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Constructed Wetlands: Enhancing Contaminant Removal and Remediation

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 52

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Carbon Cycling and Organic Geochemistry Group, Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
Interests: wetlands; wastewater treatment; microbial fuel cell; bioelectrochemical

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Guest Editor
College of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
Interests: constructed wetland; wastewater treatment; microbial fuel cell; heavy metal; greenhouse gas; aquatic plant; bioelectrochemical system; electroactive

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are engineered ecosystems designed to mimic natural wetlands, offering sustainable solutions for water treatment and environmental remediation. This Special Issue explores recent advancements and innovative approaches to enhance the performance of CWs in removing and remediating contaminants. Key topics include optimizing CW designs to improve the removal of nutrients, heavy metals, organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants like pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Innovative strategies, such as integrating microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology with CWs, are highlighted for their potential to simultaneously treat wastewater and generate electricity. Contributions also examine the role of plants, substrates, and microbial communities in improving contaminant removal efficiency and promoting system stability. Attention is particularly devoted to addressing challenges such as clogging, greenhouse gas emissions, and the management of microplastics and other persistent pollutants. Comparative studies on vertical flow, horizontal flow, and hybrid CW configurations provide insights into selecting optimal designs for specific treatment goals. Further, this issue delves into scaling up laboratory studies to real-world applications, focusing on cost-effectiveness, long-term performance, and the role of CWs in climate resilience and water reuse initiatives. By bridging research and practice, this Special Issue aims to advance the understanding and application of CWs as versatile, eco-friendly systems for mitigating global water pollution challenges. Researchers, engineers, and policymakers are invited to explore these cutting-edge contributions to shape the future of sustainable water management.

Dr. Xiaojuan Feng
Dr. Shentan Liu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • removal of nutrients and refractory organic matter by constructed wetlands
  • development and application of novel wetland fillers or matrices
  • screening of aquatic plants for constructed wetlands
  • main problems and solutions of constructed wetland for wastewater treatment
  • integration of constructed wetlands and other water treatment technologies

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

26 pages, 8292 KiB  
Article
Low-Carbon Hybrid Constructed Wetland System for Rural Domestic Sewage: Substrate–Plant–Microbe Synergy and Annual Performance
by Jiawei Wang, Gang Zhang, Dejian Wang, Yuting Zhao, Lingyu Wu, Yunwen Zheng and Qin Liu
Water 2025, 17(10), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101421 - 9 May 2025
Abstract
An integrated hybrid system was developed, incorporating sedimentation, anaerobic digestion, biological filtration, and a two-stage hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetland, horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) and vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (VSSFCW), to treat rural sewage in southern Jiangsu. To optimize nitrogen [...] Read more.
An integrated hybrid system was developed, incorporating sedimentation, anaerobic digestion, biological filtration, and a two-stage hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetland, horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) and vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (VSSFCW), to treat rural sewage in southern Jiangsu. To optimize nitrogen and phosphorus removal, the potential of six readily accessible industrial and agricultural waste byproducts—including plastic fiber (PF), hollow brick crumbs (BC), blast furnace steel slag (BFS), a zeolite–blast furnace steel slag composite (ZBFS), zeolite (Zeo), and soil—was systematically evaluated individually as substrates in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFCWs) under varying hydraulic retention times (HRTs, 0–120 h). The synergy among substrates, plants, and microbes, coupled with the effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on pollutant degradation performance, was clarified. Results showed BFS achieved optimal comprehensive pollutant removal efficiencies (97.1% NH4+-N, 76.6% TN, 89.7% TP, 71.0% COD) at HRT = 12 h, while zeolite excelled in NH4+-N/TP removal (99.5%/94.5%) and zeolite–BFS specializing in COD reduction (80.6%). System-wide microbial analysis revealed organic load (sludges from the sedimentation tank [ST] and anaerobic tanks [ATs]), substrate type, and rhizosphere effects critically shaped community structure, driving specialized pathways like sulfur autotrophic denitrification (Nitrospira) and iron-mediated phosphorus removal. Annual engineering validation demonstrated that the optimized strategy of “pretreatment unit for phosphorus control—vertical wetland for enhanced nitrogen removal” achieved stable effluent quality compliance with Grade 1-A standard for rural domestic sewage discharge after treatment facilities, without the addition of external carbon sources or exogenous microbial inoculants. This low-carbon operation and long-term stability position it as an alternative to energy-intensive activated sludge or membrane-based systems in resource-limited settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Constructed Wetlands: Enhancing Contaminant Removal and Remediation)
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