computational modeling, and biotechnology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)
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18 pages, 4008 KiB  
Article
Carboxymethyl Chitosan Cinnamaldehyde Coated SilverNanocomposites for Antifungal Seed Priming in Wheat: A Dual-Action Approach Toward Sustainable Crop Protection
by María Mondéjar-López, María Paz García-Simarro, Lourdes Gómez-Gómez, Oussama Ahrazem and Enrique Niza
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152031 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 238
Abstract
Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via a green chemistry strategy using wheat extract and subsequently functionalized with a carboxymethyl chitosan–cinnamaldehyde (CMC=CIN) conjugate through covalent imine bonding. The resulting nanohybrid (AgNP–CMC=CIN) was extensively characterized to confirm successful biofunctionalization: UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed characteristic cinnamaldehyde [...] Read more.
Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via a green chemistry strategy using wheat extract and subsequently functionalized with a carboxymethyl chitosan–cinnamaldehyde (CMC=CIN) conjugate through covalent imine bonding. The resulting nanohybrid (AgNP–CMC=CIN) was extensively characterized to confirm successful biofunctionalization: UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed characteristic cinnamaldehyde absorption peaks; ATR-FTIR spectra confirmed polymer–terpene bonding; and TEM analysis evidenced uniform nanoparticle morphology. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicated an increase in hydrodynamic size upon coating (from 59.46 ± 12.63 nm to 110.17 ± 4.74 nm), while maintaining low polydispersity (PDI: 0.29 to 0.27) and stable surface charge (zeta potential ~ −30 mV), suggesting colloidal stability and homogeneous polymer encapsulation. Antifungal activity was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against F. oxysporum was significantly reduced to 83 μg/mL with AgNP–CMC=CIN, compared to 708 μg/mL for uncoated AgNPs, and was comparable to the reference fungicide tebuconazole (52 μg/mL). Seed priming with AgNP–CMC=CIN led to improved germination (85%) and markedly reduced fungal colonization, while maintaining a favorable phytotoxicity profile. These findings highlight the potential of polysaccharide-terpene-functionalized biogenic AgNPs as a sustainable alternative to conventional fungicides, supporting their application in precision agriculture and integrated crop protection strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials for Environmental Applications)
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19 pages, 6502 KiB  
Article
Facile Synthesis of β-C3N4 and Its Novel MnTeO3 Nanohybrids for Remediating Water Contaminated by Pharmaceuticals
by Mohamed R. Elamin, Nuha Y. Elamin, Tarig G. Ibrahim, Mutaz Salih, Abuzar Albadri, Rasha Ramadan and Babiker Y. Abdulkhair
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2357; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082357 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 312
Abstract
A facile method was adopted to fabricate β-C3N4, and it was then doped with manganese and tellurium to obtain novel 10%MnTeO3@β-C3N4 (10%MnTe@β) and 20%MnTeO3@β-C3N4 (20%MnTe@β) nanohybrids. The β-C3 [...] Read more.
A facile method was adopted to fabricate β-C3N4, and it was then doped with manganese and tellurium to obtain novel 10%MnTeO3@β-C3N4 (10%MnTe@β) and 20%MnTeO3@β-C3N4 (20%MnTe@β) nanohybrids. The β-C3N4, 10%MnTe@β, and 20%MnTe@β showed surface areas of 85.86, 97.40, and 109.54 m2 g−1, respectively. Using ciprofloxacin (CIP) as a pollutant example, 10%MnTe@β and 20%MnTe@β attained equilibrium at 60 and 45 min with qt values of 48.88 and 77.41 mg g−1, respectively, and both performed better at pH = 6.0. The kinetic studies revealed a better agreement with the pseudo-second-order model for CIP sorption on 10%MnTe@β and 20%MnTe@β, indicating that the sorption was controlled by a liquid film mechanism, which suggests a high affinity of CIP toward 10%MnTe@β and 20%MnTe@β. The sorption equilibria outputs indicated better alignment with the Freundlich and Langmuir models for CIP removal by 10%MnTe@β and 20%MnTe@β, respectively. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that CIP removal by 10%MnTe@β and 20%MnTe@β was exothermic, which turned more spontaneous as the temperature decreased. Applying 20%MnTe@β as the best sorbent to groundwater and seawater spiked with CIP resulted in average efficiencies of 94.8% and 91.08%, respectively. The 20%MnTe@β regeneration–reusability average efficiency was 95.14% within four cycles, which might nominate 20%MnTe@β as an efficient and economically viable sorbent for remediating CIP-contaminated water. Full article
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27 pages, 3540 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimization of IME-Based Acoustic Tweezers for Mitigating Node Displacements
by Hanjui Chang, Yue Sun, Fei Long and Jiaquan Li
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2018; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152018 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 259
Abstract
Acoustic tweezers, as advanced micro/nano manipulation tools, play a pivotal role in biomedical engineering, microfluidics, and precision manufacturing. However, piezoelectric-based acoustic tweezers face performance limitations due to multi-physical coupling effects during microfabrication. This study proposes a novel approach using injection molding with embedded [...] Read more.
