Search Results (257)

This study integrates LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb ages and the first zircon trace element data from metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks of the Nyong Complex (NyC) in the NW Congo Craton, southern Cameroon, to constrain its petrogenesis, tectonic setting, and crustal evolution. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show strong HREE enrichment, depleted LREE–MREE, and pronounced positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies, indicating a magmatic origin for the zircons. Trace element signatures suggest that the zircons derived from continental crustal magmas generated under variable oxidation conditions in a long-lived arc-related tectonic environment. Detrital zircon ages range from Archean to Paleoproterozoic, with five major age peaks at 2885 ± 8 Ma, 2775 ± 6 Ma, 2654 ± 7 Ma, 2469 ± 11 Ma, and 2316 ± 11 Ma. These ages correspond to major magmatic and metamorphic events recognized in both the Congo and São Francisco cratons. The preservation of felsic continental crust between 2.9 and 2.2 Ga in the NyC and the Borborema Province (NE Brazil) likely records a critical transition in Earth’s geodynamic regime, marked by enhanced consumption and recycling of mafic crust during Proterozoic accretion compared to the late Archean. This transition reflects the onset of modern-style plate tectonics, enabling craton stabilization and contributing to the assembly of the Nuna/Columbia supercontinent. The NyC is thus interpreted as part of the Trans-Amazonian belt, analogous to that in NE Brazil, and formed during the collision between the Congo and São Francisco cratons. Full article

The northern Vietnam shelf, particularly the area adjacent to the Red River Fault Zone, is characterized by complex geology and active neotectonics. However, the patterns of degassing and the origins of hydrocarbon gases in this region remain poorly understood. In particular, the potential links between deep-seated fluid migration, fault systems, and gas anomalies in island groundwater systems have not been systematically investigated. This study presents preliminary results of dissolved methane, its homologues (C₂–C₅), helium, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide measurements in groundwater from Co To Island (Northern Vietnam), with the aim of identifying gas origins and assessing structural controls on fluid migration. A significant methane anomaly was discovered, with concentrations reaching up to 10% by volume in the northwestern part of the island. The hydrocarbon homologous series is traced up to pentane (C₅), and CO₂ content is also elevated, with a maximum of 5.4%. The average He concentration of 10.8 ppm significantly exceeds atmospheric equilibrium values, with maximum recorded concentrations of 18 ppm for He and 34.5 ppm for H₂. Stable carbon isotope analysis of methane (δ¹³C-CH₄ values ranging from −50.2‰ to −49.7‰ VPDB), combined with the presence of a complete C₁–C₅ hydrocarbon series and elevated mantle/crustal tracers (He, H₂), indicates a predominantly thermogenic/metamorphogenic origin for the gases, ruling out a purely biogenic source. The spatial distribution of anomalies is structurally controlled, closely associated with the NE-SW trending Co To Fault system and its intersections with subsidiary faults, as corroborated by recent electrical resistivity tomography data. These findings indicate intensive, focused gas leakage from a deep-seated source, likely related to thermogenic/metamorphic processes and active fault-mediated degassing. The results highlight the significant hydrocarbon potential of the region and underscore the critical role of neotectonic activity in controlling fluid migration pathways in island aquifer systems. Full article

The potato tuber is a metamorphic organ formed by the expansion of the underground stolon tip. It is an economically important organ and an excellent material for studying the occurrence and development of modified plant organs. However, genetic studies have lagged due to the potato’s complex genetic background. In this study, we used stolons and tubers of the potato ‘Qingshu 9’ at different stages of the tuberization process as samples for transcriptome sequencing and systematically analyzed the transcriptome characteristics of tuberization. Through RT-qPCR analysis, 16 candidate genes related to tuberization were identified. Overexpression verification was performed on one candidate gene, StLSH10, and the results indicated that it might be involved in regulating tuberization. This research provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of tuberization and offers a new target to improve potato yield and quality through molecular breeding strategies. Full article

