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3,465 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
5,739 Views
11 Pages

18 March 2016

FePt-Ag nanocomposite films with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy have been fabricated by alternate-atomic-layer electron beam evaporation onto MgO(100) substrates at the low temperature of 300 °C. Their magnetization behavior and microstructu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,724 Views
21 Pages

27 November 2021

Polymer bonded magnets based on thermoplastics are economically produced by the injection molding process for applications in sensor and drive technology. Especially the lack of orientation in the edge layer, as well as the chemical resistance and th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,515 Views
11 Pages

Magnetorheological and Viscoelastic Behaviors in an Fe-Based Amorphous Magnetic Fluid

  • Chuncheng Yang,
  • Teng Li,
  • Xiangyu Pei,
  • Jiaxin Li,
  • Zhao Yuan,
  • Yan Li and
  • Xiufang Bian

28 February 2023

A novel magnetic fluid was obtained using a colloidal dispersion of amorphous magnetic Fe-Ni-B nanoparticles into water. Its magnetorheological and viscoelastic behaviors were all investigated. Results showed that the generated particles were spheric...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,266 Views
21 Pages

26 September 2024

This paper aims to develop a theoretical model for a viscoelastic hard-magnetic elastomer membrane (HMEM) actuated by pressure and uniform magnetic field. The HMEM is initially a flat, circular film with a fixed boundary. The HMEM undergoes nonlinear...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
3,585 Views
31 Pages

A series of mononuclear Co(II) complexes showing slow magnetic relaxation is assessed from the point of view of relaxation mechanisms. In certain cases, the reciprocating thermal behavior is detected: On cooling, the slow relaxation time is prolonged...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,979 Views
18 Pages

Thermal Behavior of a Magnetically Levitated Spindle for Fatigue Testing of Fiber Reinforced Plastic

  • Daniel Franz,
  • Maximilian Schneider,
  • Michael Richter and
  • Stephan Rinderknecht

This article discusses the critical thermal behavior of a magnetically levitated spindle for fatigue testing of cylinders made of fiber reinforced plastic. These cylinders represent the outer-rotor of a kinetic energy storage. The system operates und...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
7,070 Views
10 Pages

Exposure to Magnetic Fields Changes the Behavioral Pattern in Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) under Laboratory Conditions

  • Paweł Migdał,
  • Ewelina Berbeć,
  • Paweł Bieńkowski,
  • Mateusz Plotnik,
  • Agnieszka Murawska and
  • Krzysztof Latarowski

29 March 2022

Earth’s magnetic field (MF) plays an important role for many species, including the honeybee, in navigation. Nowadays, much larger alternating fields are emitted by miscellaneous electric infrastructure components, such as transformers and powe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,243 Views
12 Pages

13 August 2021

Iron oxides/hydroxides are important magnetic minerals to provide information about changes in the forming environment. However, the magnetic behavior in agate has been rarely investigated. In this study, the magnetic behavior of the Xuanhua-type aga...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,424 Views
22 Pages

8 September 2020

Gas tungsten arc welding with an external magnetic field is proven to suppress weld defects while improving welding speed. A three-dimensional numerical model that considers interactions among the arc plasma, weld pool, metal vapor, and external magn...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,513 Views
15 Pages

Experimental Determination of Influences of Static Eccentricities on the Structural Dynamic Behavior of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

  • Julius Müller,
  • Marius Franck,
  • Kevin Jansen,
  • Gregor Höpfner,
  • Jörg Berroth,
  • Georg Jacobs and
  • Kay Hameyer

16 September 2024

In electrified vehicles, the masking noise behavior of internal combustion engines is absent, making the tonal excitation of the electric machine particularly noticeable in vehicle acoustics, which is perceived as disturbing by consumers. Due to manu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,675 Views
10 Pages

19 April 2018

Soft magnetic properties of Fe-based metallic glasses (MGs) are dependent on their nanocrystallization behavior, particularly the precipitation of α-Fe embedded in the amorphous matrix. In this study, the effects of metalloid elements of C, B,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,892 Views
14 Pages

28 April 2024

Magnetization reduction roasting is an important method for the utilization of oolitic magnetite. In this study, the magnetization reduction behavior and kinetics of oolitic hematite in gas-based roasting were systematically investigated by X-ray pho...