Acoustic tweezers, as advanced micro/nano manipulation tools, play a pivotal role in biomedical engineering, microfluidics, and precision manufacturing. However, piezoelectric-based acoustic tweezers face performance limitations due to multi-physical coupling effects during microfabrication. This study proposes a novel approach using injection molding with embedded electronics (IMEs) technology to fabricate piezoelectric micro-ultrasonic transducers with micron-scale precision, addressing the critical issue of acoustic node displacement caused by thermal–mechanical coupling in injection molding—a problem that impairs wave transmission efficiency and operational stability. To optimize the IME process parameters, a hybrid multi-objective optimization framework integrating NSGA-II and MOPSO is developed, aiming to simultaneously minimize acoustic node displacement, volumetric shrinkage, and residual stress distribution. Key process variables—packing pressure (80–120 MPa), melt temperature (230–280 °C), and packing time (15–30 s)—are analyzed via finite element modeling (FEM) and validated through in situ tie bar elongation measurements. The results show a 27.3% reduction in node displacement amplitude and a 19.6% improvement in wave transmission uniformity compared to conventional methods. This methodology enhances acoustic tweezers’ operational stability and provides a generalizable framework for multi-physics optimization in MEMS manufacturing, laying a foundation for next-generation applications in single-cell manipulation, lab-on-a-chip systems, and nanomaterial assembly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Polymer Processing and Engineering)
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27 pages, 3280 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of a Robust Hierarchical Control for Sustainable Operation of Hybrid Shipboard Microgrid
by Arsalan Rehmat, Farooq Alam, Mohammad Taufiqul Arif and Syed Sajjad Haider Zaidi
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6724; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156724 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
The growing demand for low-emission maritime transport and efficient onboard energy management has intensified research into advanced control strategies for hybrid shipboard microgrids. These systems integrate both AC and DC power domains, incorporating renewable energy sources and battery storage to enhance fuel efficiency, [...] Read more.
The growing demand for low-emission maritime transport and efficient onboard energy management has intensified research into advanced control strategies for hybrid shipboard microgrids. These systems integrate both AC and DC power domains, incorporating renewable energy sources and battery storage to enhance fuel efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and support operational flexibility. However, integrating renewable energy into shipboard microgrids introduces challenges, such as power fluctuations, varying line impedances, and disturbances caused by AC/DC load transitions, harmonics, and mismatches in demand and supply. These issues impact system stability and the seamless coordination of multiple distributed generators. To address these challenges, we proposed a hierarchical control strategy that supports sustainable operation by improving the voltage and frequency regulation under dynamic conditions, as demonstrated through both MATLAB/Simulink simulations and real-time hardware validation. Simulation results show that the proposed controller reduces the frequency deviation by up to 25.5% and power variation improved by 20.1% compared with conventional PI-based secondary control during load transition scenarios. Hardware implementation on the NVIDIA Jetson Nano confirms real-time feasibility, maintaining power and frequency tracking errors below 5% under dynamic loading. A comparative analysis of the classical PI and sliding mode control-based designs is conducted under various grid conditions, such as cold ironing mode of the shipboard microgrid, and load variations, considering both the AC and DC loads. The system stability and control law formulation are verified through simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK and practical implementation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed secondary control architecture enhances the system robustness and ensures sustainable operation, making it a viable solution for modern shipboard microgrids transitioning towards green energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grid Technologies and Energy Sustainability)
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15 pages, 2852 KiB  
Article
Fuel Grain Configuration Adaptation for High-Regression-Rate Hybrid Propulsion Applications
by Lin-Lin Liu, Bo-Biao Li, Ze-Xin Chen and Song-Qi Hu
Aerospace 2025, 12(8), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12080652 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 166
Abstract
Low regression rate is the most critical issue for the development and application of hybrid rocket motors (HRMs). Paraffin-based fuels are potential candidates for HRMs due to their high regression rates but adding polymers to improve strength results in insufficient regression rates for [...] Read more.
