Search Results (178)

The increasing depletion of high-grade nickel sulfide deposits and the growing demand for nickel have intensified global interest in oxidized nickel ores (ONOs), particularly those located in Kazakhstan. This study presents a comprehensive review of the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of ONOs from the Shevchenkovskoye cobalt–nickel ore deposit and other Kazakhstan deposits, highlighting the challenges they pose for conventional beneficiation and metallurgical processing. Current industrial practices are analyzed, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and pyro-hydrometallurgical methods, with an emphasis on their efficiency, environmental impact, and economic feasibility. Special attention is given to the potential of hydro-catalytic leaching as a flexible, energy-efficient alternative for treating low-grade ONOs under atmospheric conditions. The results underscore the necessity of developing cost-effective and sustainable technologies tailored to the unique composition of Kazakhstani ONOs, particularly those rich in iron and magnesium. This work provides a strategic framework for future research and the industrial application of advanced leaching techniques to unlock the full potential of Kazakhstan’s nickel resources. Full article

The Jinbaoshan Pt-Pd deposit is China’s largest independent PGM deposit. However, the deposit has not been utilized until now because of the low grade of precious metals, the complex mineral composition, and, notably, the presence of precious metals in the microgranular material disseminated to other minerals. Its high MgO content, in particular, is regarded as a challenge for efficiently recovering precious metals via mature pyrometallurgical methods. In this research, the feasibility of a smelting process to recover precious metals from Jinbaoshan Pt-Pd concentrates at a conventional smelting temperature (1350 °C) with the addition of iron ore as a metal collector and SiO₂ and CaO as fluxes was verified on the basis of thermodynamic slag design and experimental analyses. Under the optimal conditions of 100 g of the Pt-Pd concentrates, 32.5 g of SiO₂, 7.5 g of CaO, and 30 g of iron ore at 1350 °C for 1 h, the extraction efficiencies of Au, Pt, and Pd were 94.66%, 96.75%, and 97.28%, respectively. This strategy enables the rapid collection of PGMs from Jinbaoshan Pt-Pd concentrates at the conventional temperature within a short time and minimizes the use of fluxes and collectors, contributing to energy and cost conservation. Full article

The Qiubudong silver deposit on the western margin of the Fuping ore cluster in the central North China Craton is a representative breccia-type deposit characterized by relatively high-grade ores, thick mineralized zones, and extensive alteration, indicating considerable potential for economic resource development and further exploration. Previous studies on this deposit have not addressed its genetic mineralogical characteristics. This study focuses on pyrite and quartz to investigate their typomorphic features, such as crystal morphology, trace element composition, thermoelectric properties, and luminescence characteristics, and their implications for ore-forming processes. Pyrite crystals are predominantly cubic in early stages, while pentagonal dodecahedral and cubic–dodecahedral combinations peak during the main mineralization stage. The pyrite is sulfur-deficient and iron-rich, enriched in Au, and relatively high in Ag, Cu, Pb, and Bi contents during the main ore-forming stage. Rare earth element (REE) concentrations are low, with weak LREE-HREE fractionation and a strong negative Eu anomaly. The thermoelectric coefficient of pyrite ranges from −328.9 to +335.6 μV/°C, with a mean of +197.63 μV/°C; P-type conduction dominates, with an occurrence rate of 58%–100% and an average of 88.78%. A weak–low temperature and a strong–high temperature peak characterize quartz thermoluminescence during the main mineralization stage. Fluid inclusions in quartz include liquid-rich, vapor-rich, and two-phase types, with salinities ranging from 10.11% to 12.62% NaCl equiv. (average 11.16%) and densities from 0.91 to 0.95 g/cm³ (average 0.90 g/cm³). The ore-forming fluids are interpreted as F-rich, low-salinity, low-density hydrothermal fluids of volcanic origin at medium–low temperatures. The abundance of pentagonal dodecahedral pyrite, low Co/Ni ratios, high Cu contents, and complex quartz thermoluminescence signatures are key mineralogical indicators for deep prospecting. Combined with thermoelectric data and morphological analysis, the depth interval around 800 m between drill holes ZK3204 and ZK3201 has high mineralization potential. This study fills a research gap on the genetic mineralogy of the Qiubudong deposit and provides a scientific basis for deep exploration. Full article