In recent decades, ion-adsorption-type rare earth element (iREE) deposits have been widely documented in the weathering crusts of granitic and volcanic rocks and their geological characteristics and genetic mechanisms extensively studied. Ion-adsorption-type REE mineralization was documented for the first time in the weathered crust overlying the epimetamorphic rocks in Ningdu County, China. In contrast to well-documented granite-derived weathering profiles, investigations of epimetamorphic rocks as protoliths for such REE deposits remain limited, particularly regarding the mineralogy of REE-bearing phases and the geochronology and geochemistry of their parent rocks. To address this gap, the present study combines comprehensive petrographic and mineralogical analyses of REE-mineralized Shenshan Formation phyllites with the U–Pb dating of zircon and apatite and trace element geochemical investigations. U–Pb zircon and apatite geochronology yields a protolith age of ca. 785 Ma for Shenshan Formation metamorphic rocks, consistent with mid-Neoproterozoic magmatism. REE-bearing minerals in the Shenshan Formation phyllites comprise allanite-(Ce), apatite, cerianite-(Ce), monazite-(Ce), rhabdophane-(La), rutile, Y-bearing thorianite and xenotime-(Y). Among these, apatite is the most abundant and likely the principal source of ionic REEs in the deposit. Ti-in-zircon thermometry indicates crystallization temperatures of 641–749 °C (mean ~704 °C), reflecting a prolonged magmatic–hydrothermal evolution. This extended history chiefly controlled the differentiation and redistribution of rare earth elements (REEs), thus governing their availability for subsequent supergene enrichment. Zircon-based oxygen fugacity (fO₂) estimates a range from −31.4 to −9.9 (mean −17.9), consistent with reduced magmatic conditions. Trace element correlation diagrams for zircon and apatite indicate that the intrusion underwent an extensive fractional crystallization of accessory phases (zircon, monazite, apatite, titanite, rutile) and plagioclase. The distribution patterns of trace elements further suggest that the Shenshan Formation protolith formed in a continental margin arc or arc-related orogenic belt setting, with geochemical signatures characteristic of an S-type granite. The Shenshan Formation phyllites in southern Jiangxi exhibit high REE abundances and host a labile assemblage of weatherable REE-bearing minerals, providing an optimal material framework for ion-adsorption-type REE deposits and indicating substantial mineralization potential. Full article

The newly identified greisen-hosted Nb-Ta mineralization in the Qidashan iron deposit, Liaoning Province, China, offers a unique opportunity to explore how hydrothermal processes contribute to the enrichment of critical metals. In this study, an integrated analytical approach of petrographic observation and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb dating of columbite-group minerals (CGMs) were employed to systematically decipher the paragenetic sequence, micro-structure, elemental composition and mineralization age of CGMs, aiming at the genesis of greisen-hosted Nb-Ta mineralization. The mineralization is characterized by the abundant occurrence of CGMs. Three generations of CGMs and two mineralization stages are distinguished: stage I contains CGM Is and CGM IIs, with Nb₂O₅ ranging from 25.7 to 69.56 wt.% and Ta₂O₅ from 5.8 to 52.5 wt.%; stage II contains CGM IIIs, with Nb₂O₅ between 59.5 and 71.5 wt.% and Ta₂O₅ between 3.5 and 16.2 wt.%. CGM Is consist of euhedral, homogeneous crystals of more than 100 μm, exhibit low Ta/(Nb + Ta) ratios (0.05–0.06) and high Mn/(Fe + Mn) ratios (0.19–0.26), and belong to columbite-Fe. CGM IIs generally overgrow on CGM Is with hydrothermal overprinting textures, and show significant compositional gaps compared to CGM Is, exhibiting higher Ta/(Nb + Ta) ratios (0.13–0.55) and restricted Mn/(Fe + Mn) ratios (0.15–0.18), with some belonging to columbite-Fe and others to tantalite-Fe, which reveals a transition from magma to “hydrosilicate fluid”. CGM IIIs are mainly anhedral and homogeneous, with a grain size of less than 50 μm. However, some CGM IIIs overgrow on CGM IIs and/or CGM Is with patchy textures indicative of subsequent hydrothermal overprinting of hydrosilicate fluid, forming a coarse-grain size over 100 μm. CGM IIIs are characterized by lower Ta/(Nb + Ta) ratios (0.03–0.14) and variable Mn/(Fe + Mn) ratios (0.08–0.26), and they belong to columbite-Fe. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating yields weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 2646 ± 15 Ma for stage I and 2500 ± 28 Ma for stage II, indicating two-stage Nb-Ta mineralization. The early mineralization may correlate with the partial melting of volcanic–sedimentary rocks due to the geothermal anomalies associated with ~2.7 Ga submarine volcanism, and the late mineralization formed by the magmatic hydrothermal activities related to emplacement of the Qidashan granite in 2.5 Ga. We therefore propose that the two-stage greisen-hosted Nb-Ta mineralization probably widely occurred in these sedimentary–metamorphic iron deposits in the Anshan–Benxi area and even in the northern edge of the North China Craton, and it may provide new insights for evaluating the Nb-Ta resource potential in similar Algoma-type iron deposits globally. Full article