Low regression rate is the most critical issue for the development and application of hybrid rocket motors (HRMs). Paraffin-based fuels are potential candidates for HRMs due to their high regression rates but adding polymers to improve strength results in insufficient regression rates for HRMs applications. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling and analysis were used to investigate the mixing and combustion of gaseous fuels and oxidizers in HRMs for various fuel grains and injector combinations. In addition, the regression rate characteristics and combustion efficiency were evaluated using a ground test. The results showed that the swirling flow with both high mixing intensity and high velocity could be formed by using the swirl injector. The highest mixing degree attained for the star-swirl grain and swirl injector was 86%. The reported combustion efficiency calculated by the CFD model attained a maximum of 93% at the nozzle throat. In addition, a spatially averaged regression rate of 1.40 mm·s−1 was achieved for the star-swirl grain and swirl injector combination when the mass flux of N2O was 89.94 kg·m−2·s−1. This is around 191% higher than the case of non-swirling flow. However, there were obvious local regression rate differences between the root of the star and the slot. The regression rate increase was accompanied by a decrease in the combustion efficiency for the strong swirling flow condition due to the remarkable higher mass flow rate of gasified fuels. It was shown that the nano-sized aluminum was unfavorable for the combustion efficiency, especially under extreme fuel-rich conditions. Full article
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63 pages, 4971 KiB  
Review
Electrochemical Nanosensors Applied to the Assay of Some Food Components—A Review
by Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi, Florin Iordache, Loredana Stanca, Petronela Mihaela Rosu, Nicoleta Ciocirlie, Ovidiu Ionut Geicu, Liviu Bilteanu and Andreea Iren Serban
Chemosensors 2025, 13(8), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13080272 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 573
Abstract
Nanomaterials’ special features enable their extensive application in chemical and biochemical nanosensors for food assays; food packaging; environmental, medicinal, and pharmaceutical applications; and photoelectronics. The analytical strategies based on novel nanomaterials have proved their pivotal role and increasing interest in the assay of [...] Read more.
