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Search Results (338)

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Keywords = latent and sensible heat

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25 pages, 1356 KiB  
Review
Mobile Thermal Energy Storage—A Review and Analysis in the Context of Waste Heat Recovery
by Marta Kuta, Agata Mlonka-Mędrala, Ewelina Radomska and Andrzej Gołdasz
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4136; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154136 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The global energy transition and increasingly rigorous legal regulations aimed at climate protection are driving the search for alternative energy sources, including renewable energy sources (RESs) and waste heat. However, the mismatch between supply and demand presents a significant challenge. Thermal energy storage [...] Read more.
The global energy transition and increasingly rigorous legal regulations aimed at climate protection are driving the search for alternative energy sources, including renewable energy sources (RESs) and waste heat. However, the mismatch between supply and demand presents a significant challenge. Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies, particularly mobile thermal energy storage (M-TES), offer a potential solution to address this gap. M-TES can not only balance supply and demand but also facilitate the transportation of heat from the source to the recipient. This paper reviews the current state of M-TES technologies, focusing on their technology readiness level, key operating parameters, and advantages and disadvantages. It is found that M-TES can be based on sensible heat, latent heat, or thermochemical reactions, with the majority of research and projects centered around latent heat storage. Regarding the type of research, significant progress has been made at the laboratory and simulation levels, while real-world implementation remains limited, with few pilot projects and commercially available systems. Despite the limited number of real-world M-TES implementations, currently existing M-TES systems can store up to 5.4 MWh in temperatures ranging from 58 °C to as high as 1300 °C. These findings highlight the potential of the M-TES and offer data for technology selection, simultaneously indicating the research gaps and future research directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Highly Efficient Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies)
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21 pages, 7111 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Variation in Energy Balance, Evapotranspiration and Net Ecosystem Production in a Desert Ecosystem of Dengkou, Inner Mongolia, China
by Muhammad Zain Ul Abidin, Huijie Xiao, Sanaullah Magsi, Fang Hongxin, Komal Muskan, Phuocthoi Hoang and Muhammad Azher Hassan
Water 2025, 17(15), 2307; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152307 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 209
Abstract
This study investigates the seasonal dynamics of energy balance, evapotranspiration (ET), and Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) in the Dengkou desert ecosystem of Inner Mongolia, China. Using eddy covariance and meteorological data from 2019 to 2022, the research focuses on understanding how these processes [...] Read more.
This study investigates the seasonal dynamics of energy balance, evapotranspiration (ET), and Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) in the Dengkou desert ecosystem of Inner Mongolia, China. Using eddy covariance and meteorological data from 2019 to 2022, the research focuses on understanding how these processes interact in one of the world’s most water-limited environments. This arid research area received an average of 109.35 mm per annum precipitation over the studied period, classifying the region as a typical arid ecosystem. Seasonal patterns were observed in daily air temperature, with extremes ranging from −20.6 °C to 29.6 °C. Temporal variations in sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE), and net radiation (Rn) peaked during summer season. The average ground heat flux (G) was mostly positive throughout the observation period, indicating heat transmission from atmosphere to soil, but showed negative values during the winter season. The energy balance ratio for the studied period was in the range of 0.61 to 0.80, indicating challenges in achieving energy closure and ecological shifts. ET exhibited two annual peaks influenced by vegetation growth and climate change, with annual ET exceeding annual precipitation, except in 2021. Net ecosystem production (NEP) from 2019 to 2020 revealed that the Dengkou desert were a net source of carbon, indicating the carbon loss from the ecosystem. In 2021, the Dengkou ecosystem shifted to become a net carbon sink, effectively sequestrating carbon. However, this was sharply reversed in 2022, resulting in a significant net release of carbon. The study findings highlight the complex interactions between energy balance components, ET, and NEP in desert ecosystems, providing insights into sustainable water management and carbon neutrality strategies in arid regions under climate change effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Observation and Modeling of Surface Air Hydrological Factors)
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22 pages, 1969 KiB  
Article
Significance of Time-Series Consistency in Evaluating Machine Learning Models for Gap-Filling Multi-Level Very Tall Tower Data
by Changhyoun Park
Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2025, 7(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/make7030076 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 94
Abstract
Machine learning modeling is a valuable tool for gap-filling or prediction, and its performance is typically evaluated using standard metrics. To enable more precise assessments for time-series data, this study emphasizes the importance of considering time-series consistency, which can be evaluated through amplitude—specifically, [...] Read more.