With the gradual depletion of high-quality iron ore resources, global steel enterprises have shifted their focus to low-grade, high-impurity iron ores. Using low-grade iron ore to produce pellets for blast furnaces is crucial for companies to control production costs and diversify raw material sources. However, producing qualified pellets from limonite and other low-grade iron ores remains highly challenging. This study investigates the mechanism by which basicity affects the consolidation and reduction behavior of high-Al₂O₃ limonite pellets from a thermodynamic perspective. As the binary basicity of the pellets increased from 0.01 under natural conditions to 1.2, the compressive strength of the roasted pellets increased from 1100 N/P to 5200 N/P. The enhancement in basicity led to an increase in the amount of low-melting-point calcium ferrite in the binding phase, which increased the liquid phase in the pellets, thereby strengthening the consolidation. CaO infiltrated into large-sized iron particles and reacted with Al and Si elements, segregating the contiguous large-sized iron particles and encapsulating them with liquid-phase calcium ferrite. Calcium oxide reacts with the Al and Si elements in large hematite particles, segmenting them and forming liquid calcium ferrite that encapsulates the particles. Additionally, this study used thermodynamic analysis to characterize the influence of CaO on aluminum elements in high-aluminum iron ore pellets. Adding CaO boosted the liquid phase’s ability to incorporate aluminum, lessening the inhibition by high-melting-point aluminum elements of hematite recrystallization. During the reduction process, pellets with high basicity exhibited superior reduction performance. Full article

Background: A gluten-free diet (GFD) has been shown to be nutritionally inadequate for those with wheat-related disorders. However, the differences in findings and the absence of quantitative analysis limits the interpretation of previous reviews. Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the risk of micronutrient deficiencies in patients with celiac disease (CeD) and non-celiac gluten or wheat sensitivity (NCWS). Methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science (Ovid) databases. The risk of bias was determined using the ROBINS-1, and the quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Results We identified 7940 studies; 46 observational studies (11 cohort, 9 cross-sectional, and 26 case–control) were eligible for analysis. CeD patients had an increased risk of vitamin D and E deficiencies compared with the non-CeD controls. CeD on a GFD had a decreased risk of vitamin D, B12, E, calcium, and iron deficiencies compared with untreated CeD. NCWS had an increased risk of vitamin B12, folate, and iron deficiency compared to the controls. The overall quality of evidence was rated very low. Conclusions: The risk of various micronutrient deficiencies is increased in CeD but is decreased for some after a GFD. Adequately powered studies with a rigorous methodology are needed to inform the risk of nutrient deficiencies in patients with CeD and NCWS. Protocol registration: Prospero-CRD42022313508. Full article

This study investigates the effectiveness of various beneficiation methods for recovering chromium from refined ferrochrome slag. Dry magnetic separation at different field intensities (0.45 T and 0.8 T) showed that selective extraction of metallic chromium (Cr_met) is more efficient at 0.45 T, achieving a recovery rate of up to 90.05%. Pneumatic separation using SEPAIR technology demonstrated promising results, especially for wide particle size fractions (0–20 mm), where chromium recovery reached 40.32% due to density differences between slag particles and metallic inclusions. Enrichment on a shaking table proved to be the most selective method, producing a concentrate with 29.9% Cr and 90.7% recovery, although the yield was low (3.8%). SEM-EDX and SEM-BSE analyses confirmed the heterogeneous phase composition of slag grains, revealing chromium–iron alloys embedded in oxide matrices. Based on laboratory experiments and material characterization, it is concluded that magnetic separation can be used for preliminary concentration, pneumatic classification is effective for processing bulk slag with economic potential, and gravity concentration on shaking tables is suitable for producing high-grade concentrates. The resulting tailings, low in chromium, are suitable for reuse in the production of building materials after carbonation treatment. Full article