Nanomaterials’ special features enable their extensive application in chemical and biochemical nanosensors for food assays; food packaging; environmental, medicinal, and pharmaceutical applications; and photoelectronics. The analytical strategies based on novel nanomaterials have proved their pivotal role and increasing interest in the assay of key food components. The choice of transducer is pivotal for promoting the performance of electrochemical sensors. Electrochemical nano-transducers provide a large active surface area, enabling improved sensitivity, specificity, fast assay, precision, accuracy, and reproducibility, over the analytical range of interest, when compared to traditional sensors. Synthetic routes encompass physical techniques in general based on top–down approaches, chemical methods mainly relying on bottom–up approaches, or green technologies. Hybrid techniques such as electrochemical pathways or photochemical reduction are also applied. Electrochemical nanocomposite sensors relying on conducting polymers are amenable to performance improvement, achieved by integrating redox mediators, conductive hydrogels, and molecular imprinting polymers. Carbon-based or metal-based nanoparticles are used in combination with ionic liquids, enhancing conductivity and electron transfer. The composites may be prepared using a plethora of combinations of carbon-based, metal-based, or organic-based nanomaterials, promoting a high electrocatalytic response, and can accommodate biorecognition elements for increased specificity. Nanomaterials can function as pivotal components in electrochemical (bio)sensors applied to food assays, aiming at the analysis of bioactives, nutrients, food additives, and contaminants. Given the broad range of transducer types, detection modes, and targeted analytes, it is important to discuss the analytical performance and applicability of such nanosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensor for Food Analysis)
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22 pages, 8351 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress in DNA Biosensors: Target-Specific and Structure-Guided Signal Amplification
by Jae Eon Lee and Seung Pil Pack
Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080476 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 442
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is not only a fundamental biological molecule but also a versatile material for constructing sensitive and specific biosensing platforms. Its ability to undergo sequence-specific hybridization via Watson–Crick base pairing enables both precise target recognition and the programmable construction of nanoscale [...] Read more.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is not only a fundamental biological molecule but also a versatile material for constructing sensitive and specific biosensing platforms. Its ability to undergo sequence-specific hybridization via Watson–Crick base pairing enables both precise target recognition and the programmable construction of nanoscale structures. The demand for ultrasensitive detection increases in fields such as disease diagnostics, therapeutics, and other areas, and the inherent characteristics of DNA have driven the development of a wide range of signal amplification strategies. Among these, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rolling circle amplification (RCA), and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) represent powerful target-based methods that enzymatically increase the concentration of nucleic acid targets, thereby boosting detection sensitivity. In parallel, structure-based strategies leverage the nanoscale spatial programmability of DNA to construct functional architectures with high precision. DNA can be used as a scaffold, such as DNA nanostructures, to organize sensing elements and facilitate signal transduction. It can also function as a probe, like aptamers, to recognize targets with high affinity. These versatilities enable the creation of highly sophisticated sensing platforms that integrate molecular recognition and signal amplification. Driven by DNA nano-assembly capability, both target-based and structure-based approaches are driving the advancement of highly sensitive, selective, and adaptable diagnostic technologies. This review highlights recent developments in DNA nano-assembly-driven amplification strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aptamer-Based Sensing: Designs and Applications)
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35 pages, 4837 KiB  
Review
MicroRNA-Based Delivery Systems for Chronic Neuropathic Pain Treatment in Dorsal Root Ganglion
by Stefan Jackson, Maria Rosa Gigliobianco, Cristina Casadidio, Piera Di Martino and Roberta Censi
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(7), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070930 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 762
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a significant global clinical issue that poses substantial challenges to both public health and the economy due to its complex underlying mechanisms. It has emerged as a serious health concern worldwide. Recent studies involving dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation have [...] Read more.
Neuropathic pain is a significant global clinical issue that poses substantial challenges to both public health and the economy due to its complex underlying mechanisms. It has emerged as a serious health concern worldwide. Recent studies involving dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation have provided strong evidence supporting its effectiveness in alleviating chronic pain and its potential for sustaining long-term pain relief. In addition to that, there has been ongoing research with clinical evidence relating to the role of small non-coding ribonucleic acids known as microRNAs in regulating gene expressions affecting pain signals. The signal pathway involves alterations in neuronal excitation, synaptic transmission, dysregulated signaling, and subsequent pro-inflammatory response activation and pain development. When microRNAs are dysregulated in the dorsal root ganglia neurons, they polarize macrophages from anti-inflammatory M2 to inflammatory M1 macrophages causing pain signal generation. By reversing this polarization, a therapeutic activity can be induced. However, the direct delivery of these nucleotides has been challenging due to limitations such as rapid clearance, degradation, and reduction in half-life. Therefore, safe and efficient carrier vehicles are fundamental for microRNA delivery. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of miRNA-based nano-systems for chronic neuropathic pain, focusing on their impact in dorsal root ganglia. This review provides a critical evaluation of various delivery platforms, including viral, polymeric, lipid-based, and inorganic nanocarriers, emphasizing their therapeutic potential as well as their limitations in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Innovative strategies such as hybrid nanocarriers and stimulus-responsive systems are also proposed to enhance the prospects for clinical translation. Serving as a roadmap for future research, this review aims to guide the development and optimization of miRNA-based therapies for effective and sustained neuropathic pain management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology)
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22 pages, 1258 KiB  
Review
Advances in Cryopreservation Strategies for 3D Biofabricated Constructs: From Hydrogels to Bioprinted Tissues
by Kaoutar Ziani, Laura Saenz-del-Burgo, Jose Luis Pedraz and Jesús Ciriza
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6908; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146908 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 278
Abstract
The cryopreservation of three-dimensional (3D) biofabricated constructs is a key enabler for their clinical application in regenerative medicine. Unlike two-dimensional (2D) cultures, 3D systems such as encapsulated cell spheroids, molded hydrogels, and bioprinted tissues present specific challenges related to cryoprotectant (CPA) diffusion, thermal [...] Read more.