Machine learning modeling is a valuable tool for gap-filling or prediction, and its performance is typically evaluated using standard metrics. To enable more precise assessments for time-series data, this study emphasizes the importance of considering time-series consistency, which can be evaluated through amplitude—specifically, the interquartile range and the lower bound of the band in gap-filled time series. To test this hypothesis, a gap-filling technique was applied using long-term (~6 years) high-frequency flux and meteorological data collected at four different levels (1.5, 60, 140, and 300 m above sea level) on a ~300 m tall flux tower. This study focused on turbulent kinetic energy among several variables, which is important for estimating sensible and latent heat fluxes and net ecosystem exchange. Five ensemble machine learning algorithms were selected and trained on three different datasets. Among several modeling scenarios, the stacking model with a dataset combined with derivative data produced the best metrics for predicting turbulent kinetic energy. Although the metrics before and after gap-filling reported fewer differences among the scenarios, large distortions were found in the consistency of the time series in terms of amplitude. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating time-series consistency alongside traditional metrics, not only to accurately assess modeling performance but also to ensure reliability in downstream applications such as forecasting, climate modeling, and energy estimation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Data)
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17 pages, 5214 KiB  
Article
Geothermal–Peltier Hybrid System for Air Cooling and Water Recovery
by Michele Spagnolo, Paolo Maria Congedo, Alessandro Buscemi, Gianluca Falcicchia Ferrara, Marina Bonomolo and Cristina Baglivo
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4115; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154115 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 134
Abstract
This study proposes a new air treatment system that integrates dehumidification, cooling, and water recovery using a Horizontal Air–Ground Heat Exchanger (HAGHE) combined with Peltier cells. The airflow generated by a fan flows through an HAGHE until it meets a septum on which [...] Read more.
This study proposes a new air treatment system that integrates dehumidification, cooling, and water recovery using a Horizontal Air–Ground Heat Exchanger (HAGHE) combined with Peltier cells. The airflow generated by a fan flows through an HAGHE until it meets a septum on which Peltier cells are placed, and then separates into two distinct streams that lap the two surfaces of the Peltier cells: one stream passes through the cold surfaces, undergoing both sensible and latent cooling with dehumidification; the other stream passes through the hot surfaces, increasing its temperature. The two treated air streams may then pass through a mixing chamber, where they are combined in the appropriate proportions to achieve the desired air supply conditions and ensure thermal comfort in the indoor environment. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was carried out to simulate the thermal interaction between the HAGHE and the surrounding soil. The simulation focused on a system installed under the subtropical climate conditions of Nairobi, Africa. The simulation results demonstrate that the HAGHE system is capable of reducing the air temperature by several degrees under typical summer conditions, with enhanced performance observed when the soil is moist. Condensation phenomena were triggered when the relative humidity of the inlet air exceeded 60%, contributing additional cooling through latent heat extraction. The proposed HAGHE–Peltier system can be easily powered by renewable energy sources and configured for stand-alone operation, making it particularly suitable for off-grid applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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18 pages, 3114 KiB  
Article
Heavy Rainfall Induced by Typhoon Yagi-2024 at Hainan and Vietnam, and Dynamical Process
by Venkata Subrahmanyam Mantravadi, Chen Wang, Bryce Chen and Guiting Song
Atmosphere 2025, 16(8), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080930 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 256
Abstract
Typhoon Yagi (2024) was a rapidly moving storm that lasted for eight days and made landfall in three locations, producing heavy rainfall over Hainan and Vietnam. This study aims to investigate the dynamical processes contributing to the heavy rainfall, concentrating on enthalpy flux [...] Read more.