As a critical mineral, magnesite plays a vital role in industries such as steelmaking, construction, and advanced technologies due to its high thermal stability and chemical resistance. However, the beneficiation of low-grade magnesite ores (~38.36% MgO) remains challenging due to the presence of iron, silica, and calcium-bearing impurities. This study proposes an integrated beneficiation strategy combining medium-intensity magnetic separation and flotation techniques to upgrade a low-grade magnesite ore. After grinding to 75 µm (d₈₀), the sample was subjected to two-stage magnetic separation at 5000 Gauss to remove Fe-bearing minerals, reducing Fe₂O₃ below 0.5%. The non-magnetic fraction was then treated through a two-stage reverse flotation process using dodecylamine (350 g/t) and diesel oil (60 g/t) at pH 7 to reject silicate gangue. This was followed by a four-stage direct flotation using sodium oleate (250 g/t), sodium silicate (350 g/t), and SHMP (100 g/t) at pH 10 to selectively recover magnesite while suppressing Ca-bearing minerals. The optimized flowsheet achieved a final concentrate with MgO > 46.5%, SiO₂ ≈ 1.05%, Fe₂O₃ ≈ 0.44%, and CaO ≈ 0.73%, meeting the specifications for refractory-grade magnesite. These results highlight the effectiveness of a combined magnetic–flotation route in upgrading complex, low-grade magnesite deposits for commercial use. Full article

This study characterises low-grade copper ore tailings from a conventional flotation circuit to evaluate their feasibility for further processing. A suite of advanced analytical techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN), was employed to assess the elemental, chemical, and mineralogical composition of the tailings. Chalcopyrite was identified as the dominant copper-bearing mineral phase, predominantly locked within iron oxides and silicate gangue minerals. The QEMSCAN results showed that chalcopyrite was only partially liberated, which highlights the complex mineral intergrowths that hinder efficient recovery. Based on the mineralogical characteristics, the applicability of various processing techniques, including conventional froth flotation, advanced flotation methods [including Hydrofloat^TM, Jameson, and the Reflux Flotation Cell (RFC)], magnetic separation, and gravity separation, was evaluated. Overall, this study indicates that incorporating HydroFloat™, the Jameson Cell, and the RFC into the flotation circuit could greatly improve copper recovery from tailings. This study also identified rare earth elements (REEs) as potential by-products of copper recovery, so it is an additional opportunity for resource recovery. This paper contributes to sustainable mining practices and resource optimization by highlighting the characteristics and recovery of valuable minerals from tailings. Full article

The present study investigates the catalytic conversion of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into high-grade fuel oil using a semi-batch reactor at 350 °C under ambient pressure, with a catalyst-to-LDPE ratio of 1:20. Zeolite-based catalysts were synthesized by impregnating different metals (Fe, Zn, Cr, Mn, and Ga) onto ZSM-5 with a silica-to-alumina ratio of 30 (Z30). These catalysts were characterized using BET, XRD, and NH3-TPD techniques to evaluate their physicochemical properties. The results showed that catalytic pyrolysis of LDPE yielded less pyrolytic oil compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis. The obtained pyrolytic oil was analysed through elemental composition, gross calorific value (GCV), Simulated Distillation, and GC-DHA. The elemental analysis revealed a high carbon (85–86%) and hydrogen (13–14%) content, resulting in a high GCV of approximately 42 MJ/kg. GC-DHA analysis indicated that the pyrolytic oil was rich in aromatic and olefinic compounds. Among the catalysts, 5Fe/Z30 exhibited the highest aromatic selectivity (35%), a research octane number of 91, and 100% LDPE conversion. These findings underscore the potential of low-cost iron-based catalysts for efficiently converting LDPE waste into valuable chemicals and fuels. Full article

In this study, the effects of reduction temperature and time on the reduction rates of iron and vanadium oxides in low-grade vanadium–titanium magnetite (VTM) were investigated. Based on the results of physical experiments, both the response surface method (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were used to fit the prediction model of the reduction rate of iron and vanadium oxides in low-grade VTM. The results of the RSM prediction model show that under the condition of a sufficient reducing medium, affected by the high-temperature products, such as silicates and magnesium aluminates, the reduction rate of iron and vanadium oxides in low-grade VTM will first increase and then decrease. This indicates that a single factor cannot maximize the reduction efficiency of metal oxides. The results of the RSM prediction model show that the correlation fitting coefficient and correction fitting coefficient of the model are greater than 99% and 98%, respectively. The F-value is 150.05 and 176.19, respectively, and the p-value is less than 0.0001. This indicates that the RSM prediction model has high accuracy and reliability. After parameter optimization of the RSM prediction model, when the reduction temperature is 1446 °C~1498 °C and the reduction time is 43 min~60 min, the maximum reduction rates of iron oxide and vanadium oxide in iron ore can reach 92.93% and 69.20%, respectively. The study of reaction kinetics shows that the reduction processes of iron and vanadium oxides in VTM are controlled by three-dimensional diffusion conditions. The apparent activation energies of the reactions are 86.76 kJ/mol and 90.30 kJ/mol, respectively. Full article