  • Article
  • Open Access
360 Views
20 Pages

Magnetic Field Simulation and Verification for MMC-HVDC Submodules Under Double Pulse Test Including Dynamic Switching Behavior of 4.5 kV/5 kA IGBTs

  • Hailin Li,
  • Lulu Liu,
  • Zhilei Si,
  • Yongjie Hu,
  • Kun Liu,
  • Zhongting Chang,
  • Yongrui Huang,
  • Kepeng Xia,
  • Shuhong Wang and
  • Xiaofeng Zhou

23 December 2025

An MMC is widely applied to the HVDC power transmission system. With a large number of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) utilized in MMC-HVDC converter stations, an extremely complicated EM environment is generated due to the dv/dt and di/dt...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,373 Views
14 Pages

31 December 2021

The magnetic structure and the origin of band gap opening for Ba2CuOsO6 were investigated by exploring the spin exchange interactions and employing the spin–orbit coupling effect. It revealed that the double-perovskite Ba2CuOsO6, composed of th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,423 Views
14 Pages

23 May 2017

Coal-based reduction and magnetic separation behavior of low-grade vanadium-titanium magnetite pellets were studied in this paper. It is found that the metallization degree increased obviously with an increase in the temperature from 1100 °C to 1400...

  • Article
  • Open Access
46 Citations
7,092 Views
24 Pages

Ecotoxicity Assessment of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticle Exposure in Adult Zebrafish at an Environmental Pertinent Concentration by Behavioral and Biochemical Testing

  • Nemi Malhotra,
  • Jung-Ren Chen,
  • Sreeja Sarasamma,
  • Gilbert Audira,
  • Petrus Siregar,
  • Sung-Tzu Liang,
  • Yu-Heng Lai,
  • Geng-Ming Lin,
  • Tzong-Rong Ger and
  • Chung-Der Hsiao

Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) are widely being investigated as novel promising multifunctional agents, specifically in the fields of development for theranostics, electronics, waste water treatment, cosmetics, and energy storage devices. Unique, supe...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
2 Citations
889 Views
8 Pages

Role of Minor Ta Substitution on Thermal Behavior and Soft Magnetic Properties of Co-Fe-Mo-Si-B Metallic Glass Ribbon

  • Peipei Shen,
  • Yanan Gao,
  • Shuyan Zhang,
  • Hua Chen,
  • Pengfei Wang,
  • Yangzhi Xue,
  • Hongbo Zhou,
  • Danyue Ma and
  • Jixi Lu

16 April 2025

Cobalt-based metallic glasses have sparked intensive attention because of their extraordinary properties. In this work, a series of Co66Fe4Mo2-xTaxSi16B12 (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) metallic glass ribbons were systematically designed to investigate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,728 Views
15 Pages

The static magnetic field (SMF) in human exposure has become a health risk concern, especially with respect to prolonged exposure. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has been considering cell or animal models t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,198 Views
25 Pages

CoFe2O4 is a promising functional material for various applications. The impact of doping with different cations (Ag+, Na+, Ca2+, Cd2+, and La3+) on the structural, thermal, kinetics, morphological, surface, and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 nanopar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
175 Views
12 Pages

Microstructural Characteristics and Fracture Behavior of the Rotor Magnetic Pole Screw in an Industrial Synchronous Motor

  • Ying Dong,
  • Qinghao Miao,
  • Ruihai Duan,
  • Yang Liu,
  • Ke Wang,
  • Xuandong Wu and
  • Shujin Chen

27 February 2026

The microstructural characteristics and fracture behavior of a magnetic pole screw were investigated here. The screw threads were produced by cold thread rolling. Microstructural analysis (OM, SEM, EBSD), mechanical testing (tensile, hardness, fasten...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,903 Views
22 Pages

22 September 2022

The reverse magnetization behavior for bulk composite alloys containing Mn-Al-C and α-Fe nanoparticles (NPs) has been investigated by hysteresis loops, recoil, and first-order reversal curves (FORC) analysis. The effect of adding different perc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
7,255 Views
14 Pages

Magnetic Field-Induced Reverse Martensitic Transformation and Thermal Transformation Arrest Phenomenon of Ni41Co9Mn39Sb11 Alloy

  • Rie Y. Umetsu,
  • Xiao Xu,
  • Wataru Ito,
  • Takumi Kihara,
  • Kohki Takahashi,
  • Masashi Tokunaga and
  • Ryosuke Kainuma

18 December 2014

In order to investigate behavior of magnetic field-induced reverse martensitic transformation for Ni-Co-Mn-Sb, magnetization experiments up to a static magnetic field of 18 T and a pulsed magnetic field of 40 T were carried out. In the thermomagnetiz...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
5,525 Views
18 Pages

Development and Characterization of Stable Polymer Formulations for Manufacturing Magnetic Composites