Typhoon Yagi (2024) was a rapidly moving storm that lasted for eight days and made landfall in three locations, producing heavy rainfall over Hainan and Vietnam. This study aims to investigate the dynamical processes contributing to the heavy rainfall, concentrating on enthalpy flux (EF) and moisture flux (MF). The results indicate that both EF and MF increased significantly during the typhoon’s intensification stage and were high at the time of landfall. Before landfalling at Hainan, latent heat flux (LHF) reached 600 W/m2, while sensible heat flux (SHF) was recorded as 80 W/m2. Landfall at Hainan resulted in a decrease in LHF and SHF. LHF and SHF subsequently increased to 700 W/m2 and 100 W/m2, respectively, as noted prior to the landfall in Vietnam. The increased LHF led to higher evaporation, which subsequently elevated moisture flux (MF) following the landfall in Vietnam, while the region’s topography further intensified the rainfall. The mean daily rainfall observed over Philippines is 75 mm on 2 September (landfall and passing through), 100 mm over Hainan (landfall and passing through) on 6 September, and 95 mm at over Vietnam on 7 September (landfall and after), respectively. Heavy rainfall was observed over the land while the typhoon was passing and during the landfall. This research reveals that Typhoon Yagi’s intensity was maintained by a well-organized and extensive circulation system, supported by favorable weather conditions, including high sea surface temperatures (SST) exceeding 30.5 °C, substantial low-level moisture convergence, and elevated EF during the landfall in Vietnam. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)
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25 pages, 3005 KiB  
Review
Non-Ferrous Metal Smelting Slags for Thermal Energy Storage: A Mini Review
by Meichao Yin, Yaxuan Xiong, Aitonglu Zhang, Xiang Li, Yuting Wu, Cancan Zhang, Yanqi Zhao and Yulong Ding
Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2376; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132376 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 453
Abstract
The metallurgical industry is integral to industrial development. As technology advances and industrial demand grows, the annual output of metallurgical waste slag continues to rise. Combined with the substantial historical stockpile, this has made the utilization of metallurgical slag a new research focus. [...] Read more.
The metallurgical industry is integral to industrial development. As technology advances and industrial demand grows, the annual output of metallurgical waste slag continues to rise. Combined with the substantial historical stockpile, this has made the utilization of metallurgical slag a new research focus. This study comprehensively sums up the composition and fundamental characteristics of metallurgical waste slag. It delves into the application potential of non-ferrous metal smelting waste slag, such as copper slag, nickel slag, and lead slag, in both sensible and latent heat storage. In sensible heat storage, copper slag, with its low cost and high thermal stability, is suitable as a storage material. After appropriate treatment, it can be combined with other materials to produce composite phase change energy storage materials, thus expanding its role into latent heat storage. Nickel slag, currently mainly used in infrastructure materials, still needs in-depth research to confirm its suitability for sensible heat storage. Nevertheless, in latent heat storage, it has been utilized in making the support framework of composite phase change materials. While there are no current examples of lead slag being used in sensible heat storage, the low leaching concentration of lead and zinc in lead slag concrete under alkaline conditions offers new utilization ideas. Given the strong nucleation effect of iron and impurities in lead slag, it is expected to be used in the skeleton preparation of composite phase change materials. Besides the aforementioned waste slags, other industrial waste slags also show potential as sensible heat storage materials. This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of non-ferrous metal waste slag as energy storage materials. It analyses the pros and cons of their practical applications, elaborates on relevant research progress, technical hurdles, and future directions, all with the goal of enhancing their effective use in heat storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies for Low-Carbon Buildings)
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19 pages, 4002 KiB  
Article
Experimental Testing of New Concrete-Based, Medium-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Charged by Both a Thermal and Electrical Power Source
by Raffaele Liberatore, Daniele Nicolini, Michela Lanchi and Adio Miliozzi
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3511; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133511 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 484
Abstract
This study aims to explore a new concept for a Power to Heat (P2H) device and demonstrate its effectiveness compared to a thermal heating method. The proposed concept is a medium-temperature system where electro-thermal conversion occurs via the Joule effect in a metallic [...] Read more.