This study employs response surface methodology (RSM) with a custom optimal design to develop and optimize iron (Fe) grade and recovery through magnetization roasting followed by induced dry-roll magnetic separation. The relationships between the independent and dependent variables are investigated. The effect of roasting temperature, magnetization roasting time, magnetic field intensity, rotor speed, and product splitter position for the induced dry-roll magnetic separator on Fe grade and recovery are studied. Suitable models are generated to predict the optimum operating conditions. An analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is employed to validate the developed regression models’ adequacy and assess the main and interaction-related effects on Fe grade and recovery. During magnetization roasting, a satisfactory Fe grade of 66.8% with a recovery of 16.7% was obtained under optimal conditions of 1050 °C for 97 min. Conversely, after the induced dry-roll magnetic separator optimization, an Fe grade of 66.1% with a recovery of 60.2% was achieved under optimum conditions of 0.105 T for magnetic field intensity, 70 Hz for rotor speed, and an 11 mm product splitter position. This study effectively illustrates how RSM can model the processes of magnetization roasting and induced dry-roll magnetic separation, particularly concerning the operating parameters used for treating iron ore plant tailings. Furthermore, it highlights the efficiency of this methodology in generating substantial insights in a short timeframe while minimizing the number of experiments conducted. Full article

Tropical acidic soils exhibit inherently low fertility and reduced microbial activity, driven by low pH and accelerated organic matter mineralization, phosphorus (P) fixation, and aluminum (Al³⁺) and iron (Fe³⁺) toxicity. These constraints limit agricultural productivity, necessitating sustainable and low-cost soil amendments essential for improving the soil fertility in such regions. This study investigated the effects of biochar, kitchen stove ash (KSA), and their combined application on the soil chemical properties, nutrient dynamics, and microbial functions in a tropical acidic soil. The treatment included the unamended control and two doses of 0.25% w/w (B₁₀) and 0.5% w/w (B₂₀) corncob biochar, 0.03% w/w kitchen stove ash (A_sh), and 0.027% w/w commercial-grade calcium carbonate (L_ime). Each biochar dose was added alone or in combination with either ash (A_sh + B₁₀ and A_sh + B₂₀) or calcium carbonate (L_ime + B₁₀ and L_ime + B₂₀). After eight weeks of laboratory incubation at 20 °C, the soil pH, N and P bioavailability, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme activities were measured. The combined application of 0.5% w/w biochar with 0.03% w/w KSA (A_sh + B₂₀) resulted in the most significant improvements in all of the examined soil fertility indicators than the individual amendments. Specifically, the soil pH was increased by 40% (+1.9 pH units) compared with the unamended control. Available phosphorus, mineral nitrogen, and total potassium were increased by 49%, 22%, and 36%, respectively, compared with the unamended control. Regarding the microbial parameters, the A_sh + B₂₀-treated soil showed the highest microbial respiration (+56%), microbial biomass (+45%), and extracellular C- and N-cycling enzyme activities compared with the unamended soil. The ash supplied minerals (P, K, and Mg) provided a more beneficial effect on the soil’s nutrient content and microbial functions than the calcium carbonate. The study demonstrated that underutilized kitchen ash may supplement biochar’s liming and nutrient supply potentials, even at a lower application rate, to improve the fertility of weathered acidic soil. Full article