Permeability prediction of deep metamorphic rock reservoirs in the southwestern Bohai Bay Basin poses an enormous challenge due to the strong heterogeneity. Fractures widely develop in such reservoirs, yet their contributions to permeability were neglected in traditional prediction models. To develop an effective model to predict permeability, parameters related to fracture needed to be taken into account. In this study, taking the Archaeozoic Formation in BZ 19–6 Region—a typical deep metamorphic rock reservoir in the southwestern Bohai Bay Basin—as an example, the porosity frequency spectra were first extracted from electrical imaging logging, and the correlations between the shape of porosity frequency spectrum and rock pore structure were analyzed. Afterwards, two parameters, which were defined as the logarithmic mean (φ_gm) and standard deviation between two golden section points (φ_gsr), were extracted to reflect the main peak position and wide porosity frequency spectrum, and a novel permeability prediction model was established. After the target formations were classified into two types according to the differences in pore types and pore–fracture configuration relationships, the model coefficients were calibrated. Consecutive permeability curves were derived from the proposed model in the intervals where porosity frequency spectra were obtained. Comparisons of predicted permeabilities from the proposed model, traditional method and core-measured results showed that the proposed model yielded far more reliable results, with an average relative error of only 11.12% between the predicted and core-measured permeabilities. In contrast, the average relative error of the traditional method reached 36.10%. The proposed model contributed significantly to the characterization and effectiveness evaluation of fractured deep metamorphic rock reservoirs. Full article

In recent years, an ion-adsorption type REE deposit has been discovered for the first time in the weathering crust of epimetamorphic rocks in Ningdu County, Jiangxi Province, which provides a new idea for the exploration of ion-adsorption-type REE deposits. However, most previous studies on the ore-forming parent rocks of ion-adsorption-type REE deposits have focused on granites and volcanic rocks, while studies on epimetamorphic rocks remain extremely scarce. In this paper, petrographic analysis of epimetamorphic rocks, LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating and trace element analysis of zircon and apatite were conducted on the metamorphic tuff from the Kuli Formation in Ningdu County, Jiangxi Province, so as to constrain the formation age and tectonic dynamic setting of the rock mass, investigate the petrogenesis and material source of the rock mass, and reveal the metallogenic potential of the rock mass. The results of zircon and apatite U–Pb dating show that the protolith of the metamorphic tuff from the Kuli Formation formed at ca. 770 Ma, representing a product of mid-Neoproterozoic magmatic activity. The protolith restoration of metamorphic rocks suggests that the protolith of the metamorphic tuff from the Kuli Formation is magmatic rock. The estimated results of zircon Ti thermometry indicate that the magmatic crystallization temperature ranges from 623 to 723 °C, with an average value of approximately 696 °C, and the calculated zircon oxygen fugacity values vary from −18.7 to −9.4, with an average of −13.8, implying that the rock formed under conditions of relatively low temperature and high oxygen fugacity. The correlation diagrams of trace elements and element ratios in zircon and apatite reveal that the magmatic evolution involved extensive fractional crystallization of minerals such as zircon, monazite, apatite, titanite, rutile, and plagioclase during the formation of the rock mass. The discrimination diagrams of trace elements in zircon and apatite demonstrate that the metamorphic tuff from the Kuli Formation was formed in a continental margin arc or arc-related orogenic belt, and the magmatic source is characterized by crust–mantle mixing. Combined with previous research findings on regional tectonic-magmatic activities, it can be concluded that the metamorphic tuff from the Kuli Formation was formed in a tectonic setting of back-arc extension and intra-arc rifting caused by the rollback of the subducting oceanic slab. The upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle induced the partial melting of arc-derived sediments in the continental crust, which was subsequently mixed with mantle-derived magma, ultimately generating the parent magma of the metamorphic tuff. The metamorphic tuff from the Kuli Formation in Ningdu County, Jiangxi Province, has high REE abundance and relatively easily weathered REE mineral assemblages, which can provide sufficient material sources for ion-adsorption REE mineralization and have a great metallogenic potential for ion-adsorption REE deposits. Full article