This study aims to explore a new concept for a Power to Heat (P2H) device and demonstrate its effectiveness compared to a thermal heating method. The proposed concept is a medium-temperature system where electro-thermal conversion occurs via the Joule effect in a metallic tube (resistive element). This tube also serves as a heat exchange surface between the heat transfer fluid and the thermal storage medium. The heat storage material here proposed consists of base concrete formulated on purpose to ensure its operation at high temperatures, good performance and prolongated thermal stability. The addition of 10%wt phase change material (i.e., solar salts) stabilized in shape through a diatomite porous matrix allows the energy density stored in the medium itself to increase (hybrid sensible/latent system). Testing of the heat storage module has been conducted within a temperature range of 220–280 °C. An experimental comparison of charging times has demonstrated that electric heating exhibits faster dynamics compared to thermal heating. In both electrical and thermal heating methods, the concrete module has achieved 86% of its theoretical storage capacity, limited by thermal losses. In conclusion, this study successfully demonstrates the viability and efficiency of the proposed hybrid sensible/latent P2H system, highlighting the faster charging dynamics of direct electrical heating compared to conventional thermal methods, while achieving a comparable storage capacity despite thermal losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stationary Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energies)
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18 pages, 3086 KiB  
Article
Contribution of Different Forest Strata on Energy and Carbon Fluxes over an Araucaria Forest in Southern Brazil
by Marcelo Bortoluzzi Diaz, Pablo Eli Soares de Oliveira, Vanessa de Arruda Souza, Claudio Alberto Teichrieb, Hans Rogério Zimermann, Gustavo Pujol Veeck, Alecsander Mergen, Maria Eduarda Oliveira Pinheiro, Michel Baptistella Stefanello, Osvaldo L. L. de Moraes, Gabriel de Oliveira, Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos and Débora Regina Roberti
Forests 2025, 16(6), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16061008 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 612
Abstract
Forest–atmosphere interactions through mass and energy fluxes significantly influence climate processes. However, due to anthropogenic actions, native Araucaria forests in southern Brazil, part of the Atlantic Forest biome, have been drastically reduced. This study quantifies CO2 and energy flux contributions from each [...] Read more.
Forest–atmosphere interactions through mass and energy fluxes significantly influence climate processes. However, due to anthropogenic actions, native Araucaria forests in southern Brazil, part of the Atlantic Forest biome, have been drastically reduced. This study quantifies CO2 and energy flux contributions from each forest stratum to improve understanding of surface–atmosphere interactions. Eddy covariance data from November 2009 to April 2012 were used to assess fluxes in an Araucaria forest in Paraná, Brazil, across the ecosystem, understory, and overstory strata. On average, the ecosystem acts as a carbon sink of −298.96 g C m−2 yr−1, with absorption doubling in spring–summer compared to autumn–winter. The understory primarily acts as a source, while the overstory functions as a CO2 sink, driving carbon absorption. The overstory contributes 63% of the gross primary production (GPP) and 75% of the latent heat flux, while the understory accounts for 94% of the ecosystem respiration (RE). The energy fluxes exhibited marked seasonality, with higher latent and sensible heat fluxes in summer, with sensible heat predominantly originating from the overstory. Annual ecosystem evapotranspiration reaches 1010 mm yr−1: 60% of annual precipitation. Water-use efficiency is 2.85 g C kgH2O−1, with higher values in autumn–winter and in the understory. The influence of meteorological variables on the fluxes was analyzed across different scales and forest strata, showing that solar radiation is the main driver of daily fluxes, while air temperature and vapor pressure deficit are more relevant at monthly scales. This study highlights the overstory’s dominant role in carbon absorption and energy fluxes, reinforcing the need to preserve these ecosystems for their crucial contributions to climate regulation and water-use efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
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19 pages, 4283 KiB  
Article
Simulating Energy Balance Dynamics to Support Sustainability in a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Semi-Arid Northeast Brazil
by Rosaria R. Ferreira, Keila R. Mendes, Pablo E. S. Oliveira, Pedro R. Mutti, Demerval S. Moreira, Antonio C. D. Antonino, Rômulo S. C. Menezes, José Romualdo S. Lima, João M. Araújo, Valéria L. Amorim, Nikolai S. Espinoza, Bergson G. Bezerra, Cláudio M. Santos e Silva and Gabriel B. Costa
Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5350; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125350 - 10 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 540
Abstract
In semi-arid regions, seasonally dry tropical forests are essential for regulating the surface energy balance, which can be analyzed by examining air heating processes and water availability control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the Brazilian Developments on [...] Read more.