  • Balakrishnan Nagarajan,
  • Milad Kamkar,
  • Martin A.W. Schoen,
  • Uttandaraman Sundararaj,
  • Simon Trudel,
  • Ahmed Jawad Qureshi and
  • Pierre Mertiny

Polymer bonded permanent magnets find significant applications in a multitude of electrical and electronic devices. In this study, magnetic particle-loaded epoxy resin formulations were developed for in-situ polymerization and material jetting based...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,901 Views
20 Pages

14 July 2018

Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used material in urban, road, and industrial structures. Quantifying the condition of the reinforcing steel can help manage the human and financial risks that arise from unexpected reinforced concrete structur...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
9 Citations
6,579 Views
11 Pages

Thermophysical Characteristics of the Ferrofluid in a Vertical Rectangle

  • Jae-Hyeong Seo,
  • Byoung-Hee You,
  • Sang-Seuk Kwen,
  • Dong-Yeon Lee and
  • Moo-Yeon Lee

16 February 2015

The article aimed to analytically investigate the thermophysical behaviors of a ferrofluid in a vertical rectangle with the variation of intensity of the magnetic field, viscosity of the ferrofluid and boundary conditions. The governing equations of...

  • Review
  • Open Access
33 Citations
8,550 Views
16 Pages

Preparation and Application of Iron Oxide Nanoclusters

  • Angelo J. Antone,
  • Zaicheng Sun and
  • Yuping Bao

Magnetic iron oxide nanoclusters, which refers to a group of individual nanoparticles, have recently attracted much attention because of their distinctive behaviors compared to individual nanoparticles. In this review, we discuss preparation methods...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,136 Views
16 Pages

Observation of High Magnetic Bistability in Lanthanide (Ln = Gd, Tb and Dy)-Grafted Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Molecular System

  • Venkateswara Rao Sodisetti,
  • Andreas Lemmerer,
  • Daniel Wamwangi and
  • Somnath Bhattacharyya

1 August 2023

There is an immense research interest in molecular hybrid materials posing novel magnetic properties for usage in spintronic devices and quantum technological applications. Although grafting magnetic molecules onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is nontrivi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
233 Views
16 Pages

23 January 2026

This study evaluated the damage behavior of 321 austenitic stainless steel under tensile loading by measuring its magnetic properties. The results indicate that, at room temperature, the magnetic properties of 321 stainless steel respond distinctly t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,284 Views
17 Pages

Age-Related In Vivo Structural Changes in the Male Mouse Olfactory Bulb and Their Correlation with Olfactory-Driven Behavior

  • Pietro Bontempi,
  • Maria Jimena Ricatti,
  • Marco Sandri,
  • Elena Nicolato,
  • Carla Mucignat-Caretta and
  • Carlo Zancanaro

28 February 2023

Olfactory areas in mammalian brains are linked to centers that modulate behavior. During aging, sensitivity to odors decreases and structural changes are described in olfactory areas. We explored, in two groups of male mice (young and elderly, 6 and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
1,919 Views
13 Pages

29 October 2023

We studied Ni2FeSi-, Co2FeSi-, and Co2MnSi-based full-Heusler alloy glass-coated microwires with the same geometric parameters, i.e., fixed nucleus and total diameters, prepared using the Taylor–Ulitovsky method. The fabrication of X2YZ (X = Co...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,437 Views
16 Pages

Magnetic and Magnetocaloric Properties of Nano- and Polycrystalline Bulk Manganites La0.7Ba(0.3−x)CaxMnO3 (x ≤ 0.25)

  • Roman Atanasov,
  • Ecaterina Brinza,
  • Rares Bortnic,
  • Razvan Hirian,
  • Gabriela Souca,
  • Lucian Barbu-Tudoran and
  • Iosif Grigore Deac

Here we report the synthesis and investigation of bulk and nano-sized La0.7Ba0.3−xCaxMnO3 (x = 0, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25) compounds that are promising candidates for magnetic refrigeration applications. We compare the structural and magnetic proper...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
2,459 Views
14 Pages

Enhancing the Squareness and Bi-Phase Magnetic Switching of Co2FeSi Microwires for Sensing Application

  • Mohamed Salaheldeen,
  • Asma Wederni,
  • Mihail Ipatov,
  • Valentina Zhukova,
  • Ricardo Lopez Anton and
  • Arcady Zhukov

26 May 2023

In the current study we have obtained Co2FeSi glass-coated microwires with different geometrical aspect ratios, ρ = d/Dtot (diameter of metallic nucleus, d and total diameter, Dtot). The structure and magnetic properties are investigated at a wid...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,171 Views
18 Pages