This text systematically investigates the Laotudingzi monzogranite (a gold-hosting intrusion) and the Dongbaligou gold ore deposit in the Laoling gold ore belt through comprehensive geochronological, whole-rock geochemical (macroelement and microelement), strontium-neodymium-lead-hafnium isotopic and in situ sulfur-lead isotopic analysis of pyrite, combined with hydrogen-oxygen isotopic studies of hydrothermal quartz. The results demonstrate a significant Early–Middle Jurassic magmatic-mineralization event in southern Jilin Province (Ji’nan). The gold mine is structurally controlled by detachment fractures within the Laoling metamorphic core complex, which developed in an extended environment. The metallogenic materials are primarily derived from adakitic magma, supporting a “decratonic-type” genetic model. By integrating geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic datasets from the ore-related intrusions and gold deposits, as well as fluid inclusion characteristics, we elucidate the metallogenic mechanism linking Jurassic gold mineralization to subduction-related cratonic destruction. The process involved lower crustal thickening induced by Paleo-Pacific Plate subduction, lithospheric destabilization via gravitational foundering and delamination, and syn-extensional magmatism that sourced ore-forming fluids during cratonic lithosphere thinning. This work establishes a genetic framework connecting plate subduction, lithospheric removal, and gold endowment in convergent margin settings. Full article

Integrated Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) studies were performed to identify potential tin (Sn) mineralization prospects in the Eastern Tin Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 23 profiles were obtained utilizing a Schlumberger configuration, generating resistivity and chargeability sections employed to delineate weathering structures, lithological connections, and structurally regulated anomalies. ERI models consistently delineate a three-tier subsurface structure consisting of conductive soil/alluvial deposits (5–300 Ωm), weathered bedrock (300–1500 Ωm), and resistive fresh bedrock (>1500 Ωm), featuring undulating basement relief beneath floodplain layers. IP data indicate localized, often pronounced chargeability anomalies (~5–40 ms; locally reaching ~50 ms), interpreted as corridors influenced by fractures and veins, especially when they align with significant resistivity contrasts at metamorphic–granitic boundaries and intrusive contacts. The integration of fence diagrams in the alluvial-over-granite zone reveals laterally consistent chargeability peaks at the alluvial–bedrock interface, suggesting enduring subsurface conduits. XRF examination of quartz-vein samples verifies Sn enrichment (599–717 ppm), corroborating a granite-related vein/alteration hypothesis and indicating possible isolated greisenized zones within the weathered granite. The integrated ERI–IP analysis identifies priority targets for subsequent trenching and borehole drilling to verify an anomaly’s origins and evaluate Sn grade and continuity. Full article

This study addresses a critical knowledge gap in quantifying strategic mineral resources within hyper-arid, tectonically complex terrains by establishing a recursive framework that reconciles deterministic resource estimation with the nonlinear dynamics of tectonically mediated metamorphic systems. Using Libya’s Wadi El Shati as a case study, legacy lithological misclassifications are rectified through the fusion of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar, Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery, and Digital Elevation Model analytics within a unified geospatial workflow. The methodology synergizes atmospherically corrected optical data, processed via supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification, with calibrated radar-derived structural lineaments. Classified marble-bearing zones within the Al Mahruqah Formation are integrated with DEM data and field-validated thickness measurements using Triangulated Irregular Network models to resolve surface–subsurface dependencies and compute volumes. The results demonstrate a 91% lithological classification accuracy, rectifying a 22% error in legacy maps. Structural analysis of 1213 lineaments confirms a dominant NE–SW extensional regime (σ₃) that facilitated fluid conduits. The quantified marble-bearing horizon spans ~334 km² with a volume of 6.0 km³ (±9%). Spatial analysis reveals a causal link between high-grade marble clusters, basaltic intrusions, and NE–SW fault systems, refining models of contact metamorphism in rift-related settings. Full article

The southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) underwent a major Early Paleozoic tectonic transition, yet its timing and mechanisms remain unclear. We present zircon U-Pb-Hf, whole-rock geochemical, and Sr–Nd isotopic data for newly identified Early Silurian (ca. 439–431 Ma) granitoids from the Liuyuan area of the southern Beishan Orogenic Belt. These high-silica, high-K calc-alkaline intrusions not only show arc-like trace-element patterns but also display elevated Ga/Al ratios and enriched Sr–Nd isotopic compositions ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7158–0.7189; ε_Nd(t) = −4.6 to −3.9), consistent with aluminous A₂-type granites derived mainly from ancient crust. Their heterogeneous zircon ε_Hf(t) values (−6.3 to +3.7) suggest a minor, localized input from mantle-derived mafic magmas superimposed on the dominant crustal signature. Integrating regional metamorphic constraints, we interpret this magmatism to have formed during the transition from oceanic subduction to incipient collision/continent involvement and subsequent post-subduction extension, plausibly triggered by slab break-off at the slab root (ocean–continent transition). Slab-window-related asthenospheric inflow and localized thermal perturbation could have promoted high-temperature crustal melting and facilitated Early Silurian crustal reworking in the southern CAOB. Full article

To reveal the evolution of the North China Craton (NCC) and the breakup process of the Columbia supercontinent, this study conducted zircon geochronology and garnet mineralogical analyses on kimberlites from the Bayan Obo area, on the northern margin of the NCC. Zircon U-Pb dating yielded four groups of concordant ages: 2505 ± 46 Ma, 2210 ± 57 Ma, 1928 ± 58 Ma, and 1455 ± 88 Ma. Among these, 1455 ± 88 Ma represents the formation age of the kimberlite, corresponding to a regional extensional tectonic setting. The other three groups are xenocrystic zircon ages, recording the formation of the Archean basement of the NCC, extensional magmatic activity in the middle Paleoproterozoic, and collisional metamorphic events in the late Paleoproterozoic, respectively. The major element characteristics of the garnets indicate they are granulite-facies crust-derived garnets (G4 type), formed under temperature and pressure conditions of 791 ± 50–876 ± 50 °C and 14 ± 3.0 kbar. This corresponds to a mantle heat flow value of approximately 60 ± 5 mW/m², suggesting an unstable state of the lithosphere in the study area. Combined with the regional geological background, the depositional age of the Bilute Formation in Bayan Obo is determined to be between 1455 and 1524 Ma. The emplacement of kimberlite is related to extensional rifting driven by the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent, and garnets hosted in kimberlite record the crustal extension and mantle magma underplating during the rift-spreading stage of this period. This study provides key petrological and chronological evidence for the tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the NCC and the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent. Full article

In spite of the preeminence of Nicolas Poussin as one of the great classicist painters in seventeenth century France, some of his earlier work has not received the attention it deserves. This article turns to his Realm of Flora (c. 1631) in order to study some salient aspects that have been neglected. First, Poussin followed what I call the “Botanical Renaissance.” This study foregrounds which elements he followed and which he transformed. In conjunction with this movement, this article highlights Poussin’s uses of Platonic philosophy through the works of Marsilio Ficino. The importance of Sol in his works is replicated here in the power of the solar rays to nourish nature. Thirdly, we consider the many metamorphoses in the work and their significance. Finally, we turn to the circle in the heavens with the planets, stars and twelve constellations and contrast it with the more elongated circle of the metamorphic figures on Earth in order to highlight the relation between zodiacal signs/stars and the flowers depicted. The circular constellations contrast with an elongated, even elliptical shape of the figures on Earth, perhaps to suggest the conflict, prevalent at the time, between the Copernican heliocentric and circular system with Kepler’s elliptical view of the path of the heavenly planets. Full article

The Atlantic City–South Pass (ACSP) orogenic gold district, Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, occurs in the Archean South Pass Greenstone Belt primarily within greywackes and igneous rocks metamorphosed to the upper greenschist–lower amphibolite facies. Approximately 10 Mt of gold has been produced from pyrite and arsenopyrite-bearing quartz veins in deformation zones at the brittle–ductile transition. Multiple generations of primary and/or pseudosecondary fluid inclusions in gold-bearing quartz veins include one- and two-phase gaseous CO₂-CH₄ ± N₂ inclusions and two- and three-phase gaseous CO₂-CH₄-H₂O inclusions with rare NaCl daughter minerals. These primary/pseudosecondary inclusions show a broad range of homogenization temperatures (T_h) of 177.2 to 420.0 °C, with salinities of halite-bearing inclusions of >26 wt. % NaCl, with a high concentration of CaCl₂. Secondary aqueous inclusions formed at lower values of T_h (80.9 to 243.4 °C, with one outlier of 301.1 °C). Carbon from graphitic schists associated with gold-quartz veins yields values of δ¹³C = −28.5 to −19.1 per mil, suggesting that the light C isotope compositions of some carbonates (δ¹³C = −11.0 to −1.5 per mil) involved exchange reactions with graphite in the schists. Isotopic compositions of sulfur in sulfides (δ³⁴S = −1.0 to 3.6 per mil), oxygen in vein quartz (δ¹⁸O = 7.36 to 10.38 per mil), and hydrogen in fluid inclusions in vein quartz (δD = −125 to −55 per mil) are permissive of both magmatic-hydrothermal and metamorphic dehydration models for the origin of gold mineralization. However, a potential source of magmatic–hydrothermal fluids, the post-metamorphic Louis Lake granodiorite was unlikely to transport gold in a vapor state to become focused into shear zones as previously proposed. We favor a metamorphic dehydration model in which gold was derived from the South Pass supracrustal sequence and deposited in second-order shear zones that are spatially related to the first-order Roundtop Mountain Deformation Zone. Full article

Groundwater, a critical resource for regional water security and public health, faces escalating threats from heavy metal contamination—a pressing environmental challenge worldwide. This study focuses on the central-south Hunan region of China, a mineral-rich, densely populated area characterized predominantly by non-point-source pollution, aiming to systematically unravel the spatial patterns, source contributions, and associated health risks of heavy metals in local groundwater. Based on 717 spring and well water samples collected in 2024, we determined pH and seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Tl). By integrating hydrogeological zoning, lithology, topography, and river networks, the study area was divided into 11 assessment units, clearly revealing the spatial heterogeneity of heavy metals. The results demonstrate that exceedances of Cd, Pb, and Zn were sporadic and point-source-influenced, whereas As, Fe, Mn, and Tl showed regional exceedance patterns (e.g., Mn exceeded the standard in 9.76% of samples), identifying them as priority control elements. The spatial distribution of heavy metals was governed the synergistic effects of lithology, water–rock interactions, and hydrological structure, showing a distinct “acidic in the northeast, alkaline in the southwest” pH gradient. Combined application of the APCS-MLR and PMF models resolved five principal pollution sources: an acid-reducing-environment-driven release source (contributing 76.1% of Fe and 58.3% of Pb); a geogenic–anthropogenic composite source (contributing 81.0% of Tl and 62.4% of Cd); a human-perturbation-triggered natural Mn release source (contributing 94.8% of Mn); an agricultural-activity-related input source (contributing 60.1% of Zn); and a primary geological source (contributing 89.9% of As). Monte Carlo simulation-based health risk assessment indicated that the average hazard index (HI) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for all heavy metals were below acceptable thresholds, suggesting generally manageable risk. However, As was the dominant contributor to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, with its carcinogenic risk exceeding the threshold in up to 3.84% of the simulated adult exposures under extreme scenarios. Sensitivity analysis identified exposure duration (ED) as the most influential parameter governing risk outcomes. In conclusion, we recommend implementing spatially differentiated management strategies: prioritizing As control in red-bed and granite–metamorphic zones; enhancing Tl monitoring in the northern and northeastern granite-rich areas, particularly downstream of the Mishui River; and regulating land use in brick-factory-dense riparian zones to mitigate disturbance-induced Mn release—for instance, through the enforcement of setback requirements and targeted groundwater monitoring programs. This study provides a scientific foundation for the sustainable management and safety assurance of groundwater resources in regions with similar geological and anthropogenic settings. Full article