In semi-arid regions, seasonally dry tropical forests are essential for regulating the surface energy balance, which can be analyzed by examining air heating processes and water availability control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the Brazilian Developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (BRAMS) model in simulating the seasonal variations of the energy balance components of the Caatinga biome. The surface measurements of meteorological variables, including air temperature and relative humidity, were also examined. To validate the model, we used data collected in situ using an eddy covariance system. In this work, we used the BRAMS model version 5.3 associated with the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) version 3.0. The model satisfactorily represented the rainfall regime over the northeast region of Brazil (NEB) during the wet period. In the dry period, however, the coastal rainfall pattern over the NEB region was underestimated. In addition, the results showed that the surface fluxes linked to the energy balance in the Caatinga were impacted by the effects of rainfall seasonality in the region. The assessment of the BRAMS model’s performance demonstrated that it is a reliable tool for studying the dynamics of the dry forest in the region, providing valuable support for sustainable management and conservation efforts. Full article
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15 pages, 6231 KiB  
Article
Alternative Sensing for State-of-Charge Estimation of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage
by James Wilson, Robert J. Barthorpe and Furkan Terzioglu
Energies 2025, 18(11), 2853; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112853 - 29 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 398
Abstract
Thermal energy storage (TES) is likely to play a significant role in the decarbonisation of domestic heat, allowing consumers to shift their energy consumption away from peak demand periods and reducing overall strain on the grid. Phase change materials (PCMs) are a promising [...] Read more.
Thermal energy storage (TES) is likely to play a significant role in the decarbonisation of domestic heat, allowing consumers to shift their energy consumption away from peak demand periods and reducing overall strain on the grid. Phase change materials (PCMs) are a promising option for TES, in which energy can be stored in the latent heat of the melting of the PCM; these offer greater storage densities than sensible heat TES and have the benefit of releasing stored heat at a consistent temperature (the crystallisation temperature of the PCM). One of the key difficulties for PCM-based TES is state of charge (SoC) estimation (the estimation of the proportion of energy stored in the TES unit up to its maximum capacity), particularly during idle periods while the unit is storing heat. SoC estimation is key to the implementation of TES, as it enables the effective control of the units. The use of a resonator within the PCM for SoC estimation could potentially provide a global estimate of the SoC, since the resonator passes through the full depth of the PCM in the unit. The SoC could be inferred by measuring the vibrational response of the resonator under excitation, which varies depending on the melt state of the PCM. This paper presents findings from a test rig investigating this proposal, including discussions on the features required from the resonator response for SoC inference. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage Technologies)
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81 pages, 13040 KiB  
Review
Thermochemical Energy Storage Based on Salt Hydrates: A Comprehensive Review
by Tomasz Spietz, Rafał Fryza, Janusz Lasek and Jarosław Zuwała
Energies 2025, 18(10), 2643; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102643 - 20 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1908
Abstract
Thermal energy storage technologies are essential for balancing energy demand and supply. There are three main types: sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical energy storage. Among them, thermochemical energy storage offers the highest energy density (1–3 GJ/m3) and long-term storage capability. [...] Read more.