Study of Structural, Compression, and Soft Magnetic Properties of Fe65Ni28Mn7 Alloy Prepared by Arc Melting, Mechanical Alloying, and Spark Plasma Sintering

  • Kaouther Zaara,
  • Virgil Optasanu,
  • Sophie Le Gallet,
  • Lluisa Escoda,
  • Joan Saurina,
  • Frédéric Bernard,
  • Mohamed Khitouni,
  • Joan-Josep Suñol and
  • Mahmoud Chemingui

20 November 2023

Soft magnetic Fe65Ni28Mn7 (at. %) alloy was successfully synthesized by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS) and, in parallel, the same composition was prepared by arc melting (AM) for comparison. Several SPS conditions were tested. X...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,962 Views
15 Pages

Binder System Composition on the Rheological and Magnetic Properties of Nd-Fe-B Feedstocks for Metal Injection Molding

  • Vahid Momeni,
  • Sorana Luca,
  • Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez,
  • Santiago Cano,
  • Emilie Sueur,
  • Zahra Shahroodi,
  • Stephan Schuschnigg,
  • Christian Kukla and
  • Clemens Holzer

28 June 2024

The applications of Nd-Fe-B-based magnets are experiencing significant diversification to achieve efficiency and miniaturization in different technologies. Metal injection molding (MIM) provides new opportunities to manufacture Nd-Fe-B magnets with h...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Citations
9,512 Views
18 Pages

Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of the High-Entropy Alloys for Combinatorial Approaches

  • E-Wen Huang,
  • Guo-Yu Hung,
  • Soo Yeol Lee,
  • Jayant Jain,
  • Kuan-Pang Chang,
  • Jing Jhe Chou,
  • Wen-Chi Yang and
  • Peter K. Liaw

14 March 2020

This review summarizes the state of high-entropy alloys and their combinatorial approaches, mainly considering their magnetic applications. Several earlier studies on high-entropy alloy properties, such as magnetic, wear, and corrosion behavior; diff...

  • Article
  • Open Access
708 Views
24 Pages

8 December 2025

Microfluidics is considered a revolutionary interdisciplinary technology with substantial interest in various biomedical applications. Many non-Newtonian fluids often used in microfluidics systems are notably influenced by the external active fields,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,369 Views
15 Pages

Correlation between Magnetocaloric Properties and Magnetic Exchange Interaction in Gd54Fe36B10−xSix Amorphous Alloys

  • Huiyan Zhang,
  • Jia Tan,
  • Xue Zhang,
  • Jiazhe Yan,
  • Han Shi,
  • Ye Zhu,
  • Weizhong Cheng,
  • Hailing Li,
  • Weihuo Li and
  • Ailin Xia

10 May 2023

Gd54Fe36B10−xSix (x = 0, 2, 5, 8, 10) amorphous ribbons were fabricated by melt-spinning technique. Based on the molecular field theory, the magnetic exchange interaction was analyzed by constructing the two-sublattice model and deriving the ex...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
7,016 Views
19 Pages

Tuning of Luminescent and Magnetic Properties via Metal Doping of Zn-BTC Systems

  • Taoguang Qu,
  • Qiang Wei,
  • Carlos Ordonez,
  • Jennifer Lindline,
  • Michael Petronis,
  • Marina S. Fonari and
  • Tatiana Timofeeva

8 April 2018

In order to assess how metal doping affects the luminescence and magnetic properties of anionic Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), seven single-metal doped MOFs {M-Zn-BTC}{Me2NH2+} (M = Co, Cu, Ni, Mn, Ca, Mg, Cd) and three dual-metal doped MOFs {Zn-M1...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
3,101 Views
17 Pages

Multitasking Performance of Fe3O4/BaTiO3/Epoxy Resin Hybrid Nanocomposites

  • Sevasti Gioti,
  • Aikaterini Sanida,
  • Georgios N. Mathioudakis,
  • Anastasios C. Patsidis,
  • Thanassis Speliotis and
  • Georgios C. Psarras

26 February 2022

In this study, hybrid nanocomposites consisting of Fe3O4/BaTiO3/epoxy resin were prepared with varying amounts of filer content. Structural and morphological characterization, conducted via X-Ray Diffraction patterns and Scanning Electron Microscopy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
2,051 Views
9 Pages

29 October 2021

In this paper, binary Nd-Co alloys with compositional range from Nd72.5Co27.5 to Nd50Co50 were successfully vitrified into glassy state by a melt-spinning method. The glass formability of the metallic glasses (MGs) was studied and the best glass form...

  • Article
  • Open Access
779 Views
28 Pages

Hydrodynamic Performance Analysis of an MR Damper in Valve Mode Characterized by the Mason Number

  • Juan P. Escandón,
  • Juan R. Gómez,
  • René O. Vargas,
  • Edson M. Jimenez and
  • Rubén Mil-Martínez

6 November 2025

This work analyzes the hydrodynamic behavior of a magnetorheological valve, considering the microscopic fluid characteristics to generate a damper force. The magnetorheological fluid is composed of ferromagnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,524 Views
12 Pages

Multiferroics Made via Chemical Co-Precipitation That Is Synthesized and Characterized as Bi(1−x)CdxFeO3

  • Syed Zain Mehmood,
  • Mubashar Arshad,
  • Fahad M. Alharbi,
  • Sayed M. Eldin and
  • Ahmed M. Galal

Cd-doped BiFeO3 powders, with varying doping concentrations of Cd (Bi(1−x)CdxFeO3, where x = 0–0.3), were prepared through a facile chemical co-precipitation method and calcinated at 550 °C in the air. The BiFeO3 has a rhombohedral cr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
5,174 Views
23 Pages

Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Carbon-Coating Can Increase Its Biosafety: Evidences from Biochemical and Neurobehavioral Tests in Zebrafish

  • Nemi Malhotra,
  • Gilbert Audira,
  • Jung-Ren Chen,
  • Petrus Siregar,
  • Hua-Shu Hsu,
  • Jiann-Shing Lee,
  • Tzong-Rong Ger and
  • Chung-Der Hsiao

Recently, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained much attention in the field of biomedical engineering for therapeutic as well as diagnostic purposes. Carbon magnetic nanoparticles (C-MNPs) are a class of MNPs categorized as organic nanoparticles....

  • Article
  • Open Access
74 Citations
5,111 Views
14 Pages

15 May 2018

We apply First-principles theory to study the electronic structure as well as the magnetic and mechanical characteristics of YRhTiGe, a newly-designed Y-based quaternary equiatomic Heusler compound. This compound is half-metallic in nature with a fer...

  • Article
  • Open Access
702 Views
21 Pages

The alloy Pr2Fe16.75Ni0.25 has been examined to investigate its structural properties, critical behavior, and magnetocaloric effects. Rietveld’s refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns has revealed a rhombohedral structure with an R3¯m sp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
454 Views
11 Pages

Graphene-Driven Formation of Ferromagnetic Metallic Cobalt Nanoparticles

  • Salim Al-Kamiyani,
  • Mohammed Al Bahri,
  • Tariq Mohiuddin,
  • Eduardo Saavedra and
  • Al Maha Al Habsi

28 December 2025

This work demonstrates the synthesis of ferromagnetic metallic cobalt nanoparticles embedded in a graphene framework through a graphene-assisted carbothermal reduction process. Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) was employed as the starting material, with graphene...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,747 Views
17 Pages

Modeling Pulsed Magnetic Core Behavior in LTspice

  • Keegan Kelp,
  • Dawson Wright,
  • Jacob Stephens,
  • James Dickens,
  • John Mankowski,
  • Zach Shaw and
  • Andreas Neuber

This work demonstrates a modeling technique focused on reproducing the behavior of magnetic cores subject to high voltage pulses. The working principle of the model is based on a magnetic circuit with additional elements that influence the model&rsqu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
5,669 Views
21 Pages

Carboxymethyl-Dextran-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Influence of the Coating Thickness on the Particle Properties

  • Chiara Turrina,
  • Davide Milani,
  • Anna Klassen,
  • Diana M. Rojas-González,
  • Jennifer Cookman,
  • Matthias Opel,
  • Barbara Sartori,
  • Petra Mela,
  • Sonja Berensmeier and
  • Sebastian P. Schwaminger

25 November 2022

Carboxymethyl-dextran (CMD)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) are of great interest in nanomedicine, especially for applications in drug delivery. To develop a magnetically controlled drug delivery system, many factors must be considered, includ...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,991 Views
21 Pages

Multivariate Genetic Structure of Externalizing Behavior and Structural Brain Development in a Longitudinal Adolescent Twin Sample

  • Jalmar Teeuw,
  • Marieke Klein,
  • Nina Roth Mota,
  • Rachel M. Brouwer,
  • Dennis van ‘t Ent,
  • Zyneb Al-Hassaan,
  • Barbara Franke,
  • Dorret I. Boomsma and
  • Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol

Externalizing behavior in its more extreme form is often considered a problem to the individual, their families, teachers, and society as a whole. Several brain structures have been linked to externalizing behavior and such associations may arise if...

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