The cryopreservation of three-dimensional (3D) biofabricated constructs is a key enabler for their clinical application in regenerative medicine. Unlike two-dimensional (2D) cultures, 3D systems such as encapsulated cell spheroids, molded hydrogels, and bioprinted tissues present specific challenges related to cryoprotectant (CPA) diffusion, thermal gradients, and ice formation during freezing and thawing. This review examines the current strategies for preserving 3D constructs, focusing on the role of biomaterials as cryoprotective matrices. Natural polymers (e.g., hyaluronic acid, alginate, chitosan), protein-based scaffolds (e.g., silk fibroin, sericin), and synthetic polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) are evaluated for their ability to support cell viability, structural integrity, and CPA transport. Special attention is given to cryoprotectant systems that are free of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and to the influence of hydrogel architecture on freezing outcomes. We have compared the efficacy and limitations of slow freezing and vitrification protocols and review innovative approaches such as temperature-controlled cryoprinting, nano-warming, and hybrid scaffolds with improved cryocompatibility. Additionally, we address the regulatory and manufacturing challenges associated with developing Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant cryopreservation workflows. Overall, this review provides an integrated perspective on material-based strategies for 3D cryopreservation and identifies future directions to enable the long-term storage and clinical translation of engineered tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rational Design and Application of Functional Hydrogels)
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14 pages, 3147 KiB  
Article
Regulation of MXene Membranes with β-Lactoglobulin Nanofiber-Templated CuS Nanoparticles for Photothermal Antibacterial Effect
by Zhuang Liu, Chenxi Du, Xin Zhou and Gang Wei
Polymers 2025, 17(14), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141960 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 276
Abstract
Developing advanced antimicrobial agents is critically imperative to address antibiotic-resistant infection crises. MXenes have emerged as a potential nanomedicine for antibacterial applications, but they suffer from suboptimal photothermal conversion efficiency and inherent cytotoxicity. Herein, we report the synthesis of MXene (Ti3C [...] Read more.
Developing advanced antimicrobial agents is critically imperative to address antibiotic-resistant infection crises. MXenes have emerged as a potential nanomedicine for antibacterial applications, but they suffer from suboptimal photothermal conversion efficiency and inherent cytotoxicity. Herein, we report the synthesis of MXene (Ti3C2)-based nanohybrids and hybrid membranes through firstly interfacial conjugation of self-assembled β-lactoglobulin nanofibers (β-LGNFs)-inspired copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs) onto MXene nanosheets, and subsequent vacuum filtration of the created β-LGNF-CuS/MXene nanohybrids. The constructed β-LGNF-CuS/MXene nanohybrids exhibit excellent photothermal conversion performances and satisfactory biocompatibility and minimal cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells, ascribing to the introduction of highly biocompatible β-LGNFs into the hybrid system. In addition, the fabricated β-LGNF-CuS/MXene hybrid membranes demonstrate high efficiency in antibacterial application through the synergistic photothermal and material-related antibacterial effects of both MXene and CuS NPs. Therefore, the ideas and findings shown in this study are useful for inspiring researchers to design and fabricate functional and biocompatible 2D material-based hybrid membranes for antimicrobial applications. Full article
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