Thermal energy storage technologies are essential for balancing energy demand and supply. There are three main types: sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical energy storage. Among them, thermochemical energy storage offers the highest energy density (1–3 GJ/m3) and long-term storage capability. Salt hydrates have attracted attention as energy storage materials due to their low cost, wide availability, and operating temperatures being well-suited for residential and low-temperature applications. This review focuses on the use of salt hydrates in sorption-based thermochemical energy storage systems. It summarizes the current state of knowledge, including screening studies of various salt hydrates, their thermodynamic and operational limitations, advantages, and performance in composite materials. This review also covers recent projects and common reactor designs used in TCES applications. Based on the literature analysis, the most promising salt hydrates for sorption-based TCES systems include SrCl2, SrBr2, K2CO3, MgSO4, MgCl2, and CaCl2. Despite the high theoretical energy density of many salt hydrates, future work should focus on experimental studies in large-scale reactor systems to better evaluate the practical discharge behavior of the energy storage system beyond theoretical hydration enthalpies or small-scale thermal analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)
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21 pages, 5512 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Modeling and Analysis of Energy Recovery Efficiency and Influencing Factors of Energy Recovery Ventilators Under Dynamic Thermal Environments
by Huanyu Wang, Jinzhe Nie, Ying Sheng, Hanlong Li, Wen Zhang and Honghao Huang
Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4509; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104509 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
Energy recovery ventilators are essential for reducing building energy consumption, with the dynamic variation in their efficiency being a significant area of current research. To quickly analyze the parameters affecting the dynamic changes in energy recovery efficiency, this study develops a mathematical model [...] Read more.
Energy recovery ventilators are essential for reducing building energy consumption, with the dynamic variation in their efficiency being a significant area of current research. To quickly analyze the parameters affecting the dynamic changes in energy recovery efficiency, this study develops a mathematical model for heat and moisture transfer. The model was validated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimental data. The validation results showed that the discrepancies between the model’s sensible heat and enthalpy efficiencies and the experimental data were approximately 4%, while the error range for sensible heat efficiency compared to CFD simulations was between 3% and 7%. This model was used to evaluate various factors affecting energy recovery efficiency. The findings show that outdoor temperature and relative humidity have little effect on sensible heat efficiency, whereas latent heat efficiency increases with rising outdoor temperature and humidity. Both sensible and latent heat efficiency improve as airflow decreases, with latent heat efficiency being more sensitive to changes in airflow. Additionally, due to the very thin heat exchanger membrane, the mass diffusion coefficient has a more significant effect on efficiency than the thermal conductivity coefficient. In conclusion, energy recovery efficiency is dynamic, and the proposed model provides rapid predictions of how influencing factors affect the efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Indoor Air Quality in Sustainable Buildings)
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24 pages, 8013 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Combined Impact of Land Surface Temperature and Droughts to Heatwaves over Europe Between 2003 and 2023
by Foteini Karinou, Ilias Agathangelidis and Constantinos Cartalis
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(9), 1655; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091655 - 7 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1016
Abstract
The increasing frequency, intensity, and duration of heatwaves and droughts pose significant societal and environmental challenges across Europe. This study analyzes land surface temperature (LST) observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) between 2003 and 2023 to identify thermal anomalies associated with [...] Read more.
The increasing frequency, intensity, and duration of heatwaves and droughts pose significant societal and environmental challenges across Europe. This study analyzes land surface temperature (LST) observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) between 2003 and 2023 to identify thermal anomalies associated with heatwaves. Additionally, this study examines the role of different land cover types in modulating heatwave impacts, employing turbulent flux observations from micrometeorological towers. The interaction between heatwaves and droughts is further explored using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and soil moisture data, highlighting the amplifying role of water stress through land–atmosphere feedbacks. The results reveal a statistically significant upward trend in LST-derived thermal anomalies, with the 2022 heatwave identified as the most extreme event, when approximately 75% of Europe experienced strong positive anomalies. On average, 91% of heatwave episodes identified in reanalysis-based air temperature records coincided with LST-defined anomaly events, confirming LST as a robust proxy for heatwave detection. Flux tower observations show that, during heatwaves, evergreen coniferous and mixed forests predominantly enhance sensible heat fluxes (mean anomalies during midday of 74 W/m2 and 62 W/m2, respectively), while grasslands exhibit increased latent heat flux (89 W/m2). Notably, under extreme compound heat–drought conditions, this pattern reverses for grassed sites due to rapid soil moisture depletion. Overall, the findings underscore the combined influence of surface temperature and drought in driving extreme heat events and introduce a novel, multi-source approach that integrates satellite, reanalysis, and ground-based data to assess heatwave dynamics across scales. Full article
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20 pages, 2862 KiB  
Article
Characterizing Seasonal Variation of the Atmospheric Mixing Layer Height Using Machine Learning Approaches
by Yufei Chu, Guo Lin, Min Deng, Hanqing Guo and Jun A. Zhang
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(8), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17081399 - 14 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 552
Abstract
As machine learning becomes more integrated into atmospheric science, XGBoost has gained popularity for its ability to assess the relative contributions of influencing factors in the atmospheric boundary layer height. To examine how these factors vary across seasons, a seasonal analysis is necessary. [...] Read more.
As machine learning becomes more integrated into atmospheric science, XGBoost has gained popularity for its ability to assess the relative contributions of influencing factors in the atmospheric boundary layer height. To examine how these factors vary across seasons, a seasonal analysis is necessary. However, dividing data by season reduces the sample size, which can affect result reliability and complicate factor comparisons. To address these challenges, this study replaces default parameters with grid search optimization and incorporates cross-validation to mitigate dataset limitations. Using XGBoost with four years of data from the atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) (Southern Great Plains (SGP) C1 site, cross-validation stabilizes correlation coefficient fluctuations from 0.3 to within 0.1. With optimized parameters, the R value can reach 0.81. Analysis of the C1 site reveals that the relative importance of different factors changes across seasons. Lower tropospheric stability (LTS, ~0.53) is the dominant factor at C1 throughout the year. However, during DJF, latent heat flux (LHF, 0.44) surpasses LTS (0.22). In SON, LTS (0.58) becomes more influential than LHF (0.18). Further comparisons among the four long-term SGP sites (C1, E32, E37, and E39) show seasonal variations in relative importance. Notably, during JJA, the differences in the relative importance of the three factors across all sites are lower than in other seasons. This suggests that boundary layer development in the summer is not dominated by a single factor, reflecting a more intricate process likely influenced by seasonal conditions such as enhanced convective activity, higher temperatures, and humidity, which collectively contribute to a balanced distribution of parameter impacts. Furthermore, the relative importance of LTS gradually increases from morning to noon, indicating that LTS becomes more significant as the boundary layer approaches its maximum height. Consequently, the LTS in the early morning in autumn exhibits greater relative importance compared to other seasons. This reflects a faster development of the mixing layer height (MLH) in autumn, suggesting that it is easier to retrieve the MLH from the previous day during this period. The findings enhance understanding of boundary layer evolution and contribute to improved boundary layer parameterization. Full article
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15 pages, 4242 KiB  
Article
The Correlation Between Surface Temperature and Surface PM2.5 in Nanchang Region, China
by Weihong Wang, Gong Zhang, Yong Luo, Xuan Liang, Linqi Liu, Kunshui Luo and Yuexin Xiao
Atmosphere 2025, 16(4), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040411 - 31 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 403
Abstract
PM2.5 plays a significant role in urban climate, especially as urban development accelerates. In this study, surface PM2.5, skin temperature, surface air temperature, net longwave radiation, net shortwave radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux were directly analyzed in [...] Read more.
PM2.5 plays a significant role in urban climate, especially as urban development accelerates. In this study, surface PM2.5, skin temperature, surface air temperature, net longwave radiation, net shortwave radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux were directly analyzed in Nanchang from 2020 to 2022. The results indicate that PM2.5 in Nanchang is highest during winter and lowest in summer. On an annual scale, surface PM2.5 reduces skin and surface air temperatures at a rate of 0.75 °C/(μg m−3) by decreasing net solar radiation and increasing net longwave radiation at night. Conversely, it increases air temperature by absorbing radiation, leading to a surface inversion. Furthermore, surface PM2.5 influences surface air and skin temperatures by modulating the latent heat fluxes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)
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