An integrated hybrid system was developed, incorporating sedimentation, anaerobic digestion, biological filtration, and a two-stage hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetland, horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) and vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (VSSFCW), to treat rural sewage in southern Jiangsu. To optimize nitrogen and phosphorus removal, the potential of six readily accessible industrial and agricultural waste byproducts—including plastic fiber (PF), hollow brick crumbs (BC), blast furnace steel slag (BFS), a zeolite–blast furnace steel slag composite (ZBFS), zeolite (Zeo), and soil—was systematically evaluated individually as substrates in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFCWs) under varying hydraulic retention times (HRTs, 0–120 h). The synergy among substrates, plants, and microbes, coupled with the effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on pollutant degradation performance, was clarified. Results showed BFS achieved optimal comprehensive pollutant removal efficiencies (97.1% NH₄⁺-N, 76.6% TN, 89.7% TP, 71.0% COD) at HRT = 12 h, while zeolite excelled in NH₄⁺-N/TP removal (99.5%/94.5%) and zeolite–BFS specializing in COD reduction (80.6%). System-wide microbial analysis revealed organic load (sludges from the sedimentation tank [ST] and anaerobic tanks [ATs]), substrate type, and rhizosphere effects critically shaped community structure, driving specialized pathways like sulfur autotrophic denitrification (Nitrospira) and iron-mediated phosphorus removal. Annual engineering validation demonstrated that the optimized strategy of “pretreatment unit for phosphorus control—vertical wetland for enhanced nitrogen removal” achieved stable effluent quality compliance with Grade 1-A standard for rural domestic sewage discharge after treatment facilities, without the addition of external carbon sources or exogenous microbial inoculants. This low-carbon operation and long-term stability position it as an alternative to energy-intensive activated sludge or membrane-based systems in resource-limited settings. Full article

With the depletion of high-grade iron ore resources, the efficient utilization of low-grade iron ore has become a critical demand in the steel industry. Due to its uniform particle size and chemical composition, pelletized iron ore significantly enhances both the utilization rate of iron ore and the efficiency of metallurgical processes. This paper presents a deep learning model based on ResUNet, which integrates three-dimensional CT images obtained through industrial computed tomography (ICT) to precisely segment hematite, liquid phase, and porosity. By incorporating residual connections and batch normalization, the model enhances both robustness and segmentation accuracy, achieving F1 scores of 98.37%, 95.10%, and 83.87% for the hematite, pores, and liquid phase, respectively, on the test set. Through 3D reconstruction and quantitative analysis, the volume fractions and fractal dimensions of each component were computed, revealing the impact of the spatial distribution of different components on the physical properties of the pellets. Systematic evaluation of model robustness demonstrated varying sensitivity to different CT artifacts, with the strongest resistance to beam hardening and highest sensitivity to Gaussian noise. Multi-scale resolution analysis revealed that segmentation quality and fractal dimension estimates exhibit phase-dependent responses to resolution changes, with the liquid phase being the most sensitive. Despite these dependencies, the relative complexity relationships among phases remained consistent across resolutions, supporting the reliability of our qualitative conclusions. The study demonstrates that the deep learning-based image segmentation method effectively captures microstructural details, reduces human error, and enhances automation, providing a scientific foundation for optimizing pellet quality and improving metallurgical performance. It holds considerable potential for industrial applications. Full article

This article presents the results of laboratory studies on the smelting of nickel–chromium-containing ferroalloys from low-grade nickel ores from Kazakhstan. X-ray phase analysis was performed on raw materials, which included quartz, nontronite, chromium metahydroxide, goethite, magnetite, iron chromite, and nickel (II) silicate. The reduction reactions of metal oxides with carbon and carbon monoxide were studied as the temperature increased. Experimental smelting was carried out in a Tammann furnace at 1500–1550 °C using three types of reducing agent: RK coke, as well as its mixtures with low-ash Shubarkol coal, in ratios of 75:25 and 50:50. The second option demonstrated the highest economic efficiency, achieving a 91% nickel recovery rate, reduced coke consumption, and a slag-to-metal ratio of 3.07. Chemical analysis showed that the nickel content in the obtained alloys ranged from 2.5% to 6.5%, while chromium content ranged from 2.6% to 4.5%. X-ray phase analysis confirmed the presence of Fe₂Ni_0.6Si, Fe₅Si₃, and Fe₂CrSi phases in the alloy structure. Local element concentrations varied within the following ranges: Fe—55–59%, Ni—2–10%, Cr—2–7%, and Si—29–35%. The results of this study confirmed the feasibility of producing a nickel–chromium-containing alloy with a nickel content of 2–10% and a chromium content of 2–7%